变化类动词与致使-起动变式的互动机制研究
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摘要
以往去及物化、致使化和共同词根派生运作对致使交替动词句法语义接口问题均论证不足。本文以词汇构式语法为指导,对变化类动词的交替现象解释如下:变化类动词可激励内外两种事件语义框架,与致使-起动句互动时也遵循双向交替机制:当动词表示外力事件时,具备独立和明确变化双分语义的动词,通过削显致事,进入起动句;当动词表示内部事件时,具备内部效应弱化描述语义的动词,通过添加充当直接使因的致事,进入致使句。运动方式类动词与致使句互动时,还需添加方位介词组,以便与致使句语义融合。
The previous arguments about detransitivization, causativisation and common root derivation did not provide adequate explanation for the interface between causative-inchoative verbssyntax and semantics. Thus, this research uses Lexical Construction Grammar to explain the alternation of change verbs, arguing that they are mini-constructions evoking two semantic frames,which correspond to bi-directional alternation mechanisms: when evoking external event frame, the verb s binary semantic feature indicate an independent and definite change and the verb enter inchoative construction by deprofiling the cause; when evoking internal event frame, the verb s descriptor indicates a decreased internal effect and the verb can enter causative construction by adding an external argument, which functions as the direct cause. Moreover, motion verbs need an extra prepositional phrase of location to meet causative constructions semantic feature.
The previous arguments about detransitivization, causativisation and common root derivation did not provide adequate explanation for the interface between causative-inchoative verbssyntax and semantics. Thus, this research uses Lexical Construction Grammar to explain the alternation of change verbs, arguing that they are mini-constructions evoking two semantic frames,which correspond to bi-directional alternation mechanisms: when evoking external event frame, the verb s binary semantic feature indicate an independent and definite change and the verb enter inchoative construction by deprofiling the cause; when evoking internal event frame, the verb s descriptor indicates a decreased internal effect and the verb can enter causative construction by adding an external argument, which functions as the direct cause. Moreover, motion verbs need an extra prepositional phrase of location to meet causative constructions semantic feature.
引文
Alexiadou,A.,E.Anagnostopoulou&F.Sch?fer.2006.The properties of anticausatives crosslinguistically.In M.Frascarelli(ed.).Phases of Interpretation.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,187-211.
Bickel,B.1997.Aspectual scope and the difference between logical and semantic representation.Lingua 102(2-3):115-131.
Boas,H.C.2003a.A Constructional Approach to Resultatives.Stanford,California:CSLIPublications.
Boas,H.C.2003b.Towards a lexical-constructional account of the locative alternation.In L.Carmichael,C.-H.Huang&V.Samiian(eds.).Proceedings of the 2001 Western Conference in Linguistics.Fresno,California:CSU Publications,27-42.
Boas,H.C.2008.Towards a frame-constructional approach to verb classification.In E.Sosa Acevedo&F.J.Cortes Rodriguez(eds.).Grammar,Constructions,and Interfaces:Special Issue of Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 57:17-48.
Cheng,Qilong(程琪龙)&Cheng,Qianwen(程倩雯).2015.The relations between verbs and their constructions:On lexical-constructional grammar.Journal of Foreign Languages(5):2-10.[2015,动词和构式之间的关系:词汇构式语法.《外国语》第5期:2-10.]
Coppock,E.2008.The Logical and Empirical Foundations of Bakers Paradox.Ph.D.dissertation,Stanford University,Palo Alto,CA.
Croft,W.2012.Verbs:Aspect and Causal Structure.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dodge,E.K.2010.Constructional and Conceptual Composition.Ph.D.dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,CA.
Doron,E.2003.Agency and voice:The semantics of the semitic templates.Natural Language Semantics 11(1):1-67.
Dowty,D.1979.Word Meaning and Montague Grammar.Dordrecht:Reidel A Latrouite.
Goldberg,A.2006.Constructions at Work:The Nature of Generalization in Language.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Goldberg,A.2010.Verbs,constructions and semantic frames.http://adele.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/277/2015/01/Goldberg-Frames.pdf.
Hale,K.&S.Keyser.2002.Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure.Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Hilpert,M.(马丁.休伯特)著,张国华译,2016,《构式语法教程-构式语法及其在英语中的应用》.北京:北京大学出版社。原著:2014.Construction Grammar and Its Application to English.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
Kallulli,D.2006.A unified analysis of passives and anticausatives.Demonstratio Math 41(1):11-22.
Langacker,R.W.1991.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Descriptive Application.Stanford,California:Stanford University Press.
Langacker,R.W.2008.Cognitive Grammar:A Basic Reader.New York:Oxford University Press.
Levin,B.&M.Rappaport Hovav.1994.A preliminary analysis of causative verbs in English.Lingua 92(4):35-77.
Levin,B.&M.Rappaport Hovav.1995.Unaccusativity:At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface.Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Levin,B.2015.Semantics and pragmatics of argument alternations.Annual Review of Linguistics1(1):63-83.
Pi?ón,C.2001.A finer look at the causative-inchoative alternation.Presented at The Semantics and Linguistic Theory Proceedings.New York:New York University.
Pylkk?nen,L.2002.Introducing Arguments.Ph.D.dissertation,MIT,Cambridge,MA.
Rappaport Hovav,M.&B.Levin.2012.Lexicon uniformity and the causative alternation.In M.Everaert,M.Marelj&T.Siloni(eds.).The Theta System:Argument Structure at the Interface.Oxford:Oxford University Press,150-176.
Rappaport Hovav,M.2014.Lexical content and context:The causative alternation in English revisited.Lingua 141(3):8-29.
Reinhart,T.2002.The theta system:An overview.Theoretical Linguistics 28(3):229-290.
Talmy,L.2000.Toward a Cognitive Semantics:Concept Structuring Systems.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Vendler,Z.1967.Verbs and times.Linguistics in Philosophy 66(2):97-121.
Wang,Liyong(王立永).2015.Construal and the semantic basis of unaccusative and unergative verbs.Modern Foreign Languages(2):159-167.[2015,概念观照与非宾格、非作格动词的语义基础.《现代外语》第2期:159-167.]
Wright,S.K.2002.Transitivity and change of state verbs.Proceedings of The 28th Annual Meeting of The Berkeley Linguistics Society.Berkeley:Berkeley Linguistic Society.
Bickel,B.1997.Aspectual scope and the difference between logical and semantic representation.Lingua 102(2-3):115-131.
Boas,H.C.2003a.A Constructional Approach to Resultatives.Stanford,California:CSLIPublications.
Boas,H.C.2003b.Towards a lexical-constructional account of the locative alternation.In L.Carmichael,C.-H.Huang&V.Samiian(eds.).Proceedings of the 2001 Western Conference in Linguistics.Fresno,California:CSU Publications,27-42.
Boas,H.C.2008.Towards a frame-constructional approach to verb classification.In E.Sosa Acevedo&F.J.Cortes Rodriguez(eds.).Grammar,Constructions,and Interfaces:Special Issue of Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 57:17-48.
Cheng,Qilong(程琪龙)&Cheng,Qianwen(程倩雯).2015.The relations between verbs and their constructions:On lexical-constructional grammar.Journal of Foreign Languages(5):2-10.[2015,动词和构式之间的关系:词汇构式语法.《外国语》第5期:2-10.]
Coppock,E.2008.The Logical and Empirical Foundations of Bakers Paradox.Ph.D.dissertation,Stanford University,Palo Alto,CA.
Croft,W.2012.Verbs:Aspect and Causal Structure.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dodge,E.K.2010.Constructional and Conceptual Composition.Ph.D.dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,CA.
Doron,E.2003.Agency and voice:The semantics of the semitic templates.Natural Language Semantics 11(1):1-67.
Dowty,D.1979.Word Meaning and Montague Grammar.Dordrecht:Reidel A Latrouite.
Goldberg,A.2006.Constructions at Work:The Nature of Generalization in Language.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Goldberg,A.2010.Verbs,constructions and semantic frames.http://adele.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/277/2015/01/Goldberg-Frames.pdf.
Hale,K.&S.Keyser.2002.Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure.Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Hilpert,M.(马丁.休伯特)著,张国华译,2016,《构式语法教程-构式语法及其在英语中的应用》.北京:北京大学出版社。原著:2014.Construction Grammar and Its Application to English.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
Kallulli,D.2006.A unified analysis of passives and anticausatives.Demonstratio Math 41(1):11-22.
Langacker,R.W.1991.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Descriptive Application.Stanford,California:Stanford University Press.
Langacker,R.W.2008.Cognitive Grammar:A Basic Reader.New York:Oxford University Press.
Levin,B.&M.Rappaport Hovav.1994.A preliminary analysis of causative verbs in English.Lingua 92(4):35-77.
Levin,B.&M.Rappaport Hovav.1995.Unaccusativity:At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface.Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
Levin,B.2015.Semantics and pragmatics of argument alternations.Annual Review of Linguistics1(1):63-83.
Pi?ón,C.2001.A finer look at the causative-inchoative alternation.Presented at The Semantics and Linguistic Theory Proceedings.New York:New York University.
Pylkk?nen,L.2002.Introducing Arguments.Ph.D.dissertation,MIT,Cambridge,MA.
Rappaport Hovav,M.&B.Levin.2012.Lexicon uniformity and the causative alternation.In M.Everaert,M.Marelj&T.Siloni(eds.).The Theta System:Argument Structure at the Interface.Oxford:Oxford University Press,150-176.
Rappaport Hovav,M.2014.Lexical content and context:The causative alternation in English revisited.Lingua 141(3):8-29.
Reinhart,T.2002.The theta system:An overview.Theoretical Linguistics 28(3):229-290.
Talmy,L.2000.Toward a Cognitive Semantics:Concept Structuring Systems.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Vendler,Z.1967.Verbs and times.Linguistics in Philosophy 66(2):97-121.
Wang,Liyong(王立永).2015.Construal and the semantic basis of unaccusative and unergative verbs.Modern Foreign Languages(2):159-167.[2015,概念观照与非宾格、非作格动词的语义基础.《现代外语》第2期:159-167.]
Wright,S.K.2002.Transitivity and change of state verbs.Proceedings of The 28th Annual Meeting of The Berkeley Linguistics Society.Berkeley:Berkeley Linguistic Society.