中国人口迁移,流动人口与城市化——现实,理论与对策
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摘要
中国改革前的城乡不平等关系已演变成城市中拥有本地户口的居民与没有本地户口的流动人口的不平等关系。目前的城市化可以说是不完全和排斥性的城市化。要达到完全的城市化,必须关注三个重要方面,包括常规的城乡迁移、城市对流动人口的融合与包容以及城市边缘区的城乡一体化。流动人口地位低下的情况,政府和企业对此负有部分责任。讨论在户口制度背景下城市化的基本理论和城市流动人口融合的理论,认为应使用系统方法去研究城市化和城乡一体化的课题,该方法可应用于不同尺度的人与自然共生系统的规划、发展、建设和扩展,同时以香港的马鞍山新市镇作为例子来展示如何规划和发展一个可持续社区,以满足现代城市居民的期望。
The unequal urban-rural relation in the pre-reform period has been shifted into urban areas in the form of unequal intra-urban relation between residents with local hukou and floating population without local hukou. Thus current urbanization of China is incomplete and not inclusive. To achieve complete urbanization in China, attention should be paid to three important aspects: the usual rural to urban migration, the integration or inclusion of floating population in urban areas, and the urban-rural integration in the urban periphery. The government and enterprises are partly responsible for the problems facing the temporary population. The paper discusses the basic theories of urbanization in the context of hukou system as well as the theories of urban integration of floating population. The author argues that the system approach should be used to study the urbanization and urban-rural integration issues. The approach can be applied to the planning, development, construction and expansion of people-nature symbiotic systems at various scales. A new town example from Hong Kong is used to demonstrate what kind of sustainable communities may be planned and developed to meet the aspiration of residents in modern cities.
The unequal urban-rural relation in the pre-reform period has been shifted into urban areas in the form of unequal intra-urban relation between residents with local hukou and floating population without local hukou. Thus current urbanization of China is incomplete and not inclusive. To achieve complete urbanization in China, attention should be paid to three important aspects: the usual rural to urban migration, the integration or inclusion of floating population in urban areas, and the urban-rural integration in the urban periphery. The government and enterprises are partly responsible for the problems facing the temporary population. The paper discusses the basic theories of urbanization in the context of hukou system as well as the theories of urban integration of floating population. The author argues that the system approach should be used to study the urbanization and urban-rural integration issues. The approach can be applied to the planning, development, construction and expansion of people-nature symbiotic systems at various scales. A new town example from Hong Kong is used to demonstrate what kind of sustainable communities may be planned and developed to meet the aspiration of residents in modern cities.
引文
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[2]Shen J.A study of the temporary population in Chinese cities.Habitat International,2002,26(3):363-377.
[3]沈建法.1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势.地理学报,2005,60(4):607-614.[Shen Jianfa.Analysis of the trends of urbanization levels in Chinese provinces since 1982.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(4):607-614.]
[4]沈建法.中国城市化过程与可持续城市化对策.见:彼得?卡尔.克雷斯尔.城市与可持续城市发展的合作伙伴.切尔滕纳姆:爱德华埃尔加出版社,2015:61-73.[Shen Jianfa.Urbanization process and policies for sustainable urbanization in China.In:Kresl P K.Cities and Partnerships for Sustainable Urban Development.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2015:61-73.]
[5]杨传开,刘晔,徐伟,等.中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素:基于CGSS 2010的分析.地理研究,2017,36(12):2369-2382.[Yang Chuankai,Liu Ye,Xu Wei,et al.The determinants for peasants'migration intentions of moving to cities in China:An analysis based on the CGSS 2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(12):2369-2382.]
[6]Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division,UN.World Urbanization Prospects,the 2014 Revision:Highlights.New York:United Nations,2014:12.
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2011.北京:中国统计出版社,2011:96.[National Bureau of Statistics.China Statistics Yearbook 2011.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2011:96.]
[8]Shen J.Counting urban population in Chinese censuses 1953-2000:Changing definitions,problems and solutions.Population,Space and Place,2005,11(5):381-400.
[9]Wu X,Treiman D.The household registration system and social stratification in China:1955-1996.Demography,2004,41(2):363-384.
[10]国务院研究室课题组.中国农民工调研报告.北京:中国言实出版社,2006.[Project Team of the Research Institute of the State Council.Survey Report on Peasant Workers in China.Beijing:Yanshi Press,2006.]
[11]Solinger D.Contesting Citizenship in Urban China:Peasant Migrants,the State and the Logic of the Market.Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[12]Wang F,Zuo X,Ruan D.Rural migrants in Shanghai:Living under the shadow of socialism.The International Migration Review,2002,36(2):520-545.
[13]Wang W,Fan C.Migrant workers'integration in urban China:Experiences in employment,social adaptation and selfidentity.Eurasian Geography and Economics,2012,53:731-749.
[14]Fan C.The elite,the natives,and the outsiders:Migration and labor market segmentation in urban China.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(1):103-124.
[15]Yang Q,Guo F.Occupational attainments of rural to urban temporary economic migrants in China,1985-1990.International Migration Review,1996,30(3):771-787.
[16]Ma L,Xiang B.Native place,migration and the emergence of peasant enclaves in Beijing.China Quarterly,1998,155:546-581.
[17]Liu Y,Xu W.Destination choices of permanent and temporary migrants in China,1985-2005.Population,Space and Place,2017,23(1):e1963,1-17.
[18]Sun M,Fan C.China's permanent and temporary migrants:Differentials and changes,1990-2000.The Professional Geographer,2011,63(1):92-112.
[19]Chan Jinyong,Liu Ta,Yang Yunyan.Hukou and non-hukou migrations:Comparisons and contrasts.International Journal of Population Geography,1999,5(6):425-448.
[20]Wang M.Impact of the global economic crisis on China's migrant workers:A survey of 2,700 in 2009.Eurasian Geography and Economics,2010,51(2):218-235.
[21]Wu W.Sources of migrant housing disadvantage in urban China.Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1285-1304.
[22]Wu W.Drifting and getting stuck:Migrants in Chinese cities.City,2010,14(1):13-24.
[23]于伟,吕晓,宋金平.山东省城镇化包容性发展的时空格局.地理研究,2018,37(2):319-332.[Yu Wei,Lyu Xiao,Song Jinping.The spatial and temporal patterns of inclusive development in the urbanization of Shandong province.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):319-332.]
[24]Fan C.Settlement intention and split households:Findings from a survey of migrants in Beijing's urban villages.The China Review,2011,11(2):11-42.
[25]李志刚,刘晔,陈宏胜.中国城市新移民的“乡缘社区”:特征、机制与空间性:以广州“湖北村”为例.地理研究,2011,30(10):1910-1920.[Li Zhigang,Liu Ye,Chen Hongsheng.Characteristics,mechanism,spatiality of neo-migrants'home place-based communities in China:A case study of Hubei village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1910-1920.]
[26]王桂新.城市农民工的分布、居住与社会融合:以上海为例.人口研究,2005,29(4):39-41.[Wang Guixin.The distribution,living,and social integration of urban migrant workers:A case study of Shanghai.Population Research,2005,29(4):39-41.]
[27]Zhu Y,Lin L.Continuity and change in the transition from the first to the second generation of migrants in China:Insights from a survey in Fujian.Habitat International,2014,42:147-154.
[28]Zhu Y.'Formal'and'informal'urbanisation in China-Trends in Fujian province.Third World Planning Review,1998,20(3):267-284.
[29]Shen J,Wong K Y,Feng Z.State sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of south China,1980-1998.Urban Geography,2002,23(7):674-694.
[30]国务院人口普查办公室,国家统计局人口和就业统计司.中国2010年人口普查资料,卷1-3.北京:中国统计出版社,2012.[Population Census Office and Department of Population and Employment Statistics,National Bureau of Statistics.Tabulations on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,Vol.1-3.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2012.]
[31]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报,2011-04-28.[National Bureau of Statistics.Statistical Communiqués on Major Data of Sixth National Population Census,2011-04-28.]
[32]全国人口抽样调查办公室编.1995年全国1%人口抽样调查数据.北京:中国统计出版社,1996.[Office of the National Population Sample Survey(ed).National 1%Population Sampling Survey Data 1995.Beijing:China Statistics Press,1996.]
[33]公安部户政管理局.全国暂住人口统计资料汇编.北京:群众出版社,2010.[Administration Bureau of Household Registration,Ministry of Public Security.National Temporary Population Statistics Data Set.Beijing:Mass Press,2010.]
[34]沈建法,冯志强,黄钧尧.珠江三角洲的双轨城市化.城市规划,2006,30(3):39-44.[Shen Jianfa,Feng Zhiqiang,Huang Junyao.Dual-track urbanization in the Pearl River Delta.City Planning Review,2006,30(3):39-44.]
[35]Shen J.Urbanization,Regional Development and Governance in China.London:Routledge,2018.
[36]Park R,Burgess E.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.Alaska:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,2014.
[37]Alba R,Nee V.Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):826-874.
[38]Glazer N,Moynihan D P.Beyond the Melting Pot:The Negroes,Puerto Ricans,Jews,Italians,and Irish of New York City.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1964.
[39]Lambert W,Taylor D.Coping with Cultural and Racial Diversity in Urban America.New York,NY:Praeger,1990.
[40]INTPOL TEAM.Integration and integration policies.IMISCOE Network Feasibility Study.European Forum for Migration Studies,Institute at the University of Bamberg,2006.
[41]Vigdor J.Measuring immigrant assimilation in the United States.Civic Report No.53.New York,NY:Manhattan Institute,2008.
[42]Gordon M.Assimilation in American Life.New York,NY:Oxford University Press,1964.
[43]Neidert L,Farley R.Assimilation in the United States:An analysis of ethnic and generation differences in status and achievement.American Sociological Review,1985,50(6):840-850.
[44]Arias E.Change in nuptiality patterns among Cuban Americans:Evidence of cultural and structural assimilation.International Migration Review,2001,35(2):525-556.
[45]Borjas G.Immigrant and emigrant earnings:A longitudinal study.Economic Inquiry,1989,27(1):21-37.
[46]Zhou M.Segmented integration issues,controversies,and recent research on the new second generation.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):975-1008.
[47]Penninx R,Spencer D,Van Hear N.Migration and Integration in Europe:The State of Research.ESRC Centre on Migration,Policy and Society(COMPAS),University of Oxford,2008.
[48]Todaro M.A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries.American Economic Review,1969,59(1):138-148.
[49]Wolpert J.Behavioral aspects of the decision to migrate.Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association,1965,15(1):159-169.
[50]Gordon I.Migration in a segmented labour market.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1995,20(2):139-155.
[51]Wright R,Ellis M.The ethnic and gender division of labor compared among immigrants to Los Angeles.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2000,24(3):583-601.
[52]Davin D.Internal Migration in Contemporary China.London:Macmillan Press Ltd,1999.
[53]Rozelle S,Guo L,Shen M,et al.Leaving China's farms:Survey results of new paths and remaining hurdles to rural migration.China Quarterly,1999,158:367-393.
[54]Zhang L.Strangers in the City:Reconfigurations of Space,Power,and Social Networks within China's Floating Population.Stanford:Stanford University Press,2000.
[55]Pun N.Made in China:Subject,Power and Resistance in a Global Workplace.Durham:Duke University Press,2005.
[56]Shen J.Migrant labour under the shadow of the hukou system:The case of Guangdong.In:Wong T,Rigg J.Asian Cities,Migrant Labor and Contested Spaces.London:Routledge,2011:223-245.
[57]Human Rights Watch.One Year of My Blood:Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in Beijing.New York:Human Rights Watch,2008.
[58]Piketty T.Capital in the Twenty-First Century.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2014.
[59]张超,沈建法.地理系统工程.北京:科学出版社,1993.[Zhang Chao,Shen Jianfa.Geographical System Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,1993.]
[60]中华人民共和国香港特别行政区政府统计处.2011人口普查:小规划统计区757统计便览.2012.[Census and Statistics Department.2011 Population Census:Fact Sheet for Tertiary Planning Unit 757.2012.]
[61]楼玮群,何雪松.乐观取向、社会服务使用与社会融合:香港新移民的一项探索性研究.西北人口,2009,30(1):23-26.[Lou Weiqun,He Xuesong.Optimistic orientation,social service utilization and social integration:An exploratory study of new immigrants in Hong Kong.Northwest Population,2009,30(1):23-26.]
[2]Shen J.A study of the temporary population in Chinese cities.Habitat International,2002,26(3):363-377.
[3]沈建法.1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势.地理学报,2005,60(4):607-614.[Shen Jianfa.Analysis of the trends of urbanization levels in Chinese provinces since 1982.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(4):607-614.]
[4]沈建法.中国城市化过程与可持续城市化对策.见:彼得?卡尔.克雷斯尔.城市与可持续城市发展的合作伙伴.切尔滕纳姆:爱德华埃尔加出版社,2015:61-73.[Shen Jianfa.Urbanization process and policies for sustainable urbanization in China.In:Kresl P K.Cities and Partnerships for Sustainable Urban Development.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2015:61-73.]
[5]杨传开,刘晔,徐伟,等.中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素:基于CGSS 2010的分析.地理研究,2017,36(12):2369-2382.[Yang Chuankai,Liu Ye,Xu Wei,et al.The determinants for peasants'migration intentions of moving to cities in China:An analysis based on the CGSS 2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(12):2369-2382.]
[6]Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division,UN.World Urbanization Prospects,the 2014 Revision:Highlights.New York:United Nations,2014:12.
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2011.北京:中国统计出版社,2011:96.[National Bureau of Statistics.China Statistics Yearbook 2011.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2011:96.]
[8]Shen J.Counting urban population in Chinese censuses 1953-2000:Changing definitions,problems and solutions.Population,Space and Place,2005,11(5):381-400.
[9]Wu X,Treiman D.The household registration system and social stratification in China:1955-1996.Demography,2004,41(2):363-384.
[10]国务院研究室课题组.中国农民工调研报告.北京:中国言实出版社,2006.[Project Team of the Research Institute of the State Council.Survey Report on Peasant Workers in China.Beijing:Yanshi Press,2006.]
[11]Solinger D.Contesting Citizenship in Urban China:Peasant Migrants,the State and the Logic of the Market.Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[12]Wang F,Zuo X,Ruan D.Rural migrants in Shanghai:Living under the shadow of socialism.The International Migration Review,2002,36(2):520-545.
[13]Wang W,Fan C.Migrant workers'integration in urban China:Experiences in employment,social adaptation and selfidentity.Eurasian Geography and Economics,2012,53:731-749.
[14]Fan C.The elite,the natives,and the outsiders:Migration and labor market segmentation in urban China.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(1):103-124.
[15]Yang Q,Guo F.Occupational attainments of rural to urban temporary economic migrants in China,1985-1990.International Migration Review,1996,30(3):771-787.
[16]Ma L,Xiang B.Native place,migration and the emergence of peasant enclaves in Beijing.China Quarterly,1998,155:546-581.
[17]Liu Y,Xu W.Destination choices of permanent and temporary migrants in China,1985-2005.Population,Space and Place,2017,23(1):e1963,1-17.
[18]Sun M,Fan C.China's permanent and temporary migrants:Differentials and changes,1990-2000.The Professional Geographer,2011,63(1):92-112.
[19]Chan Jinyong,Liu Ta,Yang Yunyan.Hukou and non-hukou migrations:Comparisons and contrasts.International Journal of Population Geography,1999,5(6):425-448.
[20]Wang M.Impact of the global economic crisis on China's migrant workers:A survey of 2,700 in 2009.Eurasian Geography and Economics,2010,51(2):218-235.
[21]Wu W.Sources of migrant housing disadvantage in urban China.Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1285-1304.
[22]Wu W.Drifting and getting stuck:Migrants in Chinese cities.City,2010,14(1):13-24.
[23]于伟,吕晓,宋金平.山东省城镇化包容性发展的时空格局.地理研究,2018,37(2):319-332.[Yu Wei,Lyu Xiao,Song Jinping.The spatial and temporal patterns of inclusive development in the urbanization of Shandong province.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):319-332.]
[24]Fan C.Settlement intention and split households:Findings from a survey of migrants in Beijing's urban villages.The China Review,2011,11(2):11-42.
[25]李志刚,刘晔,陈宏胜.中国城市新移民的“乡缘社区”:特征、机制与空间性:以广州“湖北村”为例.地理研究,2011,30(10):1910-1920.[Li Zhigang,Liu Ye,Chen Hongsheng.Characteristics,mechanism,spatiality of neo-migrants'home place-based communities in China:A case study of Hubei village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1910-1920.]
[26]王桂新.城市农民工的分布、居住与社会融合:以上海为例.人口研究,2005,29(4):39-41.[Wang Guixin.The distribution,living,and social integration of urban migrant workers:A case study of Shanghai.Population Research,2005,29(4):39-41.]
[27]Zhu Y,Lin L.Continuity and change in the transition from the first to the second generation of migrants in China:Insights from a survey in Fujian.Habitat International,2014,42:147-154.
[28]Zhu Y.'Formal'and'informal'urbanisation in China-Trends in Fujian province.Third World Planning Review,1998,20(3):267-284.
[29]Shen J,Wong K Y,Feng Z.State sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of south China,1980-1998.Urban Geography,2002,23(7):674-694.
[30]国务院人口普查办公室,国家统计局人口和就业统计司.中国2010年人口普查资料,卷1-3.北京:中国统计出版社,2012.[Population Census Office and Department of Population and Employment Statistics,National Bureau of Statistics.Tabulations on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,Vol.1-3.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2012.]
[31]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报,2011-04-28.[National Bureau of Statistics.Statistical Communiqués on Major Data of Sixth National Population Census,2011-04-28.]
[32]全国人口抽样调查办公室编.1995年全国1%人口抽样调查数据.北京:中国统计出版社,1996.[Office of the National Population Sample Survey(ed).National 1%Population Sampling Survey Data 1995.Beijing:China Statistics Press,1996.]
[33]公安部户政管理局.全国暂住人口统计资料汇编.北京:群众出版社,2010.[Administration Bureau of Household Registration,Ministry of Public Security.National Temporary Population Statistics Data Set.Beijing:Mass Press,2010.]
[34]沈建法,冯志强,黄钧尧.珠江三角洲的双轨城市化.城市规划,2006,30(3):39-44.[Shen Jianfa,Feng Zhiqiang,Huang Junyao.Dual-track urbanization in the Pearl River Delta.City Planning Review,2006,30(3):39-44.]
[35]Shen J.Urbanization,Regional Development and Governance in China.London:Routledge,2018.
[36]Park R,Burgess E.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.Alaska:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,2014.
[37]Alba R,Nee V.Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):826-874.
[38]Glazer N,Moynihan D P.Beyond the Melting Pot:The Negroes,Puerto Ricans,Jews,Italians,and Irish of New York City.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1964.
[39]Lambert W,Taylor D.Coping with Cultural and Racial Diversity in Urban America.New York,NY:Praeger,1990.
[40]INTPOL TEAM.Integration and integration policies.IMISCOE Network Feasibility Study.European Forum for Migration Studies,Institute at the University of Bamberg,2006.
[41]Vigdor J.Measuring immigrant assimilation in the United States.Civic Report No.53.New York,NY:Manhattan Institute,2008.
[42]Gordon M.Assimilation in American Life.New York,NY:Oxford University Press,1964.
[43]Neidert L,Farley R.Assimilation in the United States:An analysis of ethnic and generation differences in status and achievement.American Sociological Review,1985,50(6):840-850.
[44]Arias E.Change in nuptiality patterns among Cuban Americans:Evidence of cultural and structural assimilation.International Migration Review,2001,35(2):525-556.
[45]Borjas G.Immigrant and emigrant earnings:A longitudinal study.Economic Inquiry,1989,27(1):21-37.
[46]Zhou M.Segmented integration issues,controversies,and recent research on the new second generation.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):975-1008.
[47]Penninx R,Spencer D,Van Hear N.Migration and Integration in Europe:The State of Research.ESRC Centre on Migration,Policy and Society(COMPAS),University of Oxford,2008.
[48]Todaro M.A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries.American Economic Review,1969,59(1):138-148.
[49]Wolpert J.Behavioral aspects of the decision to migrate.Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association,1965,15(1):159-169.
[50]Gordon I.Migration in a segmented labour market.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1995,20(2):139-155.
[51]Wright R,Ellis M.The ethnic and gender division of labor compared among immigrants to Los Angeles.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2000,24(3):583-601.
[52]Davin D.Internal Migration in Contemporary China.London:Macmillan Press Ltd,1999.
[53]Rozelle S,Guo L,Shen M,et al.Leaving China's farms:Survey results of new paths and remaining hurdles to rural migration.China Quarterly,1999,158:367-393.
[54]Zhang L.Strangers in the City:Reconfigurations of Space,Power,and Social Networks within China's Floating Population.Stanford:Stanford University Press,2000.
[55]Pun N.Made in China:Subject,Power and Resistance in a Global Workplace.Durham:Duke University Press,2005.
[56]Shen J.Migrant labour under the shadow of the hukou system:The case of Guangdong.In:Wong T,Rigg J.Asian Cities,Migrant Labor and Contested Spaces.London:Routledge,2011:223-245.
[57]Human Rights Watch.One Year of My Blood:Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in Beijing.New York:Human Rights Watch,2008.
[58]Piketty T.Capital in the Twenty-First Century.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2014.
[59]张超,沈建法.地理系统工程.北京:科学出版社,1993.[Zhang Chao,Shen Jianfa.Geographical System Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,1993.]
[60]中华人民共和国香港特别行政区政府统计处.2011人口普查:小规划统计区757统计便览.2012.[Census and Statistics Department.2011 Population Census:Fact Sheet for Tertiary Planning Unit 757.2012.]
[61]楼玮群,何雪松.乐观取向、社会服务使用与社会融合:香港新移民的一项探索性研究.西北人口,2009,30(1):23-26.[Lou Weiqun,He Xuesong.Optimistic orientation,social service utilization and social integration:An exploratory study of new immigrants in Hong Kong.Northwest Population,2009,30(1):23-26.]