高速列车底部空气流动特性对转向架区域积雪的影响
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摘要
针对高速列车转向架区域的积雪问题,建立了包含精细化转向架的列车空气动力学模型;采用分离涡模拟方法,对运行速度为350 km·h~(-1)的高速列车周围空气流场进行了模拟,分析了空气流场特性对车底与转向架区域雪粒输运的影响;提取了涡核线,研究了转向架区域的涡流特征与雪粒输运的关系。研究结果表明:车底气流主要由前后轮对后部向上翻转进入转向架区域,绕轮轴形成旋转气流;转向架底部区域涡量大于1 000 s~(-1),涡流基本为纵向;转向架顶部区域涡量小于200 s~(-1),涡流基本为纵向;转向架轮对与前后端墙的空隙处涡流多为竖向,且后部轮对处的涡量较前部轮对处大5倍以上;转向架内部区域涡量小于200 s~(-1),涡流走向杂乱;涡流的尺度、强度与走向特性反映出进入转向架区域的气流具有较强的挟带雪粒的能力,而流出转向架的气流挟带雪粒的能力较弱;头车下部区域负压较大,车底与裙板两侧存在强度较大的涡流,易卷起轨道积雪形成雪烟;除头车外,车底与转向架表面绝大部分区域壁面剪切应力小于1 Pa,对应的摩擦风速小于0.9 m·s~(-1),沉积的雪粒不易被内部气流剪切走。
Aiming at the problem of snow accumulation around the bogie region of high-speed train, the aerodynamics model of the train including refined bogie was established. The detached-eddy simulation was used to simulate the air flow field around the high-speed train at the running speed of 350 km·h~(-1). The influence of air flow field characteristics on the snow particle transport in the vehicle bottom and bogie region was analyzed. The vortex core lines were extracted, and the relationship between the vortex characteristics of the bogie region and the snow particle transport was studied. Analysis result shows that the underneath air flow is mainly turned upside down from the front and rear wheelsets into the bogie region, forming a swirling air flow around axle. The vorticity in the bottom of bogie region is large than 1 000 s~(-1), and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vorticity in the top of bogie region is less than 200 s~(-1), and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vortexes in the gap between the bogie wheelset and the front/rear end walls are mostly vertical. The vorticity around the back wheelset is more than 5 times larger than that around the front wheelset. The vorticity in the interior region of bogie is less than 200 s~(-1), and the vortexes are chaotic. The scale, strength and direction characteristics of the vortex reflect that the air flow entering the bogie region has a relative strong ability to carry snow particles, while the outflow of bogie has weaker ability to carry snow particles. The negative pressure in the lower part of head car is large, and there are strong vortexes on both sides of the vehicle bottom and the skirt, which makes it easy to roll up the snow on the track to form snow smoke. Except for head car, the shear stress on the vehicle bottom and the bogie is less than 1 Pa in most areas, and the corresponding frictional wind speed is less than 0.9 m·s~(-1). The deposited snow particles are difficulty sheared by the internal air flow. 1 tab, 20 figs, 30 refs.
Aiming at the problem of snow accumulation around the bogie region of high-speed train, the aerodynamics model of the train including refined bogie was established. The detached-eddy simulation was used to simulate the air flow field around the high-speed train at the running speed of 350 km·h~(-1). The influence of air flow field characteristics on the snow particle transport in the vehicle bottom and bogie region was analyzed. The vortex core lines were extracted, and the relationship between the vortex characteristics of the bogie region and the snow particle transport was studied. Analysis result shows that the underneath air flow is mainly turned upside down from the front and rear wheelsets into the bogie region, forming a swirling air flow around axle. The vorticity in the bottom of bogie region is large than 1 000 s~(-1), and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vorticity in the top of bogie region is less than 200 s~(-1), and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vortexes in the gap between the bogie wheelset and the front/rear end walls are mostly vertical. The vorticity around the back wheelset is more than 5 times larger than that around the front wheelset. The vorticity in the interior region of bogie is less than 200 s~(-1), and the vortexes are chaotic. The scale, strength and direction characteristics of the vortex reflect that the air flow entering the bogie region has a relative strong ability to carry snow particles, while the outflow of bogie has weaker ability to carry snow particles. The negative pressure in the lower part of head car is large, and there are strong vortexes on both sides of the vehicle bottom and the skirt, which makes it easy to roll up the snow on the track to form snow smoke. Except for head car, the shear stress on the vehicle bottom and the bogie is less than 1 Pa in most areas, and the corresponding frictional wind speed is less than 0.9 m·s~(-1). The deposited snow particles are difficulty sheared by the internal air flow. 1 tab, 20 figs, 30 refs.
引文
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[5] 何德华,王刚义,陈厚嫦,等.基于风雪两相流的高寒动车组转向架防冰雪绕流技术研究[J].铁道机车车辆,2016,36(4):38-42.HE De-hua,WANG Gang-yi,CHEN Hou-chang,et al.Analysis on two-phase flowing anti-ice/snow of low-temperature EMU bogie[J].Railway Locomotive and Car,2016,36(4):38-42.(in Chinese)
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[8] SCHULTE-WERNING B.Research of European railway operators to reduce the environmental impact of high-speed trains[J].Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2003,217(4):249-257.
[9] PAZ C,SUáREZ E,GIL C,et al.Effect of realistic ballasted track in the underbody flow of a high-speed train via CFD simulations[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2019,184:1-9.
[10] PAZ C,SUáREZ E,GIL C.Numerical methodology for evaluating the effect of sleepers in the underbody flow of a high-speed train[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2017,167:140-147.
[11] 陈羽,杨志刚,高喆,等.底部结构对高速列车流场及气动优化规律的影响[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(6):930-936.CHEN Yu,YANG Zhi-gang,GAO Zhe,et al.Influences of underbody structures on flow field and aerodynamic optimization laws of high speed train[J].Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2016,44(6):930-936.(in Chinese)
[12] XIA Cao,WANG Han-feng,SHAN Xi-zhuang,et al.Effects of ground configurations on the slipstream and near wake of a high-speed train[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2017,168:177-189.
[13] 郗艳红,毛军,高亮,等.横风作用下高速列车转向架非定常空气动力特性[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,45(5):1705-1714.XI Yan-hong,MAO Jun,GAO Liang,et al.Aerodynamic force/moment for high-speed train bogie in crosswind field[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2014,45(5):1705-1714.(in Chinese)
[14] ZHANG Jie,LI Jing-juan,TIAN Hong-qi,et al.Impact of ground and wheel boundary conditions on numerical simulation of the high-speed train aerodynamic performance[J].Journal of Fluids and Structures,2016,61:249-261.
[15] SHUR M L,SPALART P R,STRELETS M K,et al.A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2008,29(6):1638-1649.
[16] GRITSKEVICH M S,GARBARUK A V,SCHUTZE J,et al.Development of DDES and IDDES formulations for the k-ω shear stress transport model[J].Flow,Turbulence and Combustion,2012,88(3):431-449.
[17] FAVRE T,EFRAIMSSON G.An assessment of detached-eddy simulations of unsteady crosswind aerodynamics of road vehicles[J].Flow,Turbulence and Combustion,2011,87(1):133-163.
[18] MORDEN J A,HEMIDA H,BAKER C J.Comparison of RANS and detached-eddy simulation results to wind-tunnel data for the surface pressures upon a class 43 high-speed train[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,2015,137(4):1-9.
[19] 苗秀娟,高广军.基于DES的车辆横风性能模拟[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(7):2855-2860.MIAO Xiu-juan,GAO Guang-jun.Aerodynamic performance of train under cross-wind based on DES[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2012,43(7):2855-2860.(in Chinese)
[20] 张亮,张继业,李田,等.高速列车不同位置受电弓非定常气动特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(12):147-155.ZHANG Liang,ZHANG Ji-ye,LI Tian,et al.Research on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of pantographs in different positions of high-speed trains[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(12):147-155.(in Chinese)
[21] 潘永琛,姚建伟,梁策,等.高速列车近尾流区涡旋结构的湍流特性分析[J].中国铁道科学,2017,38(2):83-88.PAN Yong-chen,YAO Jian-wei,LIANG Ce,et al.Analysis on turbulence characteristics of vortex structure in near wake of high speed train[J].China Railway Science,2017,38(2):83-88.(in Chinese)
[22] YAO Shuan-bao,SUN Zhen-xu,GUO Di-long,et al.Numerical study on wake characteristics of high-speed trains[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,2013,29(6):811-822.
[23] MULD T W,EFRAIMSSON G,HENNINGSON D S.Wake characteristics of high-speed trains with different lengths[J].Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2014,228(4):333-342.
[24] 余以正,姜旭东,孙健.不同排障器导流罩对高速列车阻力及升力的影响[J].大连交通大学学报,2017,38(6):30-34.YU Yi-zheng,JIANG Xu-dong,SUN Jian.Drag force and lift force performance of a high speed train affected by different cowcatcher air-deflector[J].Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University,2017,38(6):30-34.(in Chinese)
[25] SUJUDI D,HAIMES R.Identification of swirling flow in 3-D vector fields[C]∥AIAA.12th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference.Reston:AIAA,1995:792-799.
[26] 李相鹏,周昊,岑可法.涡结构对小颗粒在圆管背风面碰撞分布的影响[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(4):605-609.LI Xiang-peng,ZHOU Hao,CEN Ke-fa.Influences of vortices on impaction and distribution of small ash particles on rear side surface of boiler tube[J].Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science),2006,40(4):605-609.(in Chinese)
[27] LYU Xiao-hui,HUANG Ning,TONG Ding.Wind tunnel experiments on natural snow drift[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2012,55(4):927-938.
[28] 周晅毅,顾明,朱忠义,等.首都国际机场3号航站楼屋面雪载荷分布研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(9):1193-1196.ZHOU Xuan-yi,GU Ming,ZHU Zhong-yi,et al.Study on snow loads on roof of terminal 3 of Beijing Capital International Airport[J].Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2007,35(9):1193-1196.(in Chinese)
[29] KIND R J,MURRAY S B.Saltation flow measurements relating to modeling of snowdrifting[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1982,10:89-102.
[30] SATO T,KOSUGI K,MOCHIZUKI S,et al.Wind speed dependences of fracture and accumulation of snowflakes on snow surface[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,51:229-239.
[2] SHISHIDO M,NAKADE K,IDO A,et al.Development of deflector to decrease snow-accretion to bogie of vehicle[J].Rtri Report,2009,23(3):29-34.
[3] 韩运动,姚松,陈大伟,等.高速列车转向架舱内流场实车测试和数值模拟[J].交通运输工程学报,2015,15(6):51-60.HAN Yun-dong,YAO Song,CHEN Da-wei,et al.Real vehicle test and numerical simulation of flow field in high-speed train bogie cabin[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2015,15(6):51-60.(in Chinese)
[4] 丁叁叁,田爱琴,董天韵,等.端面下斜导流板对高速列车转向架防积雪性能的影响[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,47(4):1400-1405.DING San-san,TIAN Ai-qin,DONG Tian-yun,et al.Influence of inclined guiding plate on anti-snow performance of high-speed train bogie[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2016,47(4):1400-1405.(in Chinese)
[5] 何德华,王刚义,陈厚嫦,等.基于风雪两相流的高寒动车组转向架防冰雪绕流技术研究[J].铁道机车车辆,2016,36(4):38-42.HE De-hua,WANG Gang-yi,CHEN Hou-chang,et al.Analysis on two-phase flowing anti-ice/snow of low-temperature EMU bogie[J].Railway Locomotive and Car,2016,36(4):38-42.(in Chinese)
[6] 冯永华,黄照伟,张琰,等.高寒动车组转向架区域积雪结冰数值仿真研究[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2017,14(3):437-444.FENG Yong-hua,HUANG Zhao-wei,ZHANG Yan,et al.Research of numerical simulation of the snow icy phenomenon of the high-speed train bogie area[J].Journal of Railway Science and Engineering,2017,14(3):437-444.(in Chinese)
[7] RAGHUNATHAN R S,KIM H D,SETOGUCHI T.Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2002,38(6/7):469-514.
[8] SCHULTE-WERNING B.Research of European railway operators to reduce the environmental impact of high-speed trains[J].Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2003,217(4):249-257.
[9] PAZ C,SUáREZ E,GIL C,et al.Effect of realistic ballasted track in the underbody flow of a high-speed train via CFD simulations[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2019,184:1-9.
[10] PAZ C,SUáREZ E,GIL C.Numerical methodology for evaluating the effect of sleepers in the underbody flow of a high-speed train[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2017,167:140-147.
[11] 陈羽,杨志刚,高喆,等.底部结构对高速列车流场及气动优化规律的影响[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(6):930-936.CHEN Yu,YANG Zhi-gang,GAO Zhe,et al.Influences of underbody structures on flow field and aerodynamic optimization laws of high speed train[J].Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2016,44(6):930-936.(in Chinese)
[12] XIA Cao,WANG Han-feng,SHAN Xi-zhuang,et al.Effects of ground configurations on the slipstream and near wake of a high-speed train[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2017,168:177-189.
[13] 郗艳红,毛军,高亮,等.横风作用下高速列车转向架非定常空气动力特性[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,45(5):1705-1714.XI Yan-hong,MAO Jun,GAO Liang,et al.Aerodynamic force/moment for high-speed train bogie in crosswind field[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2014,45(5):1705-1714.(in Chinese)
[14] ZHANG Jie,LI Jing-juan,TIAN Hong-qi,et al.Impact of ground and wheel boundary conditions on numerical simulation of the high-speed train aerodynamic performance[J].Journal of Fluids and Structures,2016,61:249-261.
[15] SHUR M L,SPALART P R,STRELETS M K,et al.A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2008,29(6):1638-1649.
[16] GRITSKEVICH M S,GARBARUK A V,SCHUTZE J,et al.Development of DDES and IDDES formulations for the k-ω shear stress transport model[J].Flow,Turbulence and Combustion,2012,88(3):431-449.
[17] FAVRE T,EFRAIMSSON G.An assessment of detached-eddy simulations of unsteady crosswind aerodynamics of road vehicles[J].Flow,Turbulence and Combustion,2011,87(1):133-163.
[18] MORDEN J A,HEMIDA H,BAKER C J.Comparison of RANS and detached-eddy simulation results to wind-tunnel data for the surface pressures upon a class 43 high-speed train[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,2015,137(4):1-9.
[19] 苗秀娟,高广军.基于DES的车辆横风性能模拟[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(7):2855-2860.MIAO Xiu-juan,GAO Guang-jun.Aerodynamic performance of train under cross-wind based on DES[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2012,43(7):2855-2860.(in Chinese)
[20] 张亮,张继业,李田,等.高速列车不同位置受电弓非定常气动特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(12):147-155.ZHANG Liang,ZHANG Ji-ye,LI Tian,et al.Research on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of pantographs in different positions of high-speed trains[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(12):147-155.(in Chinese)
[21] 潘永琛,姚建伟,梁策,等.高速列车近尾流区涡旋结构的湍流特性分析[J].中国铁道科学,2017,38(2):83-88.PAN Yong-chen,YAO Jian-wei,LIANG Ce,et al.Analysis on turbulence characteristics of vortex structure in near wake of high speed train[J].China Railway Science,2017,38(2):83-88.(in Chinese)
[22] YAO Shuan-bao,SUN Zhen-xu,GUO Di-long,et al.Numerical study on wake characteristics of high-speed trains[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,2013,29(6):811-822.
[23] MULD T W,EFRAIMSSON G,HENNINGSON D S.Wake characteristics of high-speed trains with different lengths[J].Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2014,228(4):333-342.
[24] 余以正,姜旭东,孙健.不同排障器导流罩对高速列车阻力及升力的影响[J].大连交通大学学报,2017,38(6):30-34.YU Yi-zheng,JIANG Xu-dong,SUN Jian.Drag force and lift force performance of a high speed train affected by different cowcatcher air-deflector[J].Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University,2017,38(6):30-34.(in Chinese)
[25] SUJUDI D,HAIMES R.Identification of swirling flow in 3-D vector fields[C]∥AIAA.12th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference.Reston:AIAA,1995:792-799.
[26] 李相鹏,周昊,岑可法.涡结构对小颗粒在圆管背风面碰撞分布的影响[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(4):605-609.LI Xiang-peng,ZHOU Hao,CEN Ke-fa.Influences of vortices on impaction and distribution of small ash particles on rear side surface of boiler tube[J].Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science),2006,40(4):605-609.(in Chinese)
[27] LYU Xiao-hui,HUANG Ning,TONG Ding.Wind tunnel experiments on natural snow drift[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2012,55(4):927-938.
[28] 周晅毅,顾明,朱忠义,等.首都国际机场3号航站楼屋面雪载荷分布研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(9):1193-1196.ZHOU Xuan-yi,GU Ming,ZHU Zhong-yi,et al.Study on snow loads on roof of terminal 3 of Beijing Capital International Airport[J].Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2007,35(9):1193-1196.(in Chinese)
[29] KIND R J,MURRAY S B.Saltation flow measurements relating to modeling of snowdrifting[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1982,10:89-102.
[30] SATO T,KOSUGI K,MOCHIZUKI S,et al.Wind speed dependences of fracture and accumulation of snowflakes on snow surface[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,51:229-239.