致密低渗透储层裂缝研究进展
|
摘要
我国致密低渗透储层的油气资源量巨大,但储层基质物性差,非均质性强,天然裂缝发育,勘探与开发难度大。天然裂缝是致密低渗透储层的有效储集空间和主要渗流通道,控制了这类油气藏的成藏、单井产能及开发效果,天然裂缝分布规律研究对致密低渗透油气藏的勘探和开发至关重要。在阅读国内外大量文献的基础上,系统地综述了致密低渗透储层裂缝研究中涉及的储层裂缝成因类型、控制因素、储层裂缝参数表征方法、裂缝有效性影响因素与评价方法、天然裂缝与人工裂缝的耦合关系等研究现状,探讨了现阶段储层裂缝研究中存在的问题及进一步需要开展的工作。非常规储层裂缝的形成机理与主控因素、多学科相结合的高精度裂缝井间预测及裂缝三维地质建模、裂缝的分级评价及有效性评价将是近期裂缝研究的重点。
Low permeability tight reservoirs contain huge oil gas resources in China,however,they are difficult to explore and develop because of their poor matrix property,strong heterogeneity and natural fractures.Fractures are the effective storage space and major flow channels,thus controlling hydrocarbon accumulation,single well productivity and development effect of these reservoirs.Hence,research on fracture distribution rules plays a significant role in exploration and exploitation of low permeability tight reservoirs.Based on a large number of domestic and international literatures,this paper systematically reviews fracture researches from the following aspects:1)fracture genetic types;2)fracture controlling factors;3)characterization methods of fracture parameters;4)influencing factors of fracture effectiveness and its evaluation methods;5)the coupling relationship between natural and hydraulic fractures.Then,the paper discusses the existing problems of present fracture research and some further work.The discussion of the recent fracture researches is focused on the formation mechanism and main controlling factors of fractures in unconventional reservoirs,high precise interwell fracture prediction in combination with multiple disciplines,3Dfracture modeling,fracture classification evaluation and effectiveness evaluation.
Low permeability tight reservoirs contain huge oil gas resources in China,however,they are difficult to explore and develop because of their poor matrix property,strong heterogeneity and natural fractures.Fractures are the effective storage space and major flow channels,thus controlling hydrocarbon accumulation,single well productivity and development effect of these reservoirs.Hence,research on fracture distribution rules plays a significant role in exploration and exploitation of low permeability tight reservoirs.Based on a large number of domestic and international literatures,this paper systematically reviews fracture researches from the following aspects:1)fracture genetic types;2)fracture controlling factors;3)characterization methods of fracture parameters;4)influencing factors of fracture effectiveness and its evaluation methods;5)the coupling relationship between natural and hydraulic fractures.Then,the paper discusses the existing problems of present fracture research and some further work.The discussion of the recent fracture researches is focused on the formation mechanism and main controlling factors of fractures in unconventional reservoirs,high precise interwell fracture prediction in combination with multiple disciplines,3Dfracture modeling,fracture classification evaluation and effectiveness evaluation.
引文
[1]贾承造,郑民,张永峰.中国非常规油气资源与勘探开发前景[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(2):129-136.
[2]Nelson R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].Houston:Gulf Publish Company,1985.
[3]曾联波.雷家油田下第三系低渗透储层裂缝特征[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(2):167-169.
[4]Lorenz J C,Teufel L W,Warpinski N R.Regional fractures.Ⅰ:A mechanism for the formation of regional fractures at depth in flat-lying reservoirs[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(11):1714-1737.
[5]Lorenz J C,Finley S J.Regional fractures.Ⅱ:Fracturing of Mesaverde reservoirs in the Piceance Basin,Colorado[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(11):1738-1757.
[6]周文.裂缝性油气储集层评价方法[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1998.
[7]周新桂,张林炎,范昆.油气盆地低渗透储层裂缝预测研究现状及进展[J].地质论评,2006,52(6):777-782.
[8]曾联波,李忠兴,史成恩,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝特征及成因[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):174-180.
[9]Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):603-622,doi:10.1306/11010606061.
[10]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-144.
[11]范存辉,秦启荣,支东明,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘中拐凸起石炭系火山岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(1):81-87.
[12]张学汝,陈和平,张吉昌,等.变质岩储集层构造裂缝研究技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[13]宋惠珍,贾承造,欧阳健,等.裂缝性储集层研究理论与方法:塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝预测[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[14]Zeng L B.Microfracturing in the Upper Triassic Sichuan Basin tight-gas sandstones:Tectonic,overpressure,and diagenetic origins[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(12):1811-1825,doi:10.1306/06301009191.
[15]Fall A,Eichhubl P,Bodnar R J,et al.Natural hydraulic fracturing of tight-gas sandstone reservoirs,Piceance Basin,Colorado[J/OL].GSA Bulletin.2015,127(1/2):61-75,doi:10.1130/B31021.1.
[16]Narr W.Fracture density in the deep subsurface:Techniques with application to point Arguello oil field[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(8):1300-1323.
[17]Catherine L H,Lorenz J,Lawrence T I,et al.Lithological and structural controls on natural fracture distribution and behavior with in the Lisburne group,northeastern Brooks Range and north slope subsurface,Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(10):1700-1720.
[18]周灿灿,杨春顶.砂岩裂缝的成因及其常规测井资料综合识别技术研究[J]石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(4):425-430.
[19]Narr W,Suppe J.Joint spacing in sedimentary rocks[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1991,13(9):doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90055-N.
[20]戴俊生,冯建伟,李明,等.砂泥岩间互地层裂缝延伸规律探讨[J].地学前缘,2011,18(2):277-283.
[21]曾联波.低渗透砂岩储层裂缝的形成与分布[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[22]Renee J,Perezt J R B.Interpreting fracture development from diagenetic mineralogy[J].Tectonophysics,2005,400(7/8):179-207.
[23]唐小梅,曾联波,何永宏,等.沉积与成岩作用对姬塬油田超低渗透油层构造裂缝发育的控制作用[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(4):21-25.
[24]Narr W,Currie J B.Origin of fracture porosity example from Altament Field[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66:1231-1247.
[25]Finkbeiner T,Barton C A,Zoback M D.Relationships among in-situ stress,fractures and faults,and fluid flow:Monterey Formation,Santa Maria Basin,California[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(12):1975-1999.
[26]Rawnsley K K,Rives T,Petit J P,et al.Joint development in perturbed stress field near faults[J/OL].Journal Structural Geology,1992,14(8/9):939-951,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(92)90025-R.
[27]Murray G H.Quantitative fracture study,Sanishpool,Mckeenzie County,North Dakota[J].AAPG Bulletin,1968,52(1):57-65.
[28]曾联波,漆家福,王成刚,等.构造应力对裂缝形成与流体流动的影响[J].地学前缘,2008,15(3):292-298.
[29]曾联波,赵继勇,朱圣举,等.岩层非均质性对裂缝发育的影响研究[J].自然科学进展,2008,18(2):216-220.
[30]Giilespie P A,Howard C B.Measurement and characterization of spatial distributions of fractures[J/OL].Tectonophysics,1993,226(1/4):113-141,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90114-Y.
[31]Brogi A.Variation in fracture patterns in damage zones related to strike-slip faults interfering with pre-existing fractures in sandstone(Calcione area,southern Tuscany,Italy)[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2011,33(4):644-661,doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.008.
[32]Mchinnon S D,Barra I G.Fracture initiation,growth and effect on stress field:A numerical investigation[J/OL].Journal of Structure Geology,1998,20(12):1663-1672,doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00080-7.
[33]Cooke M L.Fracture termination and step-over at bedding interfaces due to frictional slip and interface opening[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2001,23(2/3):223-238,doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00092-4.
[34]Van Golf-Racht T D.Fundamentals of fractured reservoir engineering[M].New York:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1982.
[35]Velde B,Duboes J,Touchard G,et al.Fractal analysis of fracture in rocks the Cantors Dust method[J/OL].Tectonophysics,1990,57(3):61-68,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90300-W.
[36]Volland S,Kruhl J H.Anisotropy quantification:The application of fractal geometry methods on tectonic fracture patterns of a Hercynian fault zone in NW Sardinia[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(8):1499-1510,doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.10.005.
[37]Howard J H,Hoeksema R C N.Description of natural fracture systems for quantitative use in petroleum geology[J].AAPGBulletin,1990,74(2):151-162.
[38]Gross M R.The origin and spacing of cross joints:Examples from the Monterey Foramtion of coastal California[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1993,15(6):737-751,doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)92324-8.
[39]Wu H,Pollard D D.An experimental study of the relationship between joint spacing and layer thickness[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17(6):887-905,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(94)00099-L.
[40]Ortega O J,Marrett R A,Laubach S E.A scale-independent approach to fracture intensity and average spacing measurement[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(2):193-208.doi.10.1306/08250505059.
[41]Sibbit A M,Faivre O.The dual laterolog response in fractured rocks[C]∥SPWLA 26th Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1985.
[42]Boyeldieu C,Winchester A.Use of the dual laterolog for the evaluation of the fracture porosity in hard carbonate formations[C]∥Offshore South East Asia Show.[S.l.]:Society of Petroleum Engineers,1982.
[43]曾联波,柯式镇,刘洋.低渗透油气储层裂缝研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[44]肖立志,张元中,吴文圣,等.成像测井学基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[45]乔文孝,鞠晓东,车小花,等.声波测井技术研究进展[J].测井技术,2011,35(1):14-19.
[46]柴细元,张文瑞,王贵清,等.远探测声波反射波成像测井技术在裂缝性储层评价中的应用[J].测井技术,2009,33(6):539-543.
[47]Sahimi M,Hashemi M.Wavelet identification of the spatial distribution of fractures[J/OL].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(4):611-614,doi:10.1029/2000GL 011961.
[48]Ja'fari A,Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi A,Sharghi Y,et al.Fracture density estimation from petrophysical log data using the adaptive neurofuzzy inference system[J/OL].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2012,9(1):105-114,doi:10.1088/1742-2132/9/1/013.
[49]Roberto A.裂缝性储层试井分析[J].乐长荣,译.天然气勘探与开发,1995,18(4):44-58.
[50]邓海成,刘洪涛,许洪东.大庆台肇地区低渗透砂岩储层裂缝动态研究[J].石油天然气学报:江汉石油学院学报,2005,27(1):233-236.
[51]Gringarten A C,Ramey H J,Raghavan R.Applied pressure analysis for fractured wells[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1975,27(7):887-892.
[52]Price N J.Fault and joint development in brittle and semi-brittle rock[M].London:Pergamon Press,1966:176.
[53]曾锦光,罗元华,陈太源.应用构造面主曲率研究油气藏裂缝问题[J].力学学报,1982,(2):202-206.
[54]文世鹏,李德同.储层构造裂缝数值模拟技术[J].石油大学学报,1996,20(5):17-24.
[55]丁中一,钱祥麟,霍红,等.构造裂缝定量预测的一种新方法:二元法[J].石油及天然气地质,1998,19(1):1-17.
[56]宋惠珍,欧阳健,孙君秀,等.裂缝性储集层定量研究的一套新方法[J].地震地质,1994,16(3):254.
[57]曾联波,文世鹏,肖淑蓉.低渗透油气储层裂缝空间分布的定量预测[J].勘探家,1998,3(1):24-26.
[58]吴时国,王秀玲,季玉新,等.3Dmove构造裂缝预测技术在古潜山的应用研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2004,34(9):795-806.
[59]Gaiser J E.Applications for vector coordinate systems of 3-Dconverted-wave data[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(11):1290-1300.
[60]Alford R M.Shear data in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy,Dilley,Texas[C]∥Expanded Abstracts of 56th Annual Internal SEG Mtg.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1986:476-479.
[61]Ruger A.Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):935-947.
[62]刘松,孙向阳.利用偏移距衰减属性裂缝储层检测方法[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,36(3):282-286.
[63]Bahorich M S,Farmer S.L.3-D seismic coherency for faults and stratigraphic features[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(10):1053-1058.
[64]Pedersen S I,Skov T.Automatic fault extraction using artificial ants[C]∥SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2002,21:512-515.
[65]贺振华,黄捍东,胡光岷,等.地下介质横向变化的地震多尺度边缘检测技术[J].物探化探计算技术,1999,21(4):289-294.
[66]Johnston D H.VSP detection of fracture induced velocity anisotropy[C]∥SEG Expanded Abstracts.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1986,5:464-467.
[67]穆龙新,赵国良,田中元,等.储层裂缝预测研究[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009.
[68]Peck L,Barton C C,Gordon R B.Microstructure and the resistance of rock to fracture[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90(13):533-546.
[69]Barton C C.Fractal analysis of scaling and spatial clustering of fracture[M].New York:Fractal in the Earth Sciences Plenum Press,1995.
[70]Laubach S E.Practical approaches to identifying sealed and open fractures[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(4):561-579,doi:10.1306/11060201106.
[71]张鹏,侯贵廷,潘文庆,等.塔里木盆地震旦-寒武系白云岩储层构造裂缝有效性研究[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):993-1001.
[72]Laubach S E,Marrett R,Olson J.New directions in fracture characterization[J/OL].The Leading Egde,2000,19(7),704-711,doi:10.1190/1.1438694.
[73]Lander R H,Laubach S E.Insights into rates of fracture growth and sealing from a model for quartz cementation in fractured sandstones[J/OL].GSA Bulletin,2015,127(3/4):516-538,doi:10.1130/B31092.
[74]Laubach S E,Ward M E.Diagenesis in porosity evolution of opening-mode fractures,Middle Triassic to Lower Jurassic La Boca formation,NE Mexico[J/OL].Tectonophysics,2006,419(1/4):75-97,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.03.020.
[75]曾联波,巩磊,祖克威,等.柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素[J].地质学报,2012,86(11):1809-1814.
[76]巩磊,曾联波,杜宜静,等.构造成岩作用对裂缝有效性的影响:以库车前陆盆地白垩系致密砂岩储层为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(3):540-545.
[77]Peter C,John C.Prediction of fracture-induced permeability and fluid flow in the crust using experimental stress data[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83:757-777.
[78]曾联波.低渗透砂岩油气储层裂缝及其渗流特征[J].地质科学,2004.39(1):11-17.
[79]Laubach S E,Olson J E,Gale J F W.Are open fractures necessarily aligned with maximum horizontal stress?[J/OL].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2004,222(1):191-195,doi:10.1016/j.TIFl.2004.02.019.
[80]曾联波,史成恩,王永康,等.鄂尔多斯盆地特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝压力敏感性及其开发意义[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(11):35-38.
[81]吴文圣,陈钢花.利用双侧向测井方法判别裂缝的有效性[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,2001,25(1):87-89.
[82]Hornby B E,Johnson D L,Winkler K W,et al..Fracture evaluation using reflected stoneley-wave arrivals[J/OL].Geophysics,1989,54(10):1274-1288,doi:10.1190/1.1442587.
[83]Esmersoy C,Kane M,Boyd A,et al.Fracture and stress evaluation using dipole shear anisotropy logs[C]∥SPWLA 39th Annual Logging Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1995:1-12.
[84]邓虎成,周文,周秋媚,等.新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用[J].岩石学报,2013,29(3):1087-1097.
[85]金衍,张旭东,陈勉.天然裂缝地层中垂直井水力裂缝起裂压力模型研究[J].石油学报,2005,26(7):113-114,118.
[86]Zeng L B,Liu H T.The key geological factors influencing on development of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs:A case study of the Taizhao Area in the Songliao Basin,China[J].Energy Exploration&Exploitation,2009,27(6):425-437.
[87]Warpinski N R,Teufel L W.Influence of geologic discontinuities on hydraulic fracture propagation[J/OL].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1987,39(2):209-220,doi:10.2118/13224-PA.
[88]Renshaw C E,Pollard D D.An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces n brittle,linear elastic materials[J/OL]∥International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science&Geomechanics Abstracts,1995,32(3):237-249,doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)00037-4.
[89]Potluri N,Zhu D,Hill A D.Effect of natural fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation[C/OL]∥SPE European Formation Damage Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2005:1-6,doi:10.2118/9 4568-MS.
[90]Gu H,Weng X,Lund J,et al.Hydraulic fracture crossing natural fracture at non-orthogonal angles,a criterion,its validation and applications[C/OL]∥SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2011:1-11,doi:10.2118/139984-MS.
[91]程万,金衍,陈勉,等.三维空间中水力裂缝穿透天然裂缝的判别准则[J/OL].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):336-340,doi:10.11698/PED.2014.03.09.
[2]Nelson R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].Houston:Gulf Publish Company,1985.
[3]曾联波.雷家油田下第三系低渗透储层裂缝特征[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(2):167-169.
[4]Lorenz J C,Teufel L W,Warpinski N R.Regional fractures.Ⅰ:A mechanism for the formation of regional fractures at depth in flat-lying reservoirs[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(11):1714-1737.
[5]Lorenz J C,Finley S J.Regional fractures.Ⅱ:Fracturing of Mesaverde reservoirs in the Piceance Basin,Colorado[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(11):1738-1757.
[6]周文.裂缝性油气储集层评价方法[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1998.
[7]周新桂,张林炎,范昆.油气盆地低渗透储层裂缝预测研究现状及进展[J].地质论评,2006,52(6):777-782.
[8]曾联波,李忠兴,史成恩,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝特征及成因[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):174-180.
[9]Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):603-622,doi:10.1306/11010606061.
[10]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-144.
[11]范存辉,秦启荣,支东明,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘中拐凸起石炭系火山岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(1):81-87.
[12]张学汝,陈和平,张吉昌,等.变质岩储集层构造裂缝研究技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[13]宋惠珍,贾承造,欧阳健,等.裂缝性储集层研究理论与方法:塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝预测[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[14]Zeng L B.Microfracturing in the Upper Triassic Sichuan Basin tight-gas sandstones:Tectonic,overpressure,and diagenetic origins[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(12):1811-1825,doi:10.1306/06301009191.
[15]Fall A,Eichhubl P,Bodnar R J,et al.Natural hydraulic fracturing of tight-gas sandstone reservoirs,Piceance Basin,Colorado[J/OL].GSA Bulletin.2015,127(1/2):61-75,doi:10.1130/B31021.1.
[16]Narr W.Fracture density in the deep subsurface:Techniques with application to point Arguello oil field[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(8):1300-1323.
[17]Catherine L H,Lorenz J,Lawrence T I,et al.Lithological and structural controls on natural fracture distribution and behavior with in the Lisburne group,northeastern Brooks Range and north slope subsurface,Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(10):1700-1720.
[18]周灿灿,杨春顶.砂岩裂缝的成因及其常规测井资料综合识别技术研究[J]石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(4):425-430.
[19]Narr W,Suppe J.Joint spacing in sedimentary rocks[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1991,13(9):doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90055-N.
[20]戴俊生,冯建伟,李明,等.砂泥岩间互地层裂缝延伸规律探讨[J].地学前缘,2011,18(2):277-283.
[21]曾联波.低渗透砂岩储层裂缝的形成与分布[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[22]Renee J,Perezt J R B.Interpreting fracture development from diagenetic mineralogy[J].Tectonophysics,2005,400(7/8):179-207.
[23]唐小梅,曾联波,何永宏,等.沉积与成岩作用对姬塬油田超低渗透油层构造裂缝发育的控制作用[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(4):21-25.
[24]Narr W,Currie J B.Origin of fracture porosity example from Altament Field[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66:1231-1247.
[25]Finkbeiner T,Barton C A,Zoback M D.Relationships among in-situ stress,fractures and faults,and fluid flow:Monterey Formation,Santa Maria Basin,California[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(12):1975-1999.
[26]Rawnsley K K,Rives T,Petit J P,et al.Joint development in perturbed stress field near faults[J/OL].Journal Structural Geology,1992,14(8/9):939-951,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(92)90025-R.
[27]Murray G H.Quantitative fracture study,Sanishpool,Mckeenzie County,North Dakota[J].AAPG Bulletin,1968,52(1):57-65.
[28]曾联波,漆家福,王成刚,等.构造应力对裂缝形成与流体流动的影响[J].地学前缘,2008,15(3):292-298.
[29]曾联波,赵继勇,朱圣举,等.岩层非均质性对裂缝发育的影响研究[J].自然科学进展,2008,18(2):216-220.
[30]Giilespie P A,Howard C B.Measurement and characterization of spatial distributions of fractures[J/OL].Tectonophysics,1993,226(1/4):113-141,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90114-Y.
[31]Brogi A.Variation in fracture patterns in damage zones related to strike-slip faults interfering with pre-existing fractures in sandstone(Calcione area,southern Tuscany,Italy)[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2011,33(4):644-661,doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.008.
[32]Mchinnon S D,Barra I G.Fracture initiation,growth and effect on stress field:A numerical investigation[J/OL].Journal of Structure Geology,1998,20(12):1663-1672,doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00080-7.
[33]Cooke M L.Fracture termination and step-over at bedding interfaces due to frictional slip and interface opening[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2001,23(2/3):223-238,doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00092-4.
[34]Van Golf-Racht T D.Fundamentals of fractured reservoir engineering[M].New York:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1982.
[35]Velde B,Duboes J,Touchard G,et al.Fractal analysis of fracture in rocks the Cantors Dust method[J/OL].Tectonophysics,1990,57(3):61-68,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90300-W.
[36]Volland S,Kruhl J H.Anisotropy quantification:The application of fractal geometry methods on tectonic fracture patterns of a Hercynian fault zone in NW Sardinia[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(8):1499-1510,doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.10.005.
[37]Howard J H,Hoeksema R C N.Description of natural fracture systems for quantitative use in petroleum geology[J].AAPGBulletin,1990,74(2):151-162.
[38]Gross M R.The origin and spacing of cross joints:Examples from the Monterey Foramtion of coastal California[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1993,15(6):737-751,doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)92324-8.
[39]Wu H,Pollard D D.An experimental study of the relationship between joint spacing and layer thickness[J/OL].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17(6):887-905,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(94)00099-L.
[40]Ortega O J,Marrett R A,Laubach S E.A scale-independent approach to fracture intensity and average spacing measurement[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(2):193-208.doi.10.1306/08250505059.
[41]Sibbit A M,Faivre O.The dual laterolog response in fractured rocks[C]∥SPWLA 26th Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1985.
[42]Boyeldieu C,Winchester A.Use of the dual laterolog for the evaluation of the fracture porosity in hard carbonate formations[C]∥Offshore South East Asia Show.[S.l.]:Society of Petroleum Engineers,1982.
[43]曾联波,柯式镇,刘洋.低渗透油气储层裂缝研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[44]肖立志,张元中,吴文圣,等.成像测井学基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[45]乔文孝,鞠晓东,车小花,等.声波测井技术研究进展[J].测井技术,2011,35(1):14-19.
[46]柴细元,张文瑞,王贵清,等.远探测声波反射波成像测井技术在裂缝性储层评价中的应用[J].测井技术,2009,33(6):539-543.
[47]Sahimi M,Hashemi M.Wavelet identification of the spatial distribution of fractures[J/OL].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(4):611-614,doi:10.1029/2000GL 011961.
[48]Ja'fari A,Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi A,Sharghi Y,et al.Fracture density estimation from petrophysical log data using the adaptive neurofuzzy inference system[J/OL].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2012,9(1):105-114,doi:10.1088/1742-2132/9/1/013.
[49]Roberto A.裂缝性储层试井分析[J].乐长荣,译.天然气勘探与开发,1995,18(4):44-58.
[50]邓海成,刘洪涛,许洪东.大庆台肇地区低渗透砂岩储层裂缝动态研究[J].石油天然气学报:江汉石油学院学报,2005,27(1):233-236.
[51]Gringarten A C,Ramey H J,Raghavan R.Applied pressure analysis for fractured wells[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1975,27(7):887-892.
[52]Price N J.Fault and joint development in brittle and semi-brittle rock[M].London:Pergamon Press,1966:176.
[53]曾锦光,罗元华,陈太源.应用构造面主曲率研究油气藏裂缝问题[J].力学学报,1982,(2):202-206.
[54]文世鹏,李德同.储层构造裂缝数值模拟技术[J].石油大学学报,1996,20(5):17-24.
[55]丁中一,钱祥麟,霍红,等.构造裂缝定量预测的一种新方法:二元法[J].石油及天然气地质,1998,19(1):1-17.
[56]宋惠珍,欧阳健,孙君秀,等.裂缝性储集层定量研究的一套新方法[J].地震地质,1994,16(3):254.
[57]曾联波,文世鹏,肖淑蓉.低渗透油气储层裂缝空间分布的定量预测[J].勘探家,1998,3(1):24-26.
[58]吴时国,王秀玲,季玉新,等.3Dmove构造裂缝预测技术在古潜山的应用研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2004,34(9):795-806.
[59]Gaiser J E.Applications for vector coordinate systems of 3-Dconverted-wave data[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(11):1290-1300.
[60]Alford R M.Shear data in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy,Dilley,Texas[C]∥Expanded Abstracts of 56th Annual Internal SEG Mtg.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1986:476-479.
[61]Ruger A.Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):935-947.
[62]刘松,孙向阳.利用偏移距衰减属性裂缝储层检测方法[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,36(3):282-286.
[63]Bahorich M S,Farmer S.L.3-D seismic coherency for faults and stratigraphic features[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(10):1053-1058.
[64]Pedersen S I,Skov T.Automatic fault extraction using artificial ants[C]∥SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2002,21:512-515.
[65]贺振华,黄捍东,胡光岷,等.地下介质横向变化的地震多尺度边缘检测技术[J].物探化探计算技术,1999,21(4):289-294.
[66]Johnston D H.VSP detection of fracture induced velocity anisotropy[C]∥SEG Expanded Abstracts.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1986,5:464-467.
[67]穆龙新,赵国良,田中元,等.储层裂缝预测研究[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009.
[68]Peck L,Barton C C,Gordon R B.Microstructure and the resistance of rock to fracture[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90(13):533-546.
[69]Barton C C.Fractal analysis of scaling and spatial clustering of fracture[M].New York:Fractal in the Earth Sciences Plenum Press,1995.
[70]Laubach S E.Practical approaches to identifying sealed and open fractures[J/OL].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(4):561-579,doi:10.1306/11060201106.
[71]张鹏,侯贵廷,潘文庆,等.塔里木盆地震旦-寒武系白云岩储层构造裂缝有效性研究[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):993-1001.
[72]Laubach S E,Marrett R,Olson J.New directions in fracture characterization[J/OL].The Leading Egde,2000,19(7),704-711,doi:10.1190/1.1438694.
[73]Lander R H,Laubach S E.Insights into rates of fracture growth and sealing from a model for quartz cementation in fractured sandstones[J/OL].GSA Bulletin,2015,127(3/4):516-538,doi:10.1130/B31092.
[74]Laubach S E,Ward M E.Diagenesis in porosity evolution of opening-mode fractures,Middle Triassic to Lower Jurassic La Boca formation,NE Mexico[J/OL].Tectonophysics,2006,419(1/4):75-97,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.03.020.
[75]曾联波,巩磊,祖克威,等.柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素[J].地质学报,2012,86(11):1809-1814.
[76]巩磊,曾联波,杜宜静,等.构造成岩作用对裂缝有效性的影响:以库车前陆盆地白垩系致密砂岩储层为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(3):540-545.
[77]Peter C,John C.Prediction of fracture-induced permeability and fluid flow in the crust using experimental stress data[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83:757-777.
[78]曾联波.低渗透砂岩油气储层裂缝及其渗流特征[J].地质科学,2004.39(1):11-17.
[79]Laubach S E,Olson J E,Gale J F W.Are open fractures necessarily aligned with maximum horizontal stress?[J/OL].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2004,222(1):191-195,doi:10.1016/j.TIFl.2004.02.019.
[80]曾联波,史成恩,王永康,等.鄂尔多斯盆地特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝压力敏感性及其开发意义[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(11):35-38.
[81]吴文圣,陈钢花.利用双侧向测井方法判别裂缝的有效性[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,2001,25(1):87-89.
[82]Hornby B E,Johnson D L,Winkler K W,et al..Fracture evaluation using reflected stoneley-wave arrivals[J/OL].Geophysics,1989,54(10):1274-1288,doi:10.1190/1.1442587.
[83]Esmersoy C,Kane M,Boyd A,et al.Fracture and stress evaluation using dipole shear anisotropy logs[C]∥SPWLA 39th Annual Logging Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1995:1-12.
[84]邓虎成,周文,周秋媚,等.新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用[J].岩石学报,2013,29(3):1087-1097.
[85]金衍,张旭东,陈勉.天然裂缝地层中垂直井水力裂缝起裂压力模型研究[J].石油学报,2005,26(7):113-114,118.
[86]Zeng L B,Liu H T.The key geological factors influencing on development of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs:A case study of the Taizhao Area in the Songliao Basin,China[J].Energy Exploration&Exploitation,2009,27(6):425-437.
[87]Warpinski N R,Teufel L W.Influence of geologic discontinuities on hydraulic fracture propagation[J/OL].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1987,39(2):209-220,doi:10.2118/13224-PA.
[88]Renshaw C E,Pollard D D.An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces n brittle,linear elastic materials[J/OL]∥International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science&Geomechanics Abstracts,1995,32(3):237-249,doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)00037-4.
[89]Potluri N,Zhu D,Hill A D.Effect of natural fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation[C/OL]∥SPE European Formation Damage Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2005:1-6,doi:10.2118/9 4568-MS.
[90]Gu H,Weng X,Lund J,et al.Hydraulic fracture crossing natural fracture at non-orthogonal angles,a criterion,its validation and applications[C/OL]∥SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2011:1-11,doi:10.2118/139984-MS.
[91]程万,金衍,陈勉,等.三维空间中水力裂缝穿透天然裂缝的判别准则[J/OL].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):336-340,doi:10.11698/PED.2014.03.09.