执业经历表征能揭示审计质量差异吗?——基于签字注册会计师个体层面的研究
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摘要
以2004—2015年中国沪深A股上市公司为样本,考察签字注册会计师执业经历表征对审计质量的影响。研究结果表明:整体执业经历、特定行业执业经历、特定客户执业经历均有助于提高审计质量;会计师事务所规模的不同会导致上述影响存在一定程度的差异,"大所"签字注册会计师的整体执业经历与特定行业执业经历对盈余操纵的抑制作用明显弱于"非大所";相比整体执业经历积累的通用知识,个人通过行业执业经历和客户执业经历积累的行业知识和客户知识能够更加有效地转化为签字注册会计师的专业胜任能力。注册会计师在执业过程中应注重知识积累,会计师事务所则应通过优化配置审计师资源降低审计风险。
The influence of signing CPA's practice experience representation on audit quality was investigated by taking Chinese A-share listed companies from 2004 to 2015 as samples. The results showed that overall practice experience,practice experience for specific industry and practice experience for specific clients all exerted impacts on the improvement of audit quality. The difference in the scale of accounting firms will lead to discrepancies in the above-mentioned impacts to a certain extent. The restraining effects of auditors' overall practice experience and specific industry practice experience in major firms on earnings manipulation are obviously weaker than those of minor firms. In addition,compared with the general knowledge accumulated by overall practice experience,knowledge about the industry and clients accumulated individually through industry practice experience and client practice experience can be more effectively transformed into professional competence of the signing auditor.
The influence of signing CPA's practice experience representation on audit quality was investigated by taking Chinese A-share listed companies from 2004 to 2015 as samples. The results showed that overall practice experience,practice experience for specific industry and practice experience for specific clients all exerted impacts on the improvement of audit quality. The difference in the scale of accounting firms will lead to discrepancies in the above-mentioned impacts to a certain extent. The restraining effects of auditors' overall practice experience and specific industry practice experience in major firms on earnings manipulation are obviously weaker than those of minor firms. In addition,compared with the general knowledge accumulated by overall practice experience,knowledge about the industry and clients accumulated individually through industry practice experience and client practice experience can be more effectively transformed into professional competence of the signing auditor.
引文
班杜拉,2001.思想和行动的社会基础---社会认知论[M].林颖,等,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社:145-382.
李伟,韩晓梅,吴联生,2018.审计投入的产出效应[J].会计研究(3):71-77.
李维安,刘振杰,顾亮,2014.IPO定价:中庸思维还是团队极化[J].中国工业经济(5):96-108.
逯东,王运陈,付鹏,2014.CEO激励提高了内部控制有效性吗?---来自国有上市公司的经验证据[J].会计研究(6):66-72.
罗党论,黄旸杨,2007.会计师事务所任期会影响审计质量吗?---来自中国上市公司的经验证据[J].中国会计评论(2):233-248.
钱玲,2004.经历、知识、能力和电算化审计判断的业绩:实验研究[J].中国会计与财务研究(4):94-149.
吴溪,2009.会计师事务所为新承接的审计客户配置了更有经验的项目负责人吗?[J].中国会计与财务研究(3):1-59.
王晓珂,王艳艳,于李胜,等,2016.审计师个人经验与审计质量[J].会计研究(9):75-81.
闫焕民,2016.签字会计师个人执业经验如何影响审计质量?---来自中国证券市场的经验证据[J].审计与经济研究(3):41-52.
叶琼燕,于忠泊,2011.审计师个人特征与审计质量[J].山西财经大学学报(2):117-124.
原红旗,韩维芳,2012.签字会计师的执业特征与审计质量[J].中国会计评论(3):275-302.
张宏亮,文挺,2016.审计质量替代指标有效性检验与筛选[J].审计研究(4):67-75.
张继勋,付宏琳,2008.经验、任务性质与审计判断质量[J].审计研究(3):70-75.
ARGOTE L,MIRON-SPEKTOR E,2011.Organizational Learning:from Experience to Knowledge[J].Organization Science,22(5):1123-1137.
ARDICHVILI A,CARDOZO R,RAY S,2003.A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development[J].Journal of Business Venturing,18(1):105-123.
BAMBER E M,IYER V M,2007.Auditors'Identification with Their Clients and Its Effect on Auditors'Objectivity[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,26(2):1-24.
CARCELLO J V,NAGY A L,2004.Audit Firm Tenure and Fraudulent Financial Reporting[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,23(2):55-69.
CHI W,MYERS L A,OMER T C,et al.,2017.The Effects of Audit Partner Pre-client and Client-specific Experience on Audit Quality and on Perceptions of Audit Quality[J].Review of Accounting Studies,22(1):361-391.
COPE J,2003.Entrepreneurial Learning and Critical Reflection:Discontinuous Events as Triggers for“Higher-Level”Learning[J].Management Learning,34(4):429-450.
CUSTDIO C,METZGER D,2013.How do CEOs Matter?The Effect of Industry Expertise on Acquisition Returns[J].Review of Financial Studies,26(8):2007-2047.
CUSTDIO C,METZGER D,2014.Financial Expert CEOs:CEO’s Work Experience and Firm’s Financial Policies[J].Journal of Financial Economics,114(1):125-154.
DEANGELO L E,1981.The Auditor-Client Contractual Relationship:An Economic Analysis[M].Michigan:UMI Research Press:5-125.
FRANCIS J R,2011.A Framework for Understanding and Researching Audit Quality[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,30(2):125-152.
GU Q,WANG G G,WANG L,2013.Social Capital and Innovation in R&D Teams:The Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Learning from Mistakes[J].R&D Management,43(2):89-102.
GUL F A,WU D,YANG Z,2013.Do Individual Auditors Affect Audit Quality?Evidence from Archival Data[J].The Accounting Review,88(6):1993-2023.
HAMBRICK D C,MASON P A,1984.Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of its Top Managers[J].Academy of Management Review,9(2):193-206.
HAMMERSLEY J S,2006.Pattern Identification and Industry-Specialist Auditors[J].The Accounting Review,81(2):309-336.
HE L,WANG Y,2015.Auditor Industry Specialization,Audit Experience,Tenure and Audit Opinion[J].International Journal of Research in Commerce,Economics and Management,5(10):24-33.
HSIEH Y T,LIN C J,2016.Audit Firms'Client Acceptance Decisions:Does Partner-Level Industry Expertise Matter?[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,35(2):97-120.
KC,D,STAATS B R,GINO F,2013.Learning from My Success and from Others'Failure:Evidence from Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery[J].Management Science,59(11):2435-2449.
KIM J Y,KIM J Y,MINER A S,2009.Organizational Learning from Extreme Performance Experience:The Impact of Success and Recovery Experience[J].Organization Science,20(6):958-978.
LAPRE M A,MUKKERJEE A S,VAN WASSENHOVE L N,2000.Behind the Learning Curve:Linking Learning Activities to Waste Reduction[J].Management Science,46(5):597-611.
LIBBY R,FREDERICK D M,1990.Experience and the Ability to Explain Audit Findings[J].Journal of Accounting Research,8(2):348-367.
LIBBY R,TAN H T,1994.Modeling the Determinants of Audit Expertise[J].Accounting,Organizations and Society,19(8):701-716.
LITT B,SHARMA D S,SIMPSON T,et al.,2014.Audit Partner Rotation and Financial Reporting Quality[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,33(3):59-86.
MORONEY R,CAREY P,2011.Industry versus Task-Based Experience and Auditor Performance[J].Auditing:AJournal of Practice&Theory,30(2):1-18.
TAYLOR M H,2000.The Effects of Industry Specialization on Auditors'Inherent Risk Assessments and Confidence Judgments[J].Contemporary Accounting Research,17(4):693-712.
(1)与常规事件相比,关键事件更容易诱发“批判性思维”和“创新学习成果”(Cope,2003)。
(1)由于“大所”的业务量本身就大于“非大所”,为避免可能导致的自选择问题,在该进一步测试的回归分析中,本文未将签字注册会计师在特定条件下的签字数量作为执业经历的替代度量,统一以签字年限进行度量。
(1)由前文的相关系数分析可知,EXP_year和EXP_num存在较强的相关性,EXPIND_year和EXPIND_num之间亦如此,若同时将其作为解释变量纳入模型,会导致多重共线性问题。因此,本文在表5列(1)用EXP_year(EXPIND_year)度量整体执业经历(特定行业执业经历),表5列(2)用EXP_num(EXPIND_num)度量整体执业经历(特定行业执业经历)。
李伟,韩晓梅,吴联生,2018.审计投入的产出效应[J].会计研究(3):71-77.
李维安,刘振杰,顾亮,2014.IPO定价:中庸思维还是团队极化[J].中国工业经济(5):96-108.
逯东,王运陈,付鹏,2014.CEO激励提高了内部控制有效性吗?---来自国有上市公司的经验证据[J].会计研究(6):66-72.
罗党论,黄旸杨,2007.会计师事务所任期会影响审计质量吗?---来自中国上市公司的经验证据[J].中国会计评论(2):233-248.
钱玲,2004.经历、知识、能力和电算化审计判断的业绩:实验研究[J].中国会计与财务研究(4):94-149.
吴溪,2009.会计师事务所为新承接的审计客户配置了更有经验的项目负责人吗?[J].中国会计与财务研究(3):1-59.
王晓珂,王艳艳,于李胜,等,2016.审计师个人经验与审计质量[J].会计研究(9):75-81.
闫焕民,2016.签字会计师个人执业经验如何影响审计质量?---来自中国证券市场的经验证据[J].审计与经济研究(3):41-52.
叶琼燕,于忠泊,2011.审计师个人特征与审计质量[J].山西财经大学学报(2):117-124.
原红旗,韩维芳,2012.签字会计师的执业特征与审计质量[J].中国会计评论(3):275-302.
张宏亮,文挺,2016.审计质量替代指标有效性检验与筛选[J].审计研究(4):67-75.
张继勋,付宏琳,2008.经验、任务性质与审计判断质量[J].审计研究(3):70-75.
ARGOTE L,MIRON-SPEKTOR E,2011.Organizational Learning:from Experience to Knowledge[J].Organization Science,22(5):1123-1137.
ARDICHVILI A,CARDOZO R,RAY S,2003.A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development[J].Journal of Business Venturing,18(1):105-123.
BAMBER E M,IYER V M,2007.Auditors'Identification with Their Clients and Its Effect on Auditors'Objectivity[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,26(2):1-24.
CARCELLO J V,NAGY A L,2004.Audit Firm Tenure and Fraudulent Financial Reporting[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,23(2):55-69.
CHI W,MYERS L A,OMER T C,et al.,2017.The Effects of Audit Partner Pre-client and Client-specific Experience on Audit Quality and on Perceptions of Audit Quality[J].Review of Accounting Studies,22(1):361-391.
COPE J,2003.Entrepreneurial Learning and Critical Reflection:Discontinuous Events as Triggers for“Higher-Level”Learning[J].Management Learning,34(4):429-450.
CUSTDIO C,METZGER D,2013.How do CEOs Matter?The Effect of Industry Expertise on Acquisition Returns[J].Review of Financial Studies,26(8):2007-2047.
CUSTDIO C,METZGER D,2014.Financial Expert CEOs:CEO’s Work Experience and Firm’s Financial Policies[J].Journal of Financial Economics,114(1):125-154.
DEANGELO L E,1981.The Auditor-Client Contractual Relationship:An Economic Analysis[M].Michigan:UMI Research Press:5-125.
FRANCIS J R,2011.A Framework for Understanding and Researching Audit Quality[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,30(2):125-152.
GU Q,WANG G G,WANG L,2013.Social Capital and Innovation in R&D Teams:The Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Learning from Mistakes[J].R&D Management,43(2):89-102.
GUL F A,WU D,YANG Z,2013.Do Individual Auditors Affect Audit Quality?Evidence from Archival Data[J].The Accounting Review,88(6):1993-2023.
HAMBRICK D C,MASON P A,1984.Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of its Top Managers[J].Academy of Management Review,9(2):193-206.
HAMMERSLEY J S,2006.Pattern Identification and Industry-Specialist Auditors[J].The Accounting Review,81(2):309-336.
HE L,WANG Y,2015.Auditor Industry Specialization,Audit Experience,Tenure and Audit Opinion[J].International Journal of Research in Commerce,Economics and Management,5(10):24-33.
HSIEH Y T,LIN C J,2016.Audit Firms'Client Acceptance Decisions:Does Partner-Level Industry Expertise Matter?[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,35(2):97-120.
KC,D,STAATS B R,GINO F,2013.Learning from My Success and from Others'Failure:Evidence from Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery[J].Management Science,59(11):2435-2449.
KIM J Y,KIM J Y,MINER A S,2009.Organizational Learning from Extreme Performance Experience:The Impact of Success and Recovery Experience[J].Organization Science,20(6):958-978.
LAPRE M A,MUKKERJEE A S,VAN WASSENHOVE L N,2000.Behind the Learning Curve:Linking Learning Activities to Waste Reduction[J].Management Science,46(5):597-611.
LIBBY R,FREDERICK D M,1990.Experience and the Ability to Explain Audit Findings[J].Journal of Accounting Research,8(2):348-367.
LIBBY R,TAN H T,1994.Modeling the Determinants of Audit Expertise[J].Accounting,Organizations and Society,19(8):701-716.
LITT B,SHARMA D S,SIMPSON T,et al.,2014.Audit Partner Rotation and Financial Reporting Quality[J].Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory,33(3):59-86.
MORONEY R,CAREY P,2011.Industry versus Task-Based Experience and Auditor Performance[J].Auditing:AJournal of Practice&Theory,30(2):1-18.
TAYLOR M H,2000.The Effects of Industry Specialization on Auditors'Inherent Risk Assessments and Confidence Judgments[J].Contemporary Accounting Research,17(4):693-712.
(1)与常规事件相比,关键事件更容易诱发“批判性思维”和“创新学习成果”(Cope,2003)。
(1)由于“大所”的业务量本身就大于“非大所”,为避免可能导致的自选择问题,在该进一步测试的回归分析中,本文未将签字注册会计师在特定条件下的签字数量作为执业经历的替代度量,统一以签字年限进行度量。
(1)由前文的相关系数分析可知,EXP_year和EXP_num存在较强的相关性,EXPIND_year和EXPIND_num之间亦如此,若同时将其作为解释变量纳入模型,会导致多重共线性问题。因此,本文在表5列(1)用EXP_year(EXPIND_year)度量整体执业经历(特定行业执业经历),表5列(2)用EXP_num(EXPIND_num)度量整体执业经历(特定行业执业经历)。