基于手机数据的北京城市女性职住关系研究
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摘要
自20世纪70年代以来,女性地理学的研究成为城市地理学关注的热点。本文基于2015年12月1日工作日涵盖所有交通出行方式的手机数据,采用核密度分析、回转半径、网络分析等方法,分别从市域、中心城区、就业集聚区三个空间尺度分析北京城市女性职住关系特征。研究发现:尺度影响女性职住关系特征,大尺度空间范围内的女性职住关系特征不显著;与工作在中心城区的女性相比,郊区女性的职住地联系较紧密;公共服务设施较为完善且以服务业为主导的工作地对女性就业者的吸引力更大。从工作地的角度探究女性职住关系特征,丰富了城市社会地理学和女性主义地理学的研究视角,其研究结果为人性化城市空间建构和设施配置提供理论依据。
With the rapid development of economy and society, women take a key role both in households and works. Meanwhile, the female relationship between employment and residence has increasingly become one of the main research areas of urban social geography in terms of their special duties in taking care of family. This paper focuses on the female studies, using kernel density method, radius of gyration and network analysis to analyze the characteristics of female relationship between employment and residence of Beijing. The data is based on the cell phone data of December 1, 2015 which is the work day, for the data covers all travel modes of residents according to three spatial scales: municipality, central city and employment clusters. Conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1) On the scales of municipality and central city, the relatively large scale of research masks the characteristics of female employment-residential relationship. 2) Women working in suburban areas, whose residences are gathered near the work place, have a close relationship between employment and residence, forming a "female community". 3) The attractiveness of the employment clusters to female employees is closely related to the nature of the work in the area. In addition, it will be affected by the built environment. 4) In CBD, Sanyuanqiao-Yansha and Yizhuang areas, female employees have longer commuting distance and greater pressure of separation between workplace and residence.
With the rapid development of economy and society, women take a key role both in households and works. Meanwhile, the female relationship between employment and residence has increasingly become one of the main research areas of urban social geography in terms of their special duties in taking care of family. This paper focuses on the female studies, using kernel density method, radius of gyration and network analysis to analyze the characteristics of female relationship between employment and residence of Beijing. The data is based on the cell phone data of December 1, 2015 which is the work day, for the data covers all travel modes of residents according to three spatial scales: municipality, central city and employment clusters. Conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1) On the scales of municipality and central city, the relatively large scale of research masks the characteristics of female employment-residential relationship. 2) Women working in suburban areas, whose residences are gathered near the work place, have a close relationship between employment and residence, forming a "female community". 3) The attractiveness of the employment clusters to female employees is closely related to the nature of the work in the area. In addition, it will be affected by the built environment. 4) In CBD, Sanyuanqiao-Yansha and Yizhuang areas, female employees have longer commuting distance and greater pressure of separation between workplace and residence.
引文
[1]刘望保,侯长营.国内外城市居民职住空间关系研究进展和展望[J].人文地理,2013,28(4):7-14.[Liu Wangbao, Hou Changying. Review and prospect of resesrch on relationship between emploment and residential location in domestic and abroad[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(4):7-14.]
[2]顾朝林,于涛方,李平,等.人文地理学流派[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:129.[Gu Chaolin, Yu Taofang, Li Ping, et al. The Genre of Human Geography[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2008:129.]
[3]周培勤.社会性别视角下的人地关系——国外女性主义地理学研究进展和启示[J].人文地理,2014,29(3):63-70.[Zhou Peiqin. The man-land relationship from the gender perspective:A summary and analysis of feminist geographic research abroad[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(3):63-70.]
[4]塔娜,刘志林.西方城市女性时空行为研究的新趋势及其对中国的启示[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1208-1217.[Ta Na, Liu Zhilin.Trends of research on women's space-time behavior in western countries and implications for studies in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(10):1208-1217.]
[5] Mcdowell L. Class, Gender, and Space:Scale and the Production of Difference and Inequality[M]. London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,2015:184-190.
[6] Nelson L, Seager J. A companion to feminist geography[J]. Canadian Geographer, 2005,49(4):416-417.
[7] Pain R. Space, sexual violence and social control:Integrating geographical and feminist analyses of women's fear of crime[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1991,15(4):415-431.
[8] Preston V, McLafferty S, Hamilton E. The impact of family status on black, white and Hispanic women's commuting[J]. Urban Geography, 1993,14(3):228-250.
[9] Mc Lafferty S, Preston V. Gender, race and commuting among service sector workers[J]. Professional Geographer, 1991,43(1):1-15.
[10]万蕙,唐雪琼.新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究[J].人文地理,2013,28(1):26-32.[Wan Hui, Tang Xueqiong. Studies on feminist geography in perspective of new cultural geography[J].Human Geography, 2013,28(1):26-32.]
[11]Little J, Panelli R. Gender research in rural geography[J]. Gender Place&Culture, 2003,10(3):281-289.
[12]Petras M L. Jamaican women in the US health industry:Caring,cooking and cleaning[J]. International Journal of Urban&Regional Research, 2010,13(2):304-323.
[13]Browne K, Lim J. Trans lives in the'gay capital of the UK'[J]. Gender Place&Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography, 2010,17(5):615-633.
[14]何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1053-1064.[He Jiaming, Zhou Suhong, Xie Xuemei. Female residents'daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(6):1053-1064.]
[15]Mcdowell L. Space, place and gender relations:Part II. Identity, difference, feminist geometries and geographies[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1993,17(3):305-318.
[16]Schwanen T, Dijst M. Time windows in workers'activity patterns:Empirical evidence from the Netherlands[J]. Transportation, 2003,30(3):261-283.
[17]Ericksen J A. An analysis of the journey to work for women[J]. Social Problems, 1977,24(4):428-435.
[18]Fagnani J. Women's commuting patterns in the Paris region[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economicsche en Sociale Geografie, 2010,74(1):12-24.
[19]Turner T, Niemeier D. Travel to work and household responsibility:New evidence[J]. Transportation, 1997,24(4):397-419.
[20]Handson S, Johnston I. Gender differences in work-trip length:Explanations and implications[J]. Urban Geography, 2010,6(3):193-219.
[21]Pratt G, Hanson S. Time, space, and occupational segregation of women:A critique of human capital theory[J]. Geoforum, 1991,22(2):149-157.
[22]Mcdowell L. Women's paid work and moral economies of care[J].Social and Cultural Geography, 2005,6(2):219-235.
[23]Hjorthol R, V?gane L. Allocation of tasks, arrangement of working hours and commuting in different Norwegian households[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2014,35(35):75-83.
[24]Hanson S, Pratt G. Spatial dimensions of the gender division of labor in a local labor market[J]. Urban Geography, 2012,9(9):180-202.
[25]Villeneuve P, Rose D. Gender and the separation of employment from home in metropolitan, Montreal,1971—1981[J]. Urban Geography, 1988,9(2):155-179.
[26]Lee B S, Mcdonald J F. Determinants of commuting time and distance for Seoul residents:The impact of family status on the commuting of women[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(7):1283-1302.
[27]姚华松,黄耿志,薛德升.国内外女性主义地理学研究述评[J].人文地理,2017,32(2):9-15.[Yao Huasong, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Reviews on feminist geographyical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(2):9-15.]
[28]赵丽丽.城市女性婚姻移民的社会适应及其影响因素研究——对上海市“外来媳妇”的调查[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,16(3):34-41.[Zhao Lili. A study on social adaptation of urban female marriage immigrant sand its key influencing factors based on the investigation of"foreign daughter-in-law"in Shanghai[J]. Journal of SYTU(Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2008,16(3):34-41.]
[29]谢晖,保继刚.旅游行为中的性别差异研究[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(1):44-49.[Xie Hui, Bao Jigang. A study of gender differences in tourist behavior[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2006,21(1):44-49.]
[30]任泉香,朱竑,李鹏.近现代中国女性人才的地理分布和区域分异[J].地理学报,2007,62(2):211-220.[Ren Quanxiang, Zhu Hong, Li Peng. Geographical distribution and regional differences of female talents in contemporary China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007,62(2):211-220.]
[31]陈璐.基于女性主义视角的城市住房与住区问题初探——以南京市为例[J].人文地理,2005,20(6):48-51.[Chen Lu. A preliminary study on urban housing and residential problems based on feminism perspective:A case study of Nanjing city[J]. Human Geography, 2005,20(6):48-51.]
[32]黄春晓,何流.城市女性的日常休闲特征——以南京市为例[J].经济地理,2007,27(5):796-799.[Huang Xiaochun, He Liu. Daily relaxation characteristics for urban females:A case study of Nanjing city[J]. Economic Geogrpahy, 2007,27(5):796-799.]
[33]谢妍翰,黄耿志,薛德升.广州城市不同行业女性非正规就业者行为空间差异及其影响[J].人文地理,2010,25(6):25-29.[Xie Yanhan, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Spatial difference of Guangzhou female informal employers and its influencing factors[J]. Human Geography, 2010,25(6):25-29.]
[34]柴彦威,翁桂兰,刘志林.中国城市女性居民行为空间研究的女性主义视角[J].人文地理,2003,18(4):1-4.[Chai Yanwei, Weng Guilin, Liu Zhilin. Feminist geographical research on the behavior spaces of female residents in Chinese cities[J]. Human Geography,2003,18(4):1-4.]
[35]何流,黄春晓.城市女性就业的空间分布——以南京为例[J].经济地理,2008,28(1):105-109.[He Liu, Huang Chunxiao. Spatial distribution of urban female employment:A case study of Nanjin[J].Economic Geography, 2008,28(1):105-109.]
[36]江雯婧,原卉.北京市女性居民通勤特征研究[J].中国城市经济,2011(27):227-228.[Jiang Wenjing, Yuan Hui. The commuting characteristics for female residents in Beijing[J]. China Urban Economy,2011(27):227-228.]
[37]和玉兰,甄峰,朱寿佳,等.网络信息时代女性居民日常活动时空特征研究——以南京市为例[J].人文地理,2014,29(2):29-34.[He Yulan, Zhen Feng, Zhu Shoujia, et al. The spatio-temporal activity pattern of women in the era of network information:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(2):29-34.]
[38]柴彦威,张雪.北京郊区女性居民一周时空间行为的日间差异研究[J].地理科学,2014,34(6):725-732.[Chai Yanwei, Zhang Xue.The spatio-temporal activity pattern of the suburban female residents in Beijing, China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014,34(6):725-732.]
[39]Wang Z, He S Y, Leung Y. Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research:A literature review[J]. Travel Behaviour and Society, 2017,11:141-155.
[40]黄盼华.基于移动终端的人群移动行为模式研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2015:9-11.[Huang Panhua. Research on Mobile Mobility Behavior Model Based on Mobile Terminal[D]. Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2015:9-11.]
[41]陈鸿莉.社区巨无霸刷新定位:由商业升级开始[J].安家,2005(6):1-4.[Chen Hongli. Mega-community refresh positioning:Starting with commercial upgrade[J]. Ihome, 2005(6):1-4.]
[2]顾朝林,于涛方,李平,等.人文地理学流派[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:129.[Gu Chaolin, Yu Taofang, Li Ping, et al. The Genre of Human Geography[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2008:129.]
[3]周培勤.社会性别视角下的人地关系——国外女性主义地理学研究进展和启示[J].人文地理,2014,29(3):63-70.[Zhou Peiqin. The man-land relationship from the gender perspective:A summary and analysis of feminist geographic research abroad[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(3):63-70.]
[4]塔娜,刘志林.西方城市女性时空行为研究的新趋势及其对中国的启示[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1208-1217.[Ta Na, Liu Zhilin.Trends of research on women's space-time behavior in western countries and implications for studies in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(10):1208-1217.]
[5] Mcdowell L. Class, Gender, and Space:Scale and the Production of Difference and Inequality[M]. London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,2015:184-190.
[6] Nelson L, Seager J. A companion to feminist geography[J]. Canadian Geographer, 2005,49(4):416-417.
[7] Pain R. Space, sexual violence and social control:Integrating geographical and feminist analyses of women's fear of crime[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1991,15(4):415-431.
[8] Preston V, McLafferty S, Hamilton E. The impact of family status on black, white and Hispanic women's commuting[J]. Urban Geography, 1993,14(3):228-250.
[9] Mc Lafferty S, Preston V. Gender, race and commuting among service sector workers[J]. Professional Geographer, 1991,43(1):1-15.
[10]万蕙,唐雪琼.新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究[J].人文地理,2013,28(1):26-32.[Wan Hui, Tang Xueqiong. Studies on feminist geography in perspective of new cultural geography[J].Human Geography, 2013,28(1):26-32.]
[11]Little J, Panelli R. Gender research in rural geography[J]. Gender Place&Culture, 2003,10(3):281-289.
[12]Petras M L. Jamaican women in the US health industry:Caring,cooking and cleaning[J]. International Journal of Urban&Regional Research, 2010,13(2):304-323.
[13]Browne K, Lim J. Trans lives in the'gay capital of the UK'[J]. Gender Place&Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography, 2010,17(5):615-633.
[14]何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1053-1064.[He Jiaming, Zhou Suhong, Xie Xuemei. Female residents'daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(6):1053-1064.]
[15]Mcdowell L. Space, place and gender relations:Part II. Identity, difference, feminist geometries and geographies[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1993,17(3):305-318.
[16]Schwanen T, Dijst M. Time windows in workers'activity patterns:Empirical evidence from the Netherlands[J]. Transportation, 2003,30(3):261-283.
[17]Ericksen J A. An analysis of the journey to work for women[J]. Social Problems, 1977,24(4):428-435.
[18]Fagnani J. Women's commuting patterns in the Paris region[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economicsche en Sociale Geografie, 2010,74(1):12-24.
[19]Turner T, Niemeier D. Travel to work and household responsibility:New evidence[J]. Transportation, 1997,24(4):397-419.
[20]Handson S, Johnston I. Gender differences in work-trip length:Explanations and implications[J]. Urban Geography, 2010,6(3):193-219.
[21]Pratt G, Hanson S. Time, space, and occupational segregation of women:A critique of human capital theory[J]. Geoforum, 1991,22(2):149-157.
[22]Mcdowell L. Women's paid work and moral economies of care[J].Social and Cultural Geography, 2005,6(2):219-235.
[23]Hjorthol R, V?gane L. Allocation of tasks, arrangement of working hours and commuting in different Norwegian households[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2014,35(35):75-83.
[24]Hanson S, Pratt G. Spatial dimensions of the gender division of labor in a local labor market[J]. Urban Geography, 2012,9(9):180-202.
[25]Villeneuve P, Rose D. Gender and the separation of employment from home in metropolitan, Montreal,1971—1981[J]. Urban Geography, 1988,9(2):155-179.
[26]Lee B S, Mcdonald J F. Determinants of commuting time and distance for Seoul residents:The impact of family status on the commuting of women[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(7):1283-1302.
[27]姚华松,黄耿志,薛德升.国内外女性主义地理学研究述评[J].人文地理,2017,32(2):9-15.[Yao Huasong, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Reviews on feminist geographyical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(2):9-15.]
[28]赵丽丽.城市女性婚姻移民的社会适应及其影响因素研究——对上海市“外来媳妇”的调查[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,16(3):34-41.[Zhao Lili. A study on social adaptation of urban female marriage immigrant sand its key influencing factors based on the investigation of"foreign daughter-in-law"in Shanghai[J]. Journal of SYTU(Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2008,16(3):34-41.]
[29]谢晖,保继刚.旅游行为中的性别差异研究[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(1):44-49.[Xie Hui, Bao Jigang. A study of gender differences in tourist behavior[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2006,21(1):44-49.]
[30]任泉香,朱竑,李鹏.近现代中国女性人才的地理分布和区域分异[J].地理学报,2007,62(2):211-220.[Ren Quanxiang, Zhu Hong, Li Peng. Geographical distribution and regional differences of female talents in contemporary China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007,62(2):211-220.]
[31]陈璐.基于女性主义视角的城市住房与住区问题初探——以南京市为例[J].人文地理,2005,20(6):48-51.[Chen Lu. A preliminary study on urban housing and residential problems based on feminism perspective:A case study of Nanjing city[J]. Human Geography, 2005,20(6):48-51.]
[32]黄春晓,何流.城市女性的日常休闲特征——以南京市为例[J].经济地理,2007,27(5):796-799.[Huang Xiaochun, He Liu. Daily relaxation characteristics for urban females:A case study of Nanjing city[J]. Economic Geogrpahy, 2007,27(5):796-799.]
[33]谢妍翰,黄耿志,薛德升.广州城市不同行业女性非正规就业者行为空间差异及其影响[J].人文地理,2010,25(6):25-29.[Xie Yanhan, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Spatial difference of Guangzhou female informal employers and its influencing factors[J]. Human Geography, 2010,25(6):25-29.]
[34]柴彦威,翁桂兰,刘志林.中国城市女性居民行为空间研究的女性主义视角[J].人文地理,2003,18(4):1-4.[Chai Yanwei, Weng Guilin, Liu Zhilin. Feminist geographical research on the behavior spaces of female residents in Chinese cities[J]. Human Geography,2003,18(4):1-4.]
[35]何流,黄春晓.城市女性就业的空间分布——以南京为例[J].经济地理,2008,28(1):105-109.[He Liu, Huang Chunxiao. Spatial distribution of urban female employment:A case study of Nanjin[J].Economic Geography, 2008,28(1):105-109.]
[36]江雯婧,原卉.北京市女性居民通勤特征研究[J].中国城市经济,2011(27):227-228.[Jiang Wenjing, Yuan Hui. The commuting characteristics for female residents in Beijing[J]. China Urban Economy,2011(27):227-228.]
[37]和玉兰,甄峰,朱寿佳,等.网络信息时代女性居民日常活动时空特征研究——以南京市为例[J].人文地理,2014,29(2):29-34.[He Yulan, Zhen Feng, Zhu Shoujia, et al. The spatio-temporal activity pattern of women in the era of network information:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(2):29-34.]
[38]柴彦威,张雪.北京郊区女性居民一周时空间行为的日间差异研究[J].地理科学,2014,34(6):725-732.[Chai Yanwei, Zhang Xue.The spatio-temporal activity pattern of the suburban female residents in Beijing, China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014,34(6):725-732.]
[39]Wang Z, He S Y, Leung Y. Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research:A literature review[J]. Travel Behaviour and Society, 2017,11:141-155.
[40]黄盼华.基于移动终端的人群移动行为模式研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2015:9-11.[Huang Panhua. Research on Mobile Mobility Behavior Model Based on Mobile Terminal[D]. Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2015:9-11.]
[41]陈鸿莉.社区巨无霸刷新定位:由商业升级开始[J].安家,2005(6):1-4.[Chen Hongli. Mega-community refresh positioning:Starting with commercial upgrade[J]. Ihome, 2005(6):1-4.]