地下采矿引起的程潮铁矿东区地表变形规律研究
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摘要
金属矿山由于其矿体形态多变、地质条件复杂、多非充分采动、开采方法多样、构造应力显著及结构效应明显等特点,难以把握由地下采矿引起的地表变形和岩体的破坏形式。以程潮铁矿东区为例,依据近年(2010年3月至2015年9月)的地表变形实测数据,绘制出相应的监测成果图。结合三维激光扫描等新技术再现地表变形三维盆地,探究了地下开采影响下的地表变形规律和机制。对矿区上下盘地表变形规律等进行了比较分析,结果表明:程潮铁矿东区在采矿初期发生筒状冒落;变形传递到地表后,在采空区正上方形成大小不等的漏斗状塌坑群。上盘地表变形扩展与采矿推进度有较好的对应关系;水平应力是岩体变形的主动力,应力不断释放影响着地表变形特征。结构面倾向改变了上、下盘岩体的破坏形式,减缓和加速了上下盘岩体的破坏。同时,在坡体形态的影响下,地表变形在下坡方向总变形量增大和垂直变形增量更大。
It is challenging to represent the surface deformation characteristics and the rock mass failure modes caused by underground mining, since there are many uncontrolled factors such as variational orebody shapes, complex geological conditions, mostly subcritical excavation, different mining methods, conspicuous tectonic stress and obvious structure effect. In this study, the eastern area of Chengchao iron mine was selected as an example, and monitoring results were achieved by 3 D laser scanning and GPS surveying based on the first-hand monitoring data of surface deformation from March 2010 to September 2015. Thus the surface deformation characteristics and rock mass failure mechanisms caused by underground mining were explored. The comparative analysis of surface deformation in the hanging wall and on the footwall of eastern area of Chengchao iron mine showed that: tubular caving continuously developed upwards at the beginning of the mining. Different sizes of funnel-shaped collapse pits appeared on the mined-out area surface after the rock mass caving propagated to the ground. The extension of surface deformation was consistent with the mining advance in the hanging wall. Furthermore, the surface deformation characteristics were mainly affected by horizontal stress which served as a main driving force of rock mass deformation. Additionally, the damage modes of rock mass were changed by the structural plane, which mainly slowed down and accelerated rock mass deformation in the hanging wall and footwall, respectively. Moreover, the total deformation and the vertical deformation rate were much greater in the downward direction due to the slope morphology.
It is challenging to represent the surface deformation characteristics and the rock mass failure modes caused by underground mining, since there are many uncontrolled factors such as variational orebody shapes, complex geological conditions, mostly subcritical excavation, different mining methods, conspicuous tectonic stress and obvious structure effect. In this study, the eastern area of Chengchao iron mine was selected as an example, and monitoring results were achieved by 3 D laser scanning and GPS surveying based on the first-hand monitoring data of surface deformation from March 2010 to September 2015. Thus the surface deformation characteristics and rock mass failure mechanisms caused by underground mining were explored. The comparative analysis of surface deformation in the hanging wall and on the footwall of eastern area of Chengchao iron mine showed that: tubular caving continuously developed upwards at the beginning of the mining. Different sizes of funnel-shaped collapse pits appeared on the mined-out area surface after the rock mass caving propagated to the ground. The extension of surface deformation was consistent with the mining advance in the hanging wall. Furthermore, the surface deformation characteristics were mainly affected by horizontal stress which served as a main driving force of rock mass deformation. Additionally, the damage modes of rock mass were changed by the structural plane, which mainly slowed down and accelerated rock mass deformation in the hanging wall and footwall, respectively. Moreover, the total deformation and the vertical deformation rate were much greater in the downward direction due to the slope morphology.
引文
[1]邓洋洋,陈从新,夏开宗,等.程潮铁矿东主井区地表变形特征和机制分析[J].岩土力学,2016,37(增刊1):455-461.DENG Yang-yang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis of deformation characteristics of surface around east main shaft in Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(Supp.1):455-461.
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[7]韩芳.开采沉陷对地表构筑物的影响分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2015.HAN Fang.Impact analysis on surface structures of mining subsidence[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2015.
[8]刘建军.开采沉陷对地表构筑物的影响分析[J].山西建筑,2015,41(34):89-90.LIU Jian-jun.On influence of mining subsidence on surface buildings[J].Shanxi Architecture,2015,41(34):89-90.
[9]宋卫东,杜建华,尹小鹏,等.金属矿山崩落法开采顶板围岩崩落机理与塌陷规律[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(7):1078-1083.SONG Wei-dong,DU Jian-hua,YIN Xiao-peng,et al.Caving mechanism of hangwall rock and rules of surface subsidence due to no-pillar sub-level caving method in an iron mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(7):1078-1083.
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[11]BRADY B H G,BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:George Allen&Unwin,1985.
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[13]席人双,陈从新,肖国锋,等.结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):532-538.XI Ren-shuang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,et al.Study of influence of discontinuities on rock movement and surface deformation in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):532-538.
[14]夏开宗,陈从新,夏天游,等.结构面对程潮铁矿西区地表变形的影响分析[J].岩土力学,2015,36(5):1389XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Tian-you,et al.Analysis of influence of structural planes on surface deformation in western area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(5):1389-1396.
[15]黄平路.构造应力型矿山地下开采引起岩层移动规律研究[D].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.HUANG Ping-lu.Study on rock movement caused by underground mining in tectonic stress-mines[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
[16]曹阳,颜荣贵,贺跃光.构造应力型矿山地表移动宏观破坏特征与对策[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(2):31-34.CAO Yang,YAN Rong-gui,HE Yue-guang.Macroscopic destroy of tectonic stress type surface movement[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,2002,22(2):31-34.
[17]夏开宗,刘秀敏,陈从新,等.程潮铁矿西区地下开采引起的地表变形规律初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(8):1572-1578.XIA Kai-zong,LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,et al.Study on surface deformation caused by underground mining in western area of Chenchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(8):1572-1578.
[18]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground deformation in tectonic stress metal mines:a case study[J].Engineering Geology,2016,210:212-230.
[19]康建荣.山区采动裂缝对地表移动变形的影响分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):59-64.KANG Jian-rong.Analysis of effect of fissures caused by underground mining on ground movement and deformation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(1):59-64.
[20]李敏.山区重复采动下地表移动变形规律研究[D].太原:太原理工大学,2012.LI Min.Research on regulation of surface movement and deformation in mountain and repeated mining[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2012.
[21]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.金属矿山崩落采矿法引起的岩层移动规律分析[J].岩土力学,2016,37(5):1434-1440.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Analysis of law of ground deformation induced by caving mining in metal mines[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(5):1434-1440.
[22]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,37(4):792-805.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,37(4):792-805.
[23]VILLEGAS T,NORDLUND E,DAHNéR-LINDQVIST C.Hangingwall surface subsidence at the Kiirunavaara Mine,Sweden[J].Engineering Geology,2011,121(1):18-27.
[24]陈从新,肖国锋,韦立德,等.程潮铁矿东区东主井和西风井结构安全及井区岩体稳定性研究报告[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2007.CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,WEI Li-de,et al.Research report about structural safety of east main shaft and west air shaft and rock stability in eastern Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.
[25]贺跃光.工程开挖引起的地表移动与变形模型及监测技术研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2003.HE Yue-guang.Modeling and monitoring surface movements due to excavation[D].Changsha:Central South University,2003.
[26]林健.基于GPS监测的地下开采矿山地表变形分析与预测研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2009.LIN Jian.Surface deformation analysis and forecast study of the underground mining based on GPS monitoring[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009.
[27]程关文,陈从新,沈强,等.程潮铁矿地下开采引起岩层移动机理初探[J].岩土力学,2014,35(5):1421-1429.CHENG Guan-wen,CHEN Cong-xin,SHEN Qiang,et al.The mechanism of rock movement caused by underground mining in Chengchao iron[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(5):1421-1429.
[28]许东俊,陈从新.程潮铁矿东区地表开裂成因分析及东主井系统岩基稳定性研究[R].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究,1998.XU Dong-jun,CHEN Cong-xin.analysis of cause of surface crack and batholith stability of the east main shaft system in western area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1998.
[2]DENG Y Y,CHEN C X,XIA K Z,et al.Investigation on the characteristics of overlying strata caving in the Chengchao iron mine,China[J].Environmental Earth Science,2018,77(10):DOI:10.1007/s12665-018-7553-9.
[3]宋许根,陈从新,夏开宗,等.竖井变形破坏机制与继续使用可行性探究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(增刊1):331-342.SONG Xu-gen,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Research on deformation mechanism and feasibility of continuous use of mine shaft[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(Supp.1):331-342.
[4]陈龙龙,陈从新,夏柏如,等.程潮铁矿东区地面塌陷机制及扩展机制初探[J].岩土力学,2017,38(8):2322-2334.CHEN Long-long,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Bai-ru,et al.Study on mechanism of formation and expansion of ground caving in the eastern Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(8):2322-2334.
[5]付华,陈从新,夏开宗,等.金属矿山地下开采引起岩体变形规律浅析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(9):1859-1868.FU Hua,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Kai-zong,et al.Analysis briefly about the law of rock deformation caused by underground mining of metal mines[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(9):1859-1868.
[6]柏威伟.程潮铁矿东区地表及构筑物变形规律研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2010.BAI Wei-wei.Study on the ground movement and deformation of affiliated architecture in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[7]韩芳.开采沉陷对地表构筑物的影响分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2015.HAN Fang.Impact analysis on surface structures of mining subsidence[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2015.
[8]刘建军.开采沉陷对地表构筑物的影响分析[J].山西建筑,2015,41(34):89-90.LIU Jian-jun.On influence of mining subsidence on surface buildings[J].Shanxi Architecture,2015,41(34):89-90.
[9]宋卫东,杜建华,尹小鹏,等.金属矿山崩落法开采顶板围岩崩落机理与塌陷规律[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(7):1078-1083.SONG Wei-dong,DU Jian-hua,YIN Xiao-peng,et al.Caving mechanism of hangwall rock and rules of surface subsidence due to no-pillar sub-level caving method in an iron mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(7):1078-1083.
[10]宋卫东,陈从新.程潮铁矿西区地表错动机理及对重要建(构)筑物场地稳定性影响研究总结报告[R].北京:北京科技大学,2013.SONG Wei-dong,CHEN Cong-xin.The research report of the surface rupture mechanism and its influence on the field stability of important building in the western area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2013.
[11]BRADY B H G,BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:George Allen&Unwin,1985.
[12]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground movement in tectonic stress metal mines:a case study[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2016,75(3):1-27.
[13]席人双,陈从新,肖国锋,等.结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):532-538.XI Ren-shuang,CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,et al.Study of influence of discontinuities on rock movement and surface deformation in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):532-538.
[14]夏开宗,陈从新,夏天游,等.结构面对程潮铁矿西区地表变形的影响分析[J].岩土力学,2015,36(5):1389XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,XIA Tian-you,et al.Analysis of influence of structural planes on surface deformation in western area of Chengchao iron mine[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(5):1389-1396.
[15]黄平路.构造应力型矿山地下开采引起岩层移动规律研究[D].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.HUANG Ping-lu.Study on rock movement caused by underground mining in tectonic stress-mines[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
[16]曹阳,颜荣贵,贺跃光.构造应力型矿山地表移动宏观破坏特征与对策[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(2):31-34.CAO Yang,YAN Rong-gui,HE Yue-guang.Macroscopic destroy of tectonic stress type surface movement[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,2002,22(2):31-34.
[17]夏开宗,刘秀敏,陈从新,等.程潮铁矿西区地下开采引起的地表变形规律初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(8):1572-1578.XIA Kai-zong,LIU Xiu-min,CHEN Cong-xin,et al.Study on surface deformation caused by underground mining in western area of Chenchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(8):1572-1578.
[18]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,LIU X M,et al.Mining-induced ground deformation in tectonic stress metal mines:a case study[J].Engineering Geology,2016,210:212-230.
[19]康建荣.山区采动裂缝对地表移动变形的影响分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):59-64.KANG Jian-rong.Analysis of effect of fissures caused by underground mining on ground movement and deformation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(1):59-64.
[20]李敏.山区重复采动下地表移动变形规律研究[D].太原:太原理工大学,2012.LI Min.Research on regulation of surface movement and deformation in mountain and repeated mining[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2012.
[21]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.金属矿山崩落采矿法引起的岩层移动规律分析[J].岩土力学,2016,37(5):1434-1440.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Analysis of law of ground deformation induced by caving mining in metal mines[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(5):1434-1440.
[22]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,37(4):792-805.XIA Kai-zong,CHEN Cong-xin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,37(4):792-805.
[23]VILLEGAS T,NORDLUND E,DAHNéR-LINDQVIST C.Hangingwall surface subsidence at the Kiirunavaara Mine,Sweden[J].Engineering Geology,2011,121(1):18-27.
[24]陈从新,肖国锋,韦立德,等.程潮铁矿东区东主井和西风井结构安全及井区岩体稳定性研究报告[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2007.CHEN Cong-xin,XIAO Guo-feng,WEI Li-de,et al.Research report about structural safety of east main shaft and west air shaft and rock stability in eastern Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.
[25]贺跃光.工程开挖引起的地表移动与变形模型及监测技术研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2003.HE Yue-guang.Modeling and monitoring surface movements due to excavation[D].Changsha:Central South University,2003.
[26]林健.基于GPS监测的地下开采矿山地表变形分析与预测研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2009.LIN Jian.Surface deformation analysis and forecast study of the underground mining based on GPS monitoring[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009.
[27]程关文,陈从新,沈强,等.程潮铁矿地下开采引起岩层移动机理初探[J].岩土力学,2014,35(5):1421-1429.CHENG Guan-wen,CHEN Cong-xin,SHEN Qiang,et al.The mechanism of rock movement caused by underground mining in Chengchao iron[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(5):1421-1429.
[28]许东俊,陈从新.程潮铁矿东区地表开裂成因分析及东主井系统岩基稳定性研究[R].武汉:中科院武汉岩土力学研究,1998.XU Dong-jun,CHEN Cong-xin.analysis of cause of surface crack and batholith stability of the east main shaft system in western area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1998.