佛洞庙-红崖子断裂古地震事件
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摘要
佛洞庙-红崖子断裂位于祁连山北缘断裂带中段,是1条活动逆断裂。在佛洞庙-红崖子断裂东、中、西各段落开挖整理了5个探槽。通过探槽揭示的各地层单元的沉积特征、各单元之间的层序关系以及断层对不同地层的切割关系,共辨认出了4次古地震事件。根据探槽中各地层单元的14C样品和光释光样品测年结果,对4次古地震事件给出了年龄制约:最早事件E4发生在距今约10.6ka,事件E3发生在距今约7.1ka,事件E2发生在距今约3.4ka,事件E1为1609年红崖堡地震。这4次地震事件的间隔分别约3.5ka、3.7ka和3.0ka,平均复发间隔约3.4ka,具有准周期重复特征。
The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is a Holocene active thrust fault,belonging to the middle segment of northern Qilianshan overthrust fault zone,located in the northeastern edge of the Tibet plateau. The Hongyapu M7 earthquake in 1609 AD occurred on it. A few paleo-seismology studies were carried out on this fault zone. It was considered that four paleoearthquakes occurred on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault between( 6. 3± 0. 6) ka BP and( 7. 4± 0. 4) ka BP,in( 4. 3± 0. 3) ka BP,in( 2. 1± 0. 1) ka BP and in 1609 AD. The occurrences of the earthquakes suggested the quasi-periodic characteristic with a quasi-periodic recurrence interval between 1 600 ~ 2 500 a( Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau.1993; Liu et al.,2014). There was no direct evidence for the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in1609 AD from trench research in the previous studies. Great uncertainty exists because of the small number of the chronology data,as a few TL and OSL measurement data and several14 C data,and it was insufficient to deduce the exact recurrence interval for the paleoearthquakes.Five trenches were excavated and cleared up respectively in the eastern segment,middle segment and western segment along the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. After detail study on the trench profiles,the sedimentary characteristics,sequence relationship of the stratigraphical units,and fault-cuts in different stratigraphical units were revealed in these five trenches. Four paleoearthquakes in Holocene were distinguished from the five trenches,and geology evidences of the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in1609 AD were also found.More accurate constraint of the occurring time of the paleo-earthquakes since Holocene on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is provided by the progressive constraining method( Mao and Zhang,1995),according to amounts of14 C measurement data and OLS measurement data of the chronology samples from different stratigraphical units in the trenches. The first paleoevent, E4 occurred10. 6 ka BP. The next event,E3 occurred about 7. 1 ka BP. The E2 occurred about 3. 4 ka BP. The last event,E1 is the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in 1609 AD.Abounds of proofs for the occurrences of the events of E1,E2 and E3 were found in the trench Tc1,trench Tc2,trench Tc4 and trench Tc3,located in the eastern,middle and western segments of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault accordingly. It's considered that the events E1,E2 and E3 may cause whole segment rupturing according to the proofs for these three events found together in individual trenches. The event E4 was only found in the trench Tc5 profile in the west of the Xiaoquan village in the eastern segment of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. The earthquake rupture characteristics of this event can't be revealed before more detailed subsequent research.The time intervals among the four paleoearthquakes are ca 3. 5 ka,ca 3. 7 ka,and ca 3. 0 ka. The four events are characterized by ca 3. 4 ka quasi-periodic recurrence interval.
The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is a Holocene active thrust fault,belonging to the middle segment of northern Qilianshan overthrust fault zone,located in the northeastern edge of the Tibet plateau. The Hongyapu M7 earthquake in 1609 AD occurred on it. A few paleo-seismology studies were carried out on this fault zone. It was considered that four paleoearthquakes occurred on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault between( 6. 3± 0. 6) ka BP and( 7. 4± 0. 4) ka BP,in( 4. 3± 0. 3) ka BP,in( 2. 1± 0. 1) ka BP and in 1609 AD. The occurrences of the earthquakes suggested the quasi-periodic characteristic with a quasi-periodic recurrence interval between 1 600 ~ 2 500 a( Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau.1993; Liu et al.,2014). There was no direct evidence for the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in1609 AD from trench research in the previous studies. Great uncertainty exists because of the small number of the chronology data,as a few TL and OSL measurement data and several14 C data,and it was insufficient to deduce the exact recurrence interval for the paleoearthquakes.Five trenches were excavated and cleared up respectively in the eastern segment,middle segment and western segment along the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. After detail study on the trench profiles,the sedimentary characteristics,sequence relationship of the stratigraphical units,and fault-cuts in different stratigraphical units were revealed in these five trenches. Four paleoearthquakes in Holocene were distinguished from the five trenches,and geology evidences of the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in1609 AD were also found.More accurate constraint of the occurring time of the paleo-earthquakes since Holocene on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is provided by the progressive constraining method( Mao and Zhang,1995),according to amounts of14 C measurement data and OLS measurement data of the chronology samples from different stratigraphical units in the trenches. The first paleoevent, E4 occurred10. 6 ka BP. The next event,E3 occurred about 7. 1 ka BP. The E2 occurred about 3. 4 ka BP. The last event,E1 is the Hongyapu M7 earthquake in 1609 AD.Abounds of proofs for the occurrences of the events of E1,E2 and E3 were found in the trench Tc1,trench Tc2,trench Tc4 and trench Tc3,located in the eastern,middle and western segments of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault accordingly. It's considered that the events E1,E2 and E3 may cause whole segment rupturing according to the proofs for these three events found together in individual trenches. The event E4 was only found in the trench Tc5 profile in the west of the Xiaoquan village in the eastern segment of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. The earthquake rupture characteristics of this event can't be revealed before more detailed subsequent research.The time intervals among the four paleoearthquakes are ca 3. 5 ka,ca 3. 7 ka,and ca 3. 0 ka. The four events are characterized by ca 3. 4 ka quasi-periodic recurrence interval.
引文
曹娜,雷中生,袁道阳,等.2010.公元180年甘肃表氏地震考[J].地震学报,32(6):744-753.
CAO Na,LEI Zhong-sheng,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2010.Textural criticism on the Biaoshi,Gansu,earthquake in180 AD[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,32(6):744-753(in Chinese).
陈文彬.2003.河西走廊及邻近地区最新构造变形基本特征及构造成因分析[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所:36-91.
CHEN Wen-bin.2003.Principal features of tectonic deformation and their generation mechanism in the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions since late Quaternary[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing:36-91(in Chinese).
顾功叙.1983.中国地震目录(公元前1831年-公元1969年)[M].北京:科学出版社:1-664,778-785,862-894.
GU Gong-xu.1983.Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes[M].Science Press,Beijing:1-664,778-785,862-894(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1993.祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社:19-228.
Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau.1993.The Qilian Mountain-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System[M].Seismological Press,Beijing:19-228(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社:1-472,497-499,508.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Chinese Strong Historical Earthquakes[M].Seismological Press,Beijing:1-472,497-499,508(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,雷中生,袁道阳,等.2011.1609年甘肃红崖堡7级地震考证[J].西北地震学报,33(2):143-148.
LIU Xing-wang,LEI Zhong-sheng,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2011.Textual research on the Hongyapu M7earthquake in 1609[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,33(2):143-148(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,袁道阳,何文贵.2014.祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂古地震特征初步研究[J].震灾防御技术,9(3):411-419.
LIU Xing-wang,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2014.Preliminary study of palaeo-earthquakes on the FodongmiaoHongyazi Fault in the north margin of Qilian Mountain[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,9(3):411-419(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,袁道阳,郑文俊,等.2012.祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂晚第四纪滑动速率研究[J].地质科学,47(1):51-61.
LIU Xing-wang,YUAN Dao-yang,ZHENG Wen-jun,et al.2012.Research on late Quaternary slip rates of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault at the north margin of Qilianshan Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,47(1):51-61(in Chinese).
毛凤英,张培震.1995.古地震研究中的逐次限定方法与新疆北部主要断裂带的古地震研究[M]∥国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社:153-164.
MAO Feng-ying,ZHAHG Pei-zhen.1995.Progressive constraining method in paleoseismic study and paleoearthquakes along the major active faults in northern Xinjiang[M]∥Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau.Research of Active Fault(4).Seismological Press,Beijing:153-164(in Chinese).
杨海波,杨晓平,黄雄南.2017.祁连山北缘断裂带中段晚第四纪活动速率初步研究[J].地震地质,39(1):20-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.002.
YANG Hai-bo,YANG Xiao-ping,HUANG Xiong-nan.2017.A preliminary study about slip rate of middle segment of the northern Qilian thrust fault zone since late Quaternary[J].Seismology and Geology,39(1):20-42(in Chinese).
郑文俊.2009.河西走廊及其邻区活动构造图像及构造变形模式[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。
ZHENG Wen-jun.2009.Geometric pattern and active tectonics of the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑文俊,张培震,袁道阳,等.2009.甘肃高台合黎山南缘发现地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,31(2):247-255.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2009.02.005.
ZHENG Wen-jun,ZHANG Pei-zhen,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2009.Discovery of surface rupture zone on the south ofHelishan in Gaotai,Gansu Province[J].Seismology and Geology,31(2):247-255(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912-1990年,MS≥4.7)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社:545-548.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.1999.Catalogue of Chinese Modern Earthquakes(1912~1990,MS≥4.7)[M].Chinese Science and Technology Press,Beijing:545-548(in Chinese).
Xu X W,Yeats R S,Yu G H.2010.Five short historical earthquake surface ruptures near the Silk Road,Gansu Province,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(2):541-561.doi:10.1785/0120080282.
Zuza A V,Cheng X G,Yin A.2016.Testing models of Tibetan plateau formation with Cenozoic shortening estimates across the Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt[J].Geosphere,12(2):501-532.
CAO Na,LEI Zhong-sheng,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2010.Textural criticism on the Biaoshi,Gansu,earthquake in180 AD[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,32(6):744-753(in Chinese).
陈文彬.2003.河西走廊及邻近地区最新构造变形基本特征及构造成因分析[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所:36-91.
CHEN Wen-bin.2003.Principal features of tectonic deformation and their generation mechanism in the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions since late Quaternary[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing:36-91(in Chinese).
顾功叙.1983.中国地震目录(公元前1831年-公元1969年)[M].北京:科学出版社:1-664,778-785,862-894.
GU Gong-xu.1983.Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes[M].Science Press,Beijing:1-664,778-785,862-894(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1993.祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社:19-228.
Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau.1993.The Qilian Mountain-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System[M].Seismological Press,Beijing:19-228(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社:1-472,497-499,508.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Chinese Strong Historical Earthquakes[M].Seismological Press,Beijing:1-472,497-499,508(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,雷中生,袁道阳,等.2011.1609年甘肃红崖堡7级地震考证[J].西北地震学报,33(2):143-148.
LIU Xing-wang,LEI Zhong-sheng,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2011.Textual research on the Hongyapu M7earthquake in 1609[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,33(2):143-148(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,袁道阳,何文贵.2014.祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂古地震特征初步研究[J].震灾防御技术,9(3):411-419.
LIU Xing-wang,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2014.Preliminary study of palaeo-earthquakes on the FodongmiaoHongyazi Fault in the north margin of Qilian Mountain[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,9(3):411-419(in Chinese).
刘兴旺,袁道阳,郑文俊,等.2012.祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂晚第四纪滑动速率研究[J].地质科学,47(1):51-61.
LIU Xing-wang,YUAN Dao-yang,ZHENG Wen-jun,et al.2012.Research on late Quaternary slip rates of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault at the north margin of Qilianshan Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,47(1):51-61(in Chinese).
毛凤英,张培震.1995.古地震研究中的逐次限定方法与新疆北部主要断裂带的古地震研究[M]∥国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社:153-164.
MAO Feng-ying,ZHAHG Pei-zhen.1995.Progressive constraining method in paleoseismic study and paleoearthquakes along the major active faults in northern Xinjiang[M]∥Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau.Research of Active Fault(4).Seismological Press,Beijing:153-164(in Chinese).
杨海波,杨晓平,黄雄南.2017.祁连山北缘断裂带中段晚第四纪活动速率初步研究[J].地震地质,39(1):20-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.002.
YANG Hai-bo,YANG Xiao-ping,HUANG Xiong-nan.2017.A preliminary study about slip rate of middle segment of the northern Qilian thrust fault zone since late Quaternary[J].Seismology and Geology,39(1):20-42(in Chinese).
郑文俊.2009.河西走廊及其邻区活动构造图像及构造变形模式[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。
ZHENG Wen-jun.2009.Geometric pattern and active tectonics of the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑文俊,张培震,袁道阳,等.2009.甘肃高台合黎山南缘发现地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,31(2):247-255.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2009.02.005.
ZHENG Wen-jun,ZHANG Pei-zhen,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2009.Discovery of surface rupture zone on the south ofHelishan in Gaotai,Gansu Province[J].Seismology and Geology,31(2):247-255(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912-1990年,MS≥4.7)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社:545-548.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.1999.Catalogue of Chinese Modern Earthquakes(1912~1990,MS≥4.7)[M].Chinese Science and Technology Press,Beijing:545-548(in Chinese).
Xu X W,Yeats R S,Yu G H.2010.Five short historical earthquake surface ruptures near the Silk Road,Gansu Province,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(2):541-561.doi:10.1785/0120080282.
Zuza A V,Cheng X G,Yin A.2016.Testing models of Tibetan plateau formation with Cenozoic shortening estimates across the Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt[J].Geosphere,12(2):501-532.