岩石热声发射和盆模技术研究中扬子区西部下古生界海相页岩最高古地温和热成熟史
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摘要
中扬子地区西部下古生界海相页岩热演化程度高,有机显微组分中无镜质组,沥青反射率具有不确定性,故热成熟度较难确定。综合运用岩石热声发射实验与干酪根红外光谱,并结合盆地模拟技术对中扬子地区西部典型井下古生界海相页岩经历的最高古温度及热演化成熟史进行了恢复。样品的热声发射信号随温度的升高变化显著,热凯瑟尔(Kaiser)效应明显;下寒武统水井沱组经历的最高古温度范围为293~324℃,上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组为210~256℃。同时利用二次加温验证热Kaiser效应敏感,表明热声发射技术可用于岩石经历的最高古地温的测定。在对典型井的下古生界海相页岩热演化成熟史模拟中结合最高古温度作为约束条件所得结果表明,模拟计算的下寒武统水井沱组和上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组镜质体反射率分别为4.0%~4.5%和2.6%~3.2%,处于高演化过成熟阶段,与干酪根红外光谱分析得出的有机质成熟度结果一致。
Shales of Lower Paleozoic marine strata in the western middle Yangtze area are considered to be of a high degree of thermal evolution.It is,however,very difficult to accurately determine their thermal maturities(vitrinite reflectance,R_o) due to the lack of vitrinite in organic macerals in marine shales of these Lower Paleozoic formations.The objective of the present study is to restore the maximum paleogeotemperature experienced by these shales and then to reconstruct their thermal evolutionary histories using the basin modeling technology with the data obtained from thermo-acoustic emission experiments and kerogen FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis.The results of thermo-acoustic emission experiments illustrated that Lower Paleozoic marine shales have a good thermal Kaiser effect and the rock thermo-acoustic emission signal varies with geotemperatures remarkably.For instance,the maximum paleogeotemperature experienced by the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation ranges from 293℃ to 324℃,while the maximum paleogeotemperature of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation ranges from 210℃ to 256℃.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the thermal Kaiser effect was tested by reheating experiments,which suggested that the thermo-acoustic emission could be applied to the measurement of maximum paleogeotemperatures experienced by marine shales.Considering the measured maximum paleotemperature as a constraint,in typical well simulation of the thermal maturity modeling of Lower Paleozoic marine shales,the calculation results of the thermal maturity modeling demonstrated that the simulated values of vitrinite reflectance(R_o) for the Lower Cambrian and Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian marine shales range from 4.0%to 4.5%and2.6%to 3.2%,respectively.Therefore,the organic matter maturities of marine shales in the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation,Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation are all in a high-maturity to overmature stage of thermal evolution,which is consistent with the data obtained from the kerogen FTIR analysis of the Lower Paleozoic marine formations.
Shales of Lower Paleozoic marine strata in the western middle Yangtze area are considered to be of a high degree of thermal evolution.It is,however,very difficult to accurately determine their thermal maturities(vitrinite reflectance,R_o) due to the lack of vitrinite in organic macerals in marine shales of these Lower Paleozoic formations.The objective of the present study is to restore the maximum paleogeotemperature experienced by these shales and then to reconstruct their thermal evolutionary histories using the basin modeling technology with the data obtained from thermo-acoustic emission experiments and kerogen FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis.The results of thermo-acoustic emission experiments illustrated that Lower Paleozoic marine shales have a good thermal Kaiser effect and the rock thermo-acoustic emission signal varies with geotemperatures remarkably.For instance,the maximum paleogeotemperature experienced by the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation ranges from 293℃ to 324℃,while the maximum paleogeotemperature of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation ranges from 210℃ to 256℃.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the thermal Kaiser effect was tested by reheating experiments,which suggested that the thermo-acoustic emission could be applied to the measurement of maximum paleogeotemperatures experienced by marine shales.Considering the measured maximum paleotemperature as a constraint,in typical well simulation of the thermal maturity modeling of Lower Paleozoic marine shales,the calculation results of the thermal maturity modeling demonstrated that the simulated values of vitrinite reflectance(R_o) for the Lower Cambrian and Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian marine shales range from 4.0%to 4.5%and2.6%to 3.2%,respectively.Therefore,the organic matter maturities of marine shales in the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation,Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation are all in a high-maturity to overmature stage of thermal evolution,which is consistent with the data obtained from the kerogen FTIR analysis of the Lower Paleozoic marine formations.
引文
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[2]邱楠生,李慧莉,金之钧.沉积盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩地区热历史恢复方法探索[J].地学前缘,2005,12(4):561—567.Qiu Nansheng,Li Huili,Jin Zhijun.Study of the thermal history reconstruction for Lower Paleozoic carbonate succession[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(4):561-567.
[3]袁振明,马羽宽,何泽云.声发射技术及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1985.Yuan Zhenming,Ma Yukuan,He Zeyun.Acoustic emission technology and applications[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1985.
[4]Kaiser E J.A study on acoustic phenomena in tensile test[D],Munich,Germany:Technische Hochschule Munchen,1950.
[5]Goodman R E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1963,74(4):487-490.
[6]Lockner D.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):883-899.
[7]Choi N S,Kim T W,Rhee K Y.Kaiser effects in acoustic emission from composites during thermal cyclic-loading[J].NDT and E International,2005,38(4):268-274.
[8]Tuncay E,Ulusay R.Relation between Kaiser effect levels and prestresses applied in the laboratory[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(4):524-537.
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[10]邱泽华,张宝红,池顺良,等.汶川地震前姑咱台观测的异常应变变化[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2010,40(8):1031—1039.Qiu Zehua,Zhang Baohong,Chi Shunliang,et al.Abnormal strain changes observed at Guza before the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science China Series D:Earth Sciences,2011,54(2):233-240.
[11]Yavuz H,Demirdag S,Caran S.Thermal effect on the physical properties of carbonate rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47(1):94-103.
[12]席道瑛,程经毅,黄建华.声发射在研究岩石古温度中的应用[J].中国科学技术大学学报,1996,26(1):97—100.Xi Daoying,Cheng Jingyi,Huang Jianhua.The application of acoustic.emission in the study of ancient temperature of rock[J].Journal of China University of Science and Technology,1996,26(1):97-100.
[13]李佳蔚,邱楠生,梅庆华,等.利用热声发射技术测量岩石最高古温度的探索[J].地球物理学报,201 1,54(1 1):2898—2905.Li Jiawei,Qiu Nansheng,Mei Qinghua,et al.Study on measuring the highest rock paleotemperature with thermo-acoustic emission[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(11):2898-2905.
[14]梅廉夫,刘昭茜,汤济广,等.湘鄂西-川东中生代陆内递进扩展变形:来自裂变径迹和平衡剖面的证据[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2010,35(2):161—174.Mei Lianfu,Liu Zhaoqian,Tang Jiguang,et al.Mesozoic intracontinental progressive deformation in Western Hunan-HubeiEastern Sichuan provinces of China:evidence from apatite fission track and balanced cross-section[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,2010,35(2):161-174.
[15]颜丹平,汪新文,刘友元.川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析[J].现代地质,2000,14(1):37—43.Yan Danping,Wang Xinwen,Liu Youyuan.Analysis of fold style and it's formation mechanism in the area of boundary among Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan[J].Geoscience,2000,14(1):37-43.
[16]Yong Chen,Wang Chiyuen.Thermally induced acoustic emission in Westerly granite[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1980,7(12)s 1089-1092.
[17]孙吉主,周健,唐春安.影响岩石声发射的几个因素[J].地壳形变与地震,1997,17(2):1—5.Sun Jizhu,Zhou Jian,Tang Chun'an.Factors affecting acoustic emission of rock[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,1997,17(2):1-5.
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[19]卢庆治,马永生,郭彤楼,等.鄂西-渝东地区热史恢复及烃源岩成烃史[J].地质科学,2007,42(1):189—198.Lu Qingzhi,Ma Yongsheng,Guo Tonglou,et al.Thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history in western Hubei-Eastern Chongqing area[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42(1):189-198.
[20]陶树,汤达祯,许浩,等.中、上扬子区寒武-志留系高过成熟烃源岩热演化史分析[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(10):1126—1133.Tao Shu,Tang Dazhen,Xu Hao,et al.The thermal history of Cambrian-Silurian high/over mature source rock in middle and upper Yangtze region[J].Progress in Natural Science,2009,19(10).1126-1133.
[21]汤济广,梅廉夫,周旭,等.扬子陆块差异构造变形对海相地层成烃演化的控制[J].天然气工业,2011,31(10):36—41.Tang Jiguang,Mei Lianfu,Zhou Xu.et al.Control of differential tectonic deformation on hydrocarbon generation and evolution of marine sequences in Yangtze massif[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(10):36-41.
[22]石红才,施小斌,杨小秋,等.鄂西渝东方斗山-石柱褶皱带中新生代隆升剥蚀过程及构造意义[J].地球物理学进展,2012,26(6):1993—2002.Shi Hongcai,Shi Xiaobin,Yang Xiaoqiu,et al.Exhumation process of the Fangdoushan-Shizhu fold belt in Meso-Neozoic and its tectonic significance in western Hubei-Eastern Chongqing[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,26(6):1993-2002.
[23]傅宇方,梁正召,唐春安.岩石介质细观非均匀性对宏观破裂过程的影响[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(6):705—710.Fu Yufang,Liang Zhengzhao,Tang Chun'an.Numerical simulation on influence of mesoscopic heterogeneity on macroscopic behavior of rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(6):705-710.
[24]吴晓东,刘均荣.岩石热开裂影响因素分析[J].石油钻探技术,2004,31(5):24—27.Wu Xiaodong,Liu Junrong.Factors on the thermal cracking of rocks[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2004,31(5):24-27.
[25]Wong T F,Brace W F.Thermal expansion of rocks:some measurements at high pressure[J].Tectonophysics,1979,57(2/4):95-117.
[26]樊运晓.时间对大理岩凯塞效应的影响[J].地质力学学报,2001,7(1):92—96.Fan Yunxiao.Research on marble Kaiser effect affected by time factor[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2001,7(1):92-96.
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