自我调节策略对创业决策的影响机制研究——基于认知视角
|
摘要
本文基于调节焦点理论,首次整合个体"特质"和"认知"过程,揭示了自我调节策略影响创业决策的中介机制和边界条件,并进一步探讨了包括创业态度和社会规范的感知意愿性和自我效能代表的感知可行性两类认知要素的中介作用,以及风险感知的调节作用。通过三省919份有效问卷分析,结果表明:(1)促进型调节焦点显著推动创业决策生成,预防型调节焦点则对创业决策产生消极影响;(2)创业态度、社会规范感知、创业自我效能完全中介了促进型焦点与创业决策关系,由于存在相反作用的多个中介,只有创业态度在预防型焦点与创业决策间承担中介作用;(3)风险感知将显著调节预防型焦点与创业决策的关系。研究结论为个人创业和我国"双创"建设提供了有意义的启示。
Based on the theory of regulatory focus,the study discusses the formation mechanism of entrepreneurial decision-making,including the mediating effect of cognitive factors and the moderating effect of risk perception. Through the analysis of 919 valid questionnaires,the results show that:( 1) the promotion focus significantly promotes the entrepreneurial decision-making,while prevention focus has a negative impact on the decision-making;( 2) entrepreneurial attitude,perceived social norm and entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediate the relationship between the promotion focus and entrepreneurial decision-making,while only entrepreneurial attitude plays the intermediary role between prevention focus and entrepreneurial decision-making;( 3) risk perception significantly moderates the relationship between prevention focus and entrepreneurial decision-making. The conclusion of the study provides meaningful enlightenment for entrepreneurs and China's"entrepreneurship and innovation".
Based on the theory of regulatory focus,the study discusses the formation mechanism of entrepreneurial decision-making,including the mediating effect of cognitive factors and the moderating effect of risk perception. Through the analysis of 919 valid questionnaires,the results show that:( 1) the promotion focus significantly promotes the entrepreneurial decision-making,while prevention focus has a negative impact on the decision-making;( 2) entrepreneurial attitude,perceived social norm and entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediate the relationship between the promotion focus and entrepreneurial decision-making,while only entrepreneurial attitude plays the intermediary role between prevention focus and entrepreneurial decision-making;( 3) risk perception significantly moderates the relationship between prevention focus and entrepreneurial decision-making. The conclusion of the study provides meaningful enlightenment for entrepreneurs and China's"entrepreneurship and innovation".
引文
[1] Baron R A. The cognitive perspective:a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19(2):221-239.
[2] Keh H T,Foo M D,Lim B C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:the cognitive processes of entrepreneurs[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2002,27(2):125-148.
[3] Krueger N F,Brazeal D V. Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,1994,18:91-104.
[4]杨俊,张玉利,刘依冉.创业认知研究综述与开展中国情境化研究的建议[J].管理世界,2015,(9):158-169.
[5] Forgas J P,Baumeister R H,Tice D M. Psychology of self-regulation:cognitive, affective, and motivational processes[M]. New York:Psychology Press,2009.
[6] Higgins E T. Beyond pleasure and pain[J]. American Psychologist,1997,52(12):1280-1300.
[7] Friedman R S,Frster J. The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001,81(6):1001-1013.
[8] Fitzsimmons J R,Douglas E J. Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2011,26(4):431-440.
[9] McMullen J S,Zahra S A. Regulatory focus and executives’intentions to commit their firms to entrepreneurial action[J]. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research,2006,26(23):1-14.
[10] Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211.
[11] Krueger N F. The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2000,24:185-206.
[12] Simon M,Houghton S M,Aquino K. Cognitive biases,risk perception,and venture formation:how individuals decide to start companies[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(2):113-134.
[13] Forlani D,Mullins J W. Perceived risks and choices in entrepreneurs’ new venture decisions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(4):305-322.
[14] Sitkin S B,Pablo A L. Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior[J]. Academy of Management Review,1992,17(1):9-38.
[15]陈震红.创业者创业决策的风险行为研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004.
[16] Tumasjan A,Braun R. In the eye of the beholder:how regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2012,27(6):622-636.
[17]罗勇,周庭锐,唐小飞,等.产品创新性对消费者情境性调节定向的影响研究[J].预测,2013,32(2):12-17.
[18] Higgins E T,Cornwell J F M. Securing foundations and advancing frontiers:prevention and promotion effects on judgment&decision making[J]. Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2016,136:56-67.
[19] Brockner J,Higgins E T,Low M B. Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19(2):203-220.
[20] Higgins E T,Friedman R S,Harlow R E,et al..Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success:promotion pride versus prevention pride[J].European Journal of Social Psychology,2001,31(1):3-23,96.
[21] Zhang S,Cornwell J F,Higgins E T. Repeating the past:prevention focus motivates repetition, even for unethical decisions[J]. Psychological Science,2014,25(1):179-187.
[22]戴维·迈尔斯.社会心理学[M].第8版.张智勇,乐国安,侯玉波等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2016.
[23] Lián F,Chen Y W. Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2009,33(3):593-617.
[24] North D C. A transaction cost theory of politics[J].Journal of Theoretical Politics,1990,2(4):355-367.
[25] Busenitz L W,Gómez C,Spencer J W. Country institutional profiles:unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(5):994-1003.
[26] Grant H,Higgins E T. Optimism,promotion pride,and prevention pride as predictors of quality of life[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2003,29(12):1521-1532.
[27] Bandura A. Self-efficacy:the exercise of control[J].Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy,2005,13(2):26-45.
[28]林嵩,刘青,李培馨.拆迁事件会提升农民的创业倾向吗?基于289个样本的实证研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(12):63-74.
[29]温忠麟,叶宝娟.有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补[J].心理学报,2014,46(5):714-726.
[30]陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,(4):120-135.
[2] Keh H T,Foo M D,Lim B C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:the cognitive processes of entrepreneurs[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2002,27(2):125-148.
[3] Krueger N F,Brazeal D V. Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,1994,18:91-104.
[4]杨俊,张玉利,刘依冉.创业认知研究综述与开展中国情境化研究的建议[J].管理世界,2015,(9):158-169.
[5] Forgas J P,Baumeister R H,Tice D M. Psychology of self-regulation:cognitive, affective, and motivational processes[M]. New York:Psychology Press,2009.
[6] Higgins E T. Beyond pleasure and pain[J]. American Psychologist,1997,52(12):1280-1300.
[7] Friedman R S,Frster J. The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001,81(6):1001-1013.
[8] Fitzsimmons J R,Douglas E J. Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2011,26(4):431-440.
[9] McMullen J S,Zahra S A. Regulatory focus and executives’intentions to commit their firms to entrepreneurial action[J]. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research,2006,26(23):1-14.
[10] Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211.
[11] Krueger N F. The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2000,24:185-206.
[12] Simon M,Houghton S M,Aquino K. Cognitive biases,risk perception,and venture formation:how individuals decide to start companies[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(2):113-134.
[13] Forlani D,Mullins J W. Perceived risks and choices in entrepreneurs’ new venture decisions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(4):305-322.
[14] Sitkin S B,Pablo A L. Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior[J]. Academy of Management Review,1992,17(1):9-38.
[15]陈震红.创业者创业决策的风险行为研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004.
[16] Tumasjan A,Braun R. In the eye of the beholder:how regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2012,27(6):622-636.
[17]罗勇,周庭锐,唐小飞,等.产品创新性对消费者情境性调节定向的影响研究[J].预测,2013,32(2):12-17.
[18] Higgins E T,Cornwell J F M. Securing foundations and advancing frontiers:prevention and promotion effects on judgment&decision making[J]. Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2016,136:56-67.
[19] Brockner J,Higgins E T,Low M B. Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19(2):203-220.
[20] Higgins E T,Friedman R S,Harlow R E,et al..Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success:promotion pride versus prevention pride[J].European Journal of Social Psychology,2001,31(1):3-23,96.
[21] Zhang S,Cornwell J F,Higgins E T. Repeating the past:prevention focus motivates repetition, even for unethical decisions[J]. Psychological Science,2014,25(1):179-187.
[22]戴维·迈尔斯.社会心理学[M].第8版.张智勇,乐国安,侯玉波等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2016.
[23] Lián F,Chen Y W. Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,2009,33(3):593-617.
[24] North D C. A transaction cost theory of politics[J].Journal of Theoretical Politics,1990,2(4):355-367.
[25] Busenitz L W,Gómez C,Spencer J W. Country institutional profiles:unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(5):994-1003.
[26] Grant H,Higgins E T. Optimism,promotion pride,and prevention pride as predictors of quality of life[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2003,29(12):1521-1532.
[27] Bandura A. Self-efficacy:the exercise of control[J].Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy,2005,13(2):26-45.
[28]林嵩,刘青,李培馨.拆迁事件会提升农民的创业倾向吗?基于289个样本的实证研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(12):63-74.
[29]温忠麟,叶宝娟.有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补[J].心理学报,2014,46(5):714-726.
[30]陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,(4):120-135.