滴灌条件下富士苹果树茎流速率变化规律研究
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摘要
旨在了解矮砧密植富士苹果树体内茎流速率变化规律,为其制定合理的旱作节水灌溉制度提供理论基础。利用热扩散式探针法实时采集树体茎流速率数据,结合自动气象站监测所得各气象因子数据,设计不同灌水下限滴灌试验,进行气象因子等对茎流速率影响的研究。富士苹果树在4月份茎流速率最低平均值为2.07 mL/(cm~2·h)],到了6—7月份最大,平均值为9.56 mL/(cm~2·h)];生育期内茎流速率有明显昼夜变化规律,在晴天时变化规律呈单峰曲线,阴天时变化较平缓,多云天气时呈多峰曲线变化趋势。茎流速率变化规律与太阳辐射强度、大气温度和土壤温度变化均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9746、0.9389、0.9119;与大气湿度为显著负相关性;相关系数为-0.7526;茎流速率与土壤水分相关性不显著,但是降低土壤含水量会造成树体茎流速率的降低。富士苹果树干茎流速率与各气象因子间相关性由高到低排序为:太阳辐射强度>大气温度>土壤温度>大气湿度>土壤水分。以茎流速率为因变量,各个气象因子为自变量,经逐步回归线性分析得出茎流速率与太阳辐射强度和大气温度之间的回归方程:Y=-8.81+0.013X_1+0.52X_2。太阳辐射强度是影响树体茎流速率即蒸腾耗水的直接因素。
The purpose is to understand the change law of stem flow rate of Fuji apple tree compactly planted with dwarfing rootstock,and to provide a theoretical basis for formulating a rational dry-farming water-saving irrigation system.The stem flow rate data were collected in real time by thermal dissipation probe method,combined with the meteorological factor data obtained from automatic weather station monitoring,the drip irrigation test with different lower irrigation limits was designed.The effects of meteorological factors on stem flow rate were studied.The lowest average value of stem flow rate was 2.07 mL/(cm~2·h)],and the highest value appeared in June and July,it was 9.56 mL/(cm~2·h)].During the growth period,the stem flow rate showed obvious diurnal variation,which presented a single-peak curve in sunny day,a relatively gently change in wet day,and a multi-peak curve in cloudy day.The variation law of stem flow rate was significantly and positively correlated with solar radiation intensity,atmospheric temperature and soil temperature,and the correlation coefficient was 0.9746,0.9389 and 0.9119,respectively;but it was a significantly negative correlation with atmospheric relative humidity,and the correlation coefficient was-0.7526.There was no significant correlation between stem flow rate and soil moisture,but the decrease of soil moisture content would reduce stem flow rate.The correlation between stem flow rate of Fuji apple and meteorological factors ranked from high to low as the solar radiation intensity>atmospheric temperature>soil temperature>atmospheric relative humidity>soil moisture.With stem flow rate as the dependent variable and each meteorological factor as the independent variable,the regression equation between stem flow rate,solar radiation intensity and atmospheric temperature was obtained through stepwise regression linear analysis:Y=-8.81+0.013X_1+0.52X_2.The solar radiation intensity is the direct factor that affects stem flow rate(transpiration water consumptionin).
The purpose is to understand the change law of stem flow rate of Fuji apple tree compactly planted with dwarfing rootstock,and to provide a theoretical basis for formulating a rational dry-farming water-saving irrigation system.The stem flow rate data were collected in real time by thermal dissipation probe method,combined with the meteorological factor data obtained from automatic weather station monitoring,the drip irrigation test with different lower irrigation limits was designed.The effects of meteorological factors on stem flow rate were studied.The lowest average value of stem flow rate was 2.07 mL/(cm~2·h)],and the highest value appeared in June and July,it was 9.56 mL/(cm~2·h)].During the growth period,the stem flow rate showed obvious diurnal variation,which presented a single-peak curve in sunny day,a relatively gently change in wet day,and a multi-peak curve in cloudy day.The variation law of stem flow rate was significantly and positively correlated with solar radiation intensity,atmospheric temperature and soil temperature,and the correlation coefficient was 0.9746,0.9389 and 0.9119,respectively;but it was a significantly negative correlation with atmospheric relative humidity,and the correlation coefficient was-0.7526.There was no significant correlation between stem flow rate and soil moisture,but the decrease of soil moisture content would reduce stem flow rate.The correlation between stem flow rate of Fuji apple and meteorological factors ranked from high to low as the solar radiation intensity>atmospheric temperature>soil temperature>atmospheric relative humidity>soil moisture.With stem flow rate as the dependent variable and each meteorological factor as the independent variable,the regression equation between stem flow rate,solar radiation intensity and atmospheric temperature was obtained through stepwise regression linear analysis:Y=-8.81+0.013X_1+0.52X_2.The solar radiation intensity is the direct factor that affects stem flow rate(transpiration water consumptionin).
引文
[1]于金凤,刘文兆,甘卓亭,等.黄土塬区苹果树蒸腾速率变化特征及其影响因子[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):59-63.
[2]周晓峰.中国的森林和生态环境[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999:95-99.
[3]王沙生,高孚荣,吴贯明.植物生理学[M].第二版.北京:中国林业出版社,1991:1-32,192.
[4]王华田,马履一.利用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(6):661-667.
[5]王华田.树木耗水研究述评[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(2):23-27.
[6]Steve Green. Measurement of sap flow by the heat-pulse method.An instruction manual for the HPV system[J].Hort Research Internal Report No.IR98/22.
[7]Steve Green, Brent Clothier, Bryan Jardine. Theory and practical application of heat pulse to, measure sap flow[J].American Society of Agronomy,2003(95):1371-1379.
[8]Green S R, Naughton K G M. Modelling effective stomatal resistance for calculating transpiration from an apple tree[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Meteorology,1997(83):1-26.
[9]Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a douglas fir stands bymeans of sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiology,1987,3(4):309-320.
[10]刘奉觉,郑世锴.杨树水分生理研究[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1992:6.
[11]陈永金,陈亚宁,薛燕.干旱区植物耗水量的研究与进展[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(6):52-158.
[12]赵丽娟,蒋文伟,杨淑贞,等.天目山柳杉的茎干液流特征[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(2):169-175.
[13]路兴慧,潘存德.罗布麻茎直径和茎流变化日过程及其与环境因子的关系分析[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(1):8-12.
[14]郭跃,国栋,吴斌,等.毛乌素沙地沙木蓼茎干液流规律研究[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):22-26.
[15]王慧,郭静,王灵艳,等.白桦和新疆杨树干茎流变化规律及与环境因子的关系[J].吉林林业科技,2011,40(4):18-24.
[16]王琛,余新晓,陈丽华,等.树干径向变化对茎液流以及气象因子的响应[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):45-55.
[17]李波,郭向红,孙西欢,等.蓄水坑灌下不同灌水下限幼龄苹果树耗水特性及作物系数的试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(6):10-14,18.
[18]王颖苗,孙西欢,郭向红,等.蓄水坑灌不同坑深条件下苹果树叶片蒸腾特性研究[J].节水灌溉,2015(6):10-13,17.
[19]周珊珊.渭北高原红富士苹果树蒸腾规律的研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[20]石游,李建贵,杨振.新疆阿克苏干旱区富士苹果树干液流动态变化研究[J].西北植物学报,2012(3):546-554.
[21]李会,刘钰,蔡甲冰,等.夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径变化规律及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(10):187-191.
[22]南庆伟,王全九,苏李君.极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(6):60-67.
[23]冯志文,姜远茂,田玉政,等.气象因子对红富士苹果树干茎流特性的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,2013,44(1):18-24.
[24]金红喜,徐先英,唐进年,等.花棒液流变化规律及其对环境因子的响应[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(2):354-361.
[25]徐先英,孙保平,丁国栋,等.干旱荒漠区典型固沙灌木液流动态变化及其对环境因子的响应[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):895-905.
[26]于红博,杨劼,臧春鑫,等.皇甫川流域中国沙棘树干液流日变化及其相关因子[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1071-1076.
[27]张亚雄,孙西欢,马娟娟,等.蓄水坑管下苹果树茎流速率日变化及其影响因子的研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,5:11-15.
[28]赵付勇,赵经华,洪明,等.气象因子对滴灌条件下核桃树茎流速率的影响[J].节水灌溉,2015,7:14-20.
[29]Martin T A. Winter season tree sap flow and stand transpiration in an intensively managed loblolly and slash pine plantation[J].JSustainable For, 2000,10(1/2):155-163.
[30]丁日升,康绍忠,龚道枝.苹果树液流变化规律研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2):21-25.
[31]Cochard H, Rodolphe M, Patrick G, et al. Temperature effects on hydraulic conductance and water relations of Quercus robur L.[J].J Exp Bot,2000,51(348):1255-1259.
[32]刘洪波,张江辉,白云刚,等.干旱区香梨茎流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].节水灌溉,2014,11:25-28.
[33]曹文强,韩海荣,马钦彦,等.山西太岳山辽东栎夏季树干液流通量研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(2):174-177.
[34]Hinckley T M, Brooks J R, Cermak J, et al. Water flux in a hybrid poplar stand[J].Tree Physiol,1994,14:1005-1018.
[35]Ham J M, Heilman J L. Measurement of mass flow rate of sap in Ligustrum japonicum[J].Hort Sci.,1990,25:465-467.
[36]孟平,张劲松,王鹤松,等.苹果树蒸腾规律及其与冠层微气象要素的关系[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1075-1081.
[37]Teskey R O, Sheriff D W. Water use by Pinus radiatatrees in a plantation[J].Tree Physiol,1996,16:273-279.
[38]虞沐奎,姜志林,鲁小珍,等.火炬松树干液流的研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2003,27(3):7-10.
[2]周晓峰.中国的森林和生态环境[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999:95-99.
[3]王沙生,高孚荣,吴贯明.植物生理学[M].第二版.北京:中国林业出版社,1991:1-32,192.
[4]王华田,马履一.利用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(6):661-667.
[5]王华田.树木耗水研究述评[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(2):23-27.
[6]Steve Green. Measurement of sap flow by the heat-pulse method.An instruction manual for the HPV system[J].Hort Research Internal Report No.IR98/22.
[7]Steve Green, Brent Clothier, Bryan Jardine. Theory and practical application of heat pulse to, measure sap flow[J].American Society of Agronomy,2003(95):1371-1379.
[8]Green S R, Naughton K G M. Modelling effective stomatal resistance for calculating transpiration from an apple tree[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Meteorology,1997(83):1-26.
[9]Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a douglas fir stands bymeans of sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiology,1987,3(4):309-320.
[10]刘奉觉,郑世锴.杨树水分生理研究[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1992:6.
[11]陈永金,陈亚宁,薛燕.干旱区植物耗水量的研究与进展[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(6):52-158.
[12]赵丽娟,蒋文伟,杨淑贞,等.天目山柳杉的茎干液流特征[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(2):169-175.
[13]路兴慧,潘存德.罗布麻茎直径和茎流变化日过程及其与环境因子的关系分析[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(1):8-12.
[14]郭跃,国栋,吴斌,等.毛乌素沙地沙木蓼茎干液流规律研究[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):22-26.
[15]王慧,郭静,王灵艳,等.白桦和新疆杨树干茎流变化规律及与环境因子的关系[J].吉林林业科技,2011,40(4):18-24.
[16]王琛,余新晓,陈丽华,等.树干径向变化对茎液流以及气象因子的响应[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):45-55.
[17]李波,郭向红,孙西欢,等.蓄水坑灌下不同灌水下限幼龄苹果树耗水特性及作物系数的试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(6):10-14,18.
[18]王颖苗,孙西欢,郭向红,等.蓄水坑灌不同坑深条件下苹果树叶片蒸腾特性研究[J].节水灌溉,2015(6):10-13,17.
[19]周珊珊.渭北高原红富士苹果树蒸腾规律的研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[20]石游,李建贵,杨振.新疆阿克苏干旱区富士苹果树干液流动态变化研究[J].西北植物学报,2012(3):546-554.
[21]李会,刘钰,蔡甲冰,等.夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径变化规律及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(10):187-191.
[22]南庆伟,王全九,苏李君.极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(6):60-67.
[23]冯志文,姜远茂,田玉政,等.气象因子对红富士苹果树干茎流特性的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,2013,44(1):18-24.
[24]金红喜,徐先英,唐进年,等.花棒液流变化规律及其对环境因子的响应[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(2):354-361.
[25]徐先英,孙保平,丁国栋,等.干旱荒漠区典型固沙灌木液流动态变化及其对环境因子的响应[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):895-905.
[26]于红博,杨劼,臧春鑫,等.皇甫川流域中国沙棘树干液流日变化及其相关因子[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1071-1076.
[27]张亚雄,孙西欢,马娟娟,等.蓄水坑管下苹果树茎流速率日变化及其影响因子的研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,5:11-15.
[28]赵付勇,赵经华,洪明,等.气象因子对滴灌条件下核桃树茎流速率的影响[J].节水灌溉,2015,7:14-20.
[29]Martin T A. Winter season tree sap flow and stand transpiration in an intensively managed loblolly and slash pine plantation[J].JSustainable For, 2000,10(1/2):155-163.
[30]丁日升,康绍忠,龚道枝.苹果树液流变化规律研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2):21-25.
[31]Cochard H, Rodolphe M, Patrick G, et al. Temperature effects on hydraulic conductance and water relations of Quercus robur L.[J].J Exp Bot,2000,51(348):1255-1259.
[32]刘洪波,张江辉,白云刚,等.干旱区香梨茎流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].节水灌溉,2014,11:25-28.
[33]曹文强,韩海荣,马钦彦,等.山西太岳山辽东栎夏季树干液流通量研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(2):174-177.
[34]Hinckley T M, Brooks J R, Cermak J, et al. Water flux in a hybrid poplar stand[J].Tree Physiol,1994,14:1005-1018.
[35]Ham J M, Heilman J L. Measurement of mass flow rate of sap in Ligustrum japonicum[J].Hort Sci.,1990,25:465-467.
[36]孟平,张劲松,王鹤松,等.苹果树蒸腾规律及其与冠层微气象要素的关系[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1075-1081.
[37]Teskey R O, Sheriff D W. Water use by Pinus radiatatrees in a plantation[J].Tree Physiol,1996,16:273-279.
[38]虞沐奎,姜志林,鲁小珍,等.火炬松树干液流的研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2003,27(3):7-10.