程潮铁矿西区采空区地表塌陷机制与变形规律初探
|
摘要
以程潮铁矿西区为例,依据地质调查分析与地表水平位移和垂直位移监测成果,结合采空区顶板崩落钻孔监测和崩落区高密度电法勘探等手段,分析程潮铁矿西区顶板崩落特征和在2006年采矿初期地表塌陷机制,探讨地面塌陷以后地表变形规律。研究结果表明:采空区顶板崩落呈间断的、不连续的特点,当顶板崩落传递到石膏岩时,石膏岩呈整体向下垮落的特点;石膏岩作为岩溶地下水隔水层的存在,对采矿初期地表塌陷起重要作用;电法探测的结果表明,采矿初期阶段地表塌陷不是由于顶板崩落传递到地表引起,塌陷的根本原因,是由于岩溶中的地下水迅速排泄引起的岩溶塌陷;这种塌陷机制作用下地表塌陷的位置有可能是在采空区正上方,也可能在采空区边缘;塌陷发生以后,地表变形呈漏斗状不断向外扩展,测点加速时间与地下采矿推进有很好的对应关系,表明地下采矿引起的岩层扰动已经传递到地表,地表变形受地下采矿的控制。
Taking west area of Chengchao iron mine as background engineering. According to the analysis of geological survey and the monitoring results from horizontal displacement and subsidence displacement in the west area of Chengchao Iron mine,and combining with approaches of drill-hole monitoring in goaf roof and high-density electrical prospecting in cave region,then the roof collapse characteristics and the ground collapse mechanism are analyzed,besides the law of surface deformation after ground collapse. The research results indicate that the process of goaf roof collapse is intermittent,and whole sinking occurs when the goaf roof collapse spreads upwards to gypsum stratum. Large amounts of groundwater are deposited in rock fractures and karst caves due to the aquiclude of gypsum,which has great influence on surface subsidence in preliminary stage of mining. High-density electrical prospecting results prove that the essential reason to the surface collapse is the rapid increased negative pressure generated by fast dewatering after gypsum stratum collapsed. Under the action of this mechanism,the location of surface collapse may be either right above the mined-out or near the mined-out boundary. Surface deformation extends outward with funnel-shaped tendency,and the displacements increasing timing of measuring points corresponds to the proceeding of underground mining well,showing that rock disturbance caused by underground mining has already extended to surface and ground collapse is controlled by the underground mining.
Taking west area of Chengchao iron mine as background engineering. According to the analysis of geological survey and the monitoring results from horizontal displacement and subsidence displacement in the west area of Chengchao Iron mine,and combining with approaches of drill-hole monitoring in goaf roof and high-density electrical prospecting in cave region,then the roof collapse characteristics and the ground collapse mechanism are analyzed,besides the law of surface deformation after ground collapse. The research results indicate that the process of goaf roof collapse is intermittent,and whole sinking occurs when the goaf roof collapse spreads upwards to gypsum stratum. Large amounts of groundwater are deposited in rock fractures and karst caves due to the aquiclude of gypsum,which has great influence on surface subsidence in preliminary stage of mining. High-density electrical prospecting results prove that the essential reason to the surface collapse is the rapid increased negative pressure generated by fast dewatering after gypsum stratum collapsed. Under the action of this mechanism,the location of surface collapse may be either right above the mined-out or near the mined-out boundary. Surface deformation extends outward with funnel-shaped tendency,and the displacements increasing timing of measuring points corresponds to the proceeding of underground mining well,showing that rock disturbance caused by underground mining has already extended to surface and ground collapse is controlled by the underground mining.
引文
[1]XIA K Z,CHEN C X,FU H,et al.Mining-induced ground deformation in tectonic stress metal mines:a case study[J].Engineering Geology,2016,210(1):212-230.
[2]LI X B,LI D Y,LIU Z X.Determination of the minimum thickness of crown pillar for safe exploitation of a subsea gold mine based on numerical modeling[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2013,57(1):42-56.
[3]宋许根,陈从新,夏开宗,等.竖井变形破坏机制与继续使用可行性探究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(1):331-342.(SONG Xugen,CHENCongxin,XIA Kaizong,et al.Research on deformation mechanism and feasibility to continue use mine shaft[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(1):331-342.(in Chinese))
[4]MA F S,ZHAO H J,DENG Q H,et al.Vertical shaft collapse at the jinchuan nickel mine,gansu province,China:analysis of contributing factors and causal mechanisms[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,69(1):21-28.
[5]REN W Z,GUO C M,PENG Z Q,et al.Model experimental research on deformation and subsidence characteristics of ground and wall rock due to mining under thick overlying terrane[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47(4):614-624.
[6]ZHAO H J,MA F S,XU J M,et al.In situ stress field inversion and its application in mining-induced rock mass movement[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2012,53(9):120-128.
[7]LI W X,LEI W,LIU X M.Ground movements caused by deep underground mining in Guan-Zhuang iron mine,Luzhong,China[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,12:175-182.
[8]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):792-805.(XIA Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):792-805.(in Chinese))
[9]黄平路,陈从新.厚覆盖层矿山地下开采地表塌陷机制分析[J].岩土力学,2010,31(增1):357-362.(HUANG Pinglu,CHEN Congxin.Analysis of mechanism of surface subsidence caused by underground mining with thick overburden[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(Supp.1):357-362.(in Chinese))
[10]方建勤,彭振斌,颜荣贵.构造应力型开采地表沉陷规律及其工程处理方法[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2004,35(3):506-510.(FANG Jianqin,PENG Zhenbin,YAN Ronggui.The law of tectonic stress mining ground surface subsidence and its engineering treatment method[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology:Natural Science,2004,35(3):506-510.(in Chinese))
[11]白义如,谷志孟,白世伟.程潮铁矿东区地下采矿引起地表沉降和岩层移动初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3):340-342.(BAI Yiru,GU Zhimeng,BAI Shiwei.Primary study on ground surface subsidence and rock mass movement in east area of Chengchao iron mine due to underground mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(3):340-342.(in Chinese))
[12]BRADY B H G,BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:George Allen Unwin,1985:459-470.
[13]VILLEGAS T,NORDLUND E,DAHNéR-LINDQVIST C.Hanging wall surface subsidence at the Kiirunavaara Mine,Sweden[J].Engineering Geology,2011,121(1/2):18-27.
[14]VILLEGAS B,FERNANDO T,NORDLUND E.Numerical analyses of the hanging wall failure due to sublevel caving:study case[J].International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering,2013,4(3):201-223.
[15]宋许根,陈从新,夏开宗,等.程潮铁矿塌陷区周边地表变形扩展规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):415-429.(Song Xugen,Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,et al.Study on ground deformation around collapse in Chengchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):415-429.(in Chinese))
[16]SONG X,CHEN C,XIA K,et al.Analysis of the surface deformation characteristics and strata movement mechanism in the main shaft area of Chengchao Iron Mine[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2018,77(9):335.
[17]陈从新,肖国峰,黄平路,等.程潮铁矿西区地表塌陷变形监测与预测预报研究报告[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2 007-2 014.(CHEN Congxin,XIAO Guofeng,HUANG Pinglu,et al.Surface subsidence monitoring and forecasting in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine caused by mining[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2 007-2 014.(in Chinese))
[18]洪文之,张林,冯正华.西宁石膏岩对水工建筑物危害的探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,(6):48-49(HONG Zhiwen,ZHANG Lin FENG Zhenghua.Analysis of damage to hydraulic structure induced by gypsum mine[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1998,(6):48-49.(in Chinese))
[19]宋卫东,陈从新.程潮铁矿西区地表错动机制及对重要建(构)筑物场地稳定性影响研究总结报告[R].北京:北京科技大学,2013.(SONG Weidong,CHEN Chongxin.The research report of the surface rupture mechanism and its influence on the field stability of important building in the western area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2013.(in Chinese))
[20]陈从新,肖国峰,黄平路.程潮铁矿西区节理调查及岩体力学参数测试[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2014.(CHENCongxin,XIAO Guofeng,HUANG Pinglu,et al.Joint survey and mechanical parameters test of rock mass in west area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014.(in Chinese))
[21]赵法锁,张伯友,彭建兵,等.仁义河特大桥南桥台边坡软岩流变性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(10):1 527-1 532.(ZHAO Fasuo,ZHANG Boyou,PENG Jianbing,et al.Rheological study on soft rocks in the south abutment slope of Renyi River Great Bridge[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(10):1 527-1 532.(in Chinese))
[2]LI X B,LI D Y,LIU Z X.Determination of the minimum thickness of crown pillar for safe exploitation of a subsea gold mine based on numerical modeling[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2013,57(1):42-56.
[3]宋许根,陈从新,夏开宗,等.竖井变形破坏机制与继续使用可行性探究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(1):331-342.(SONG Xugen,CHENCongxin,XIA Kaizong,et al.Research on deformation mechanism and feasibility to continue use mine shaft[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(1):331-342.(in Chinese))
[4]MA F S,ZHAO H J,DENG Q H,et al.Vertical shaft collapse at the jinchuan nickel mine,gansu province,China:analysis of contributing factors and causal mechanisms[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,69(1):21-28.
[5]REN W Z,GUO C M,PENG Z Q,et al.Model experimental research on deformation and subsidence characteristics of ground and wall rock due to mining under thick overlying terrane[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47(4):614-624.
[6]ZHAO H J,MA F S,XU J M,et al.In situ stress field inversion and its application in mining-induced rock mass movement[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2012,53(9):120-128.
[7]LI W X,LEI W,LIU X M.Ground movements caused by deep underground mining in Guan-Zhuang iron mine,Luzhong,China[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,12:175-182.
[8]夏开宗,陈从新,付华,等.程潮铁矿西区不同采矿水平下的岩体变形规律分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):792-805.(XIA Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,FU Hua,et al.Deformation analysis of rock mass at different mining levels in west area of Chengchao iron[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):792-805.(in Chinese))
[9]黄平路,陈从新.厚覆盖层矿山地下开采地表塌陷机制分析[J].岩土力学,2010,31(增1):357-362.(HUANG Pinglu,CHEN Congxin.Analysis of mechanism of surface subsidence caused by underground mining with thick overburden[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(Supp.1):357-362.(in Chinese))
[10]方建勤,彭振斌,颜荣贵.构造应力型开采地表沉陷规律及其工程处理方法[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2004,35(3):506-510.(FANG Jianqin,PENG Zhenbin,YAN Ronggui.The law of tectonic stress mining ground surface subsidence and its engineering treatment method[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology:Natural Science,2004,35(3):506-510.(in Chinese))
[11]白义如,谷志孟,白世伟.程潮铁矿东区地下采矿引起地表沉降和岩层移动初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3):340-342.(BAI Yiru,GU Zhimeng,BAI Shiwei.Primary study on ground surface subsidence and rock mass movement in east area of Chengchao iron mine due to underground mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(3):340-342.(in Chinese))
[12]BRADY B H G,BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:George Allen Unwin,1985:459-470.
[13]VILLEGAS T,NORDLUND E,DAHNéR-LINDQVIST C.Hanging wall surface subsidence at the Kiirunavaara Mine,Sweden[J].Engineering Geology,2011,121(1/2):18-27.
[14]VILLEGAS B,FERNANDO T,NORDLUND E.Numerical analyses of the hanging wall failure due to sublevel caving:study case[J].International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering,2013,4(3):201-223.
[15]宋许根,陈从新,夏开宗,等.程潮铁矿塌陷区周边地表变形扩展规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):415-429.(Song Xugen,Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,et al.Study on ground deformation around collapse in Chengchao iron mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):415-429.(in Chinese))
[16]SONG X,CHEN C,XIA K,et al.Analysis of the surface deformation characteristics and strata movement mechanism in the main shaft area of Chengchao Iron Mine[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2018,77(9):335.
[17]陈从新,肖国峰,黄平路,等.程潮铁矿西区地表塌陷变形监测与预测预报研究报告[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2 007-2 014.(CHEN Congxin,XIAO Guofeng,HUANG Pinglu,et al.Surface subsidence monitoring and forecasting in eastern area of Chengchao iron mine caused by mining[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2 007-2 014.(in Chinese))
[18]洪文之,张林,冯正华.西宁石膏岩对水工建筑物危害的探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,(6):48-49(HONG Zhiwen,ZHANG Lin FENG Zhenghua.Analysis of damage to hydraulic structure induced by gypsum mine[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1998,(6):48-49.(in Chinese))
[19]宋卫东,陈从新.程潮铁矿西区地表错动机制及对重要建(构)筑物场地稳定性影响研究总结报告[R].北京:北京科技大学,2013.(SONG Weidong,CHEN Chongxin.The research report of the surface rupture mechanism and its influence on the field stability of important building in the western area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2013.(in Chinese))
[20]陈从新,肖国峰,黄平路.程潮铁矿西区节理调查及岩体力学参数测试[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2014.(CHENCongxin,XIAO Guofeng,HUANG Pinglu,et al.Joint survey and mechanical parameters test of rock mass in west area of Chengchao iron mine[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014.(in Chinese))
[21]赵法锁,张伯友,彭建兵,等.仁义河特大桥南桥台边坡软岩流变性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(10):1 527-1 532.(ZHAO Fasuo,ZHANG Boyou,PENG Jianbing,et al.Rheological study on soft rocks in the south abutment slope of Renyi River Great Bridge[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(10):1 527-1 532.(in Chinese))