苎麻青贮及不同粗蛋白质水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究苎麻青贮饲料品质及以苎麻青贮饲料为唯一粗饲料使用时,不同粗蛋白质(CP)水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验将苎麻与玉米秸秆按照质量比为1∶1的比例混合均匀后打捆制成苎麻青贮饲料。选择年龄相近,体重为(324.83±30.27)kg的健康西门塔尔肉牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,1头牛为1个重复,分别饲喂CP含量为18.0%(高CP水平,试验Ⅰ组)、16.0%(中CP水平,试验Ⅱ组)和14.0%(低CP水平,试验Ⅲ组)的精料补充料。预试期10d,正试期60d。结果表明,苎麻与玉米秸秆混合青贮后,感官等级评定为1级优良,pH为4.24,氨态氮(NH3-N)含量显著增加(P<0.05),干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲养试验结果表明,试验Ⅰ组肉牛平均日增重(ADG)最高,达到1.49kg/d,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组ADG与试验Ⅰ组相比分别降低了14.09%和11.41%(P>0.05)。3个试验组的干物质采食量(DMI)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同CP水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛血清中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、天门冬氨酸转移酶(AST)、ALT/AST、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、白球比(A/G)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)均无显著影响(P>0.05),但是试验Ⅰ组血清丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)活性显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),但与试验Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,苎麻的营养水平较高,和玉米秸秆混合后青贮可得到品质较好的苎麻青贮饲料;将苎麻青贮饲料作为肉牛唯一粗饲料来源,高CP含量(18%)的精料补充料可提高肉牛的生长性能。
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the quality of ramie silage and explore the effects of different crude protein(CP)levels of concentrate supplement on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of Simmental cattle when ramie silage was used as the mainroughage.In this study,the mixture ratio of ramie and corn straw at 1∶1 was designed and bundled together for ensiling.Eighteen healthy Simmental beef cattle with similar body weight(324.83±30.27)kg and age were assigned randomly to 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and1 cattle per replicate.Beef cattle were fed concentrate supplement containing 18.0% CP(high CP level,groupⅠ),16.0% CP(middle CP level,group Ⅱ)and 14.0% CP(low CP,group Ⅲ),respectively.The adjustment period was 10 d,and formal experiment period was 60 d.The results showed that,in mixed ensiling experiment,the pH of ramie and maize straw mixed silage was4.24.The content of NH3-N was increased significantly(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences for the contents of DM,OM,CP,NDF,ADF,Ca and TP(P>0.05)before and after silage and the fermentation quality grade of silage ramie was excellence.The results of feeding experiment showed that the ADG of Simmental cattle in group Ⅰ was the highest,which was1.49 kg/d,and that in groupsⅡ and Ⅲ were reduced by 14.09% and 11.41% compared with groupⅠ(P>0.05).Simultaneously,no significant difference in DMI and F/G of Simmental cattle were detected among three treatments(P>0.05).Moreover,the contents of ALP,AST,ALT/AST,TP,ALB,GLB,A/G,TCHO,TG,HDL and LDL in serum were not significantly changed with different CP levels of concentrate supplement(P>0.05).Only the content of ALT in groupⅠ was significantly increased compared with group Ⅲ(P<0.05),but not significantly higher than groupⅡ(P>0.05).Overall,the nutritive value of ramie was higher,and ramie and maize straw mixed ensiling could produce better ramie silage.Moreover,concentrate supplement with high protein level(18%)might improve growth performance of beef cattle when ramie silage was used as the only roughage.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the quality of ramie silage and explore the effects of different crude protein(CP)levels of concentrate supplement on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of Simmental cattle when ramie silage was used as the mainroughage.In this study,the mixture ratio of ramie and corn straw at 1∶1 was designed and bundled together for ensiling.Eighteen healthy Simmental beef cattle with similar body weight(324.83±30.27)kg and age were assigned randomly to 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and1 cattle per replicate.Beef cattle were fed concentrate supplement containing 18.0% CP(high CP level,groupⅠ),16.0% CP(middle CP level,group Ⅱ)and 14.0% CP(low CP,group Ⅲ),respectively.The adjustment period was 10 d,and formal experiment period was 60 d.The results showed that,in mixed ensiling experiment,the pH of ramie and maize straw mixed silage was4.24.The content of NH3-N was increased significantly(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences for the contents of DM,OM,CP,NDF,ADF,Ca and TP(P>0.05)before and after silage and the fermentation quality grade of silage ramie was excellence.The results of feeding experiment showed that the ADG of Simmental cattle in group Ⅰ was the highest,which was1.49 kg/d,and that in groupsⅡ and Ⅲ were reduced by 14.09% and 11.41% compared with groupⅠ(P>0.05).Simultaneously,no significant difference in DMI and F/G of Simmental cattle were detected among three treatments(P>0.05).Moreover,the contents of ALP,AST,ALT/AST,TP,ALB,GLB,A/G,TCHO,TG,HDL and LDL in serum were not significantly changed with different CP levels of concentrate supplement(P>0.05).Only the content of ALT in groupⅠ was significantly increased compared with group Ⅲ(P<0.05),but not significantly higher than groupⅡ(P>0.05).Overall,the nutritive value of ramie was higher,and ramie and maize straw mixed ensiling could produce better ramie silage.Moreover,concentrate supplement with high protein level(18%)might improve growth performance of beef cattle when ramie silage was used as the only roughage.
引文
[1]魏金涛,杨雪海,严念东,等.“中饲苎1号”苎麻嫩茎叶常规营养成分分析[J].湖北农业科学,2016,55(24):6517-6519.WEI J T,YANG X H,YAN N D,et al.Analysis of nutritional components in tender leaves and stems for ramie(Boehmerianivea(L.)Gaudich.)Zhongsizhu No.1[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2016,55(24):6517-6519.(in Chinese)
[2]魏金涛,杨雪海,严念东,等.苎麻营养成分分析及瘤胃降解特性研究[J].草业学报,2017,26(5):197-204.WEI J T,YANG X H,YAN N D,et al.Nutritional value of ramie and its ruminal degradability[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(5):197-204.(in Chinese)
[3] CONTG,CARFF,PACE V.Chemical composition and nutritive value of ramie plant(Boehmerianivea(L.)Gaud)and its by-products from the textile industry as feed for ruminants[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(5):641-646.
[4]张涛,崔宗均,高丽娟,等.绿汁发酵液和乳酸菌剂MMD3在不同含水率苜蓿青贮中的添加试验[J].中国农业大学学报,2004,9(5):32-37.ZHANG T,CUI Z J,GAO L J,et al.The effect of fermented green juice and silage inoculants bacteria MMD3on the fermentation of alfalfa silage[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2004,9(5):32-37.(in Chinese)
[5] PERMANA I G,SAFARINA S N,TATRA A J.Addition of water soluble carbohydrate sources prior to ensilage for ramie leaves silage qualities improvement[J].Media Peternakan,2011,34(1):69-76.
[6]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳.苎麻与杂交狼尾草不同混合比例的青贮效果[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(9):836-840.CHEN X Z,LIU Y,GAO C F,et al.Effect of mixing ratio of ramie and hybrid Pennisetumon on quality of fermented silage[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,30(9):836-840.(in Chinese)
[7]魏金涛,严念东,杨雪海,等.复合青贮剂对苎麻青贮品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(1):132-135.WEI J T,YAN N D,YANG X H,et al.Effect of complex silage additive on ramie quality of fermented silage[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences2017,46(1):132-135.(in Chinese)
[8]薛红枫,闫贵龙,孟庆翔.玉米秸秆不同部位碳水化合物组分体外发酵动态分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(9):926-933.XUE H F,YAN G L,MENG Q X.In vitro fermentation kinetic analysis of the carbohydrate fractions in various sections of corn stalks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2007,38(9):926-933.(in Chinese)
[9]熊本海,罗清尧,赵峰.中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2016年第27版)[J].中国饲料,2016,21:33-43.XIONG B H,LUO Q R,ZHAO F.Tables of feed composition and nutritive values in China(2016 27th Edition)[J].China Feed,2016,21:33-43.(in Chinese)
[10]陶莲,刁其玉.青贮发酵对玉米秸秆品质及菌群构成的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(1):198-207.TAO L,DIAO Q Y.Effects of ensiling on quality and bacteria composition of corn stalk[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(1):198-207.(in Chinese)
[11] BRODERICK G A,KANG J H.Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):64-75.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2003.ZHANG L Y.Feed Analysis and Quality Detection Technology[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[13] LPEZ O,MONTEJO I L,LAMELA L.Evaluation of the nutritional potential of four forage plants for feeding rabbit does(Technical note)[J].Pastosy Forrajes,2012,35(3):293-300.
[14] DUARTE A D A,SGARBIERI V C,JR R B.Composition and nutritive value of leaf meal ramie for monogastric animals[J].Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,1997,32:1295-1302.
[15]熊和平,喻春明,王延周,等.饲料用苎麻新品种中饲苎1号的选育研究[J].中国麻业,2005,27(1):1-4.XIONG H P,YU C M,WANG Y Z,et al.Study on selection and breeding of new feed ramie variety Zhousizhu No.1[J].Plant Fivers and Products,2005,27(1):1-4.(in Chinese)
[16]朱涛涛,喻春明,王延周,等.“中苎1号”和“中苎2号”苎麻营养价值的初步评价[J].中国麻业科学,2014,36(3):113-121.ZHU T T,YU C M,WANG Y Z,et al.Preliminary evaluation on nutritional value for ramie[Boehmierianivea(L.)Gaud.]Zhongzhu No.1and Zhongzhu No.2[J].Plant Fiber sciences in China,2014,36(3):113-121.(in Chinese)
[17] SEALE D R,HENDERSON A R,PETTERSSON K O,et al.The effect of addition of sugar and inoculation with two commercial inoculants on the fermentation of lucerne silage in laboratory silos[J].Grass and Forage Science,1986,41(1):61-70.
[18] REAZAEI J,ROUZBEHAN Y,FAZAELI H.Nutritive value of fresh and ensiled amaranth(Amaranthu shypochondriacus)treated with different levels of molasses[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,151(1):153-160.
[19] NING T T,XU C C,WANG H L,et al.Effects of different additives on fermentation quality of fodder ramie silage(Boehmerianivea L.)[A].International Silage Conference[C].2012.
[20] COLE N A,DEFOOR P J,GALYEAN M L,et al.Effects of phase-feeding of crude protein on performance,carcass characteristics,serum urea nitrogen concentrations,and manure nitrogen of finishing beef steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(12):3421-3432.
[21] BLOME R M,DRACKLEY J K,MCKEITH F K,et al.Growth,nutrient utilization,and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(6):1641.
[22]王微,瞿明仁,游金明,等.6~7月龄锦江黄牛蛋白质需要量研究[J].饲料工业,2012,33(18):43-46.WANG W,QU M R,YOU J M,et al.Study on protein requirements of 6 to 7-month-old Jinjiang cattle[J].Feed Industry,2012,33(18):43-46.(in Chinese)
[23]刘道杨,付戴波,瞿明仁,等.12~13月龄湘中黑牛的粗蛋白质代谢规律与需要量[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(12):3020-3026.LIU D Y,FU D B,QU M R,et al.Crude protein metabolism and requirement of 12to 13-month-old Xiangzhong Black cattle[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(12):3020-3026.(in Chinese)
[24]张晓明,王之盛,陈艳,等.生长期秦川牛蛋白质沉积效率及小肠可消化粗蛋白质需要量[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(8):2155-2161.ZHANG X M,WANG Z S,CHEN Y,et al.Protein deposition efficiency and intestinal digestible crude protein requirement of growing Qinchuan cattle[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(8):2155-2161.(in Chinese)
[25]王彦茹,曾秋凤,张克英,等.啤酒糟对31~59日龄建昌麻羽肉鸭生产性能、血液生化指标及胃肠道发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(3):807-815.WANG Y R,ZENG Q F,ZHANG K Y,et al.Effects of brewer’s grain on performance,serum biochemical indices and gastrointestinal tract development of Jianchang ducks aged from 31to 59days[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(3):807-815.(in Chinese)
[26]张娇娇,闫琦,刘培培,等.低海拔异地育肥牦牛与本地杂交肉牛(秦川×西门塔尔)在不同非蛋白氮水平饲粮条件下血液生理生化指标及生长性能的差异[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(11):3942-3950.ZHANG J J,YAN Q,LIU P P,et al.Differences of blood physiological and biochemical indices and growth performance of local crossbred beef cattle(Qinchuan×Simmental)and yak allopatry fattening at low altitude under different non-protein nitrogen level diets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(11):3942-3950.(in Chinese)
[2]魏金涛,杨雪海,严念东,等.苎麻营养成分分析及瘤胃降解特性研究[J].草业学报,2017,26(5):197-204.WEI J T,YANG X H,YAN N D,et al.Nutritional value of ramie and its ruminal degradability[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(5):197-204.(in Chinese)
[3] CONTG,CARFF,PACE V.Chemical composition and nutritive value of ramie plant(Boehmerianivea(L.)Gaud)and its by-products from the textile industry as feed for ruminants[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(5):641-646.
[4]张涛,崔宗均,高丽娟,等.绿汁发酵液和乳酸菌剂MMD3在不同含水率苜蓿青贮中的添加试验[J].中国农业大学学报,2004,9(5):32-37.ZHANG T,CUI Z J,GAO L J,et al.The effect of fermented green juice and silage inoculants bacteria MMD3on the fermentation of alfalfa silage[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2004,9(5):32-37.(in Chinese)
[5] PERMANA I G,SAFARINA S N,TATRA A J.Addition of water soluble carbohydrate sources prior to ensilage for ramie leaves silage qualities improvement[J].Media Peternakan,2011,34(1):69-76.
[6]陈鑫珠,刘远,高承芳.苎麻与杂交狼尾草不同混合比例的青贮效果[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(9):836-840.CHEN X Z,LIU Y,GAO C F,et al.Effect of mixing ratio of ramie and hybrid Pennisetumon on quality of fermented silage[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,30(9):836-840.(in Chinese)
[7]魏金涛,严念东,杨雪海,等.复合青贮剂对苎麻青贮品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(1):132-135.WEI J T,YAN N D,YANG X H,et al.Effect of complex silage additive on ramie quality of fermented silage[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences2017,46(1):132-135.(in Chinese)
[8]薛红枫,闫贵龙,孟庆翔.玉米秸秆不同部位碳水化合物组分体外发酵动态分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(9):926-933.XUE H F,YAN G L,MENG Q X.In vitro fermentation kinetic analysis of the carbohydrate fractions in various sections of corn stalks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2007,38(9):926-933.(in Chinese)
[9]熊本海,罗清尧,赵峰.中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2016年第27版)[J].中国饲料,2016,21:33-43.XIONG B H,LUO Q R,ZHAO F.Tables of feed composition and nutritive values in China(2016 27th Edition)[J].China Feed,2016,21:33-43.(in Chinese)
[10]陶莲,刁其玉.青贮发酵对玉米秸秆品质及菌群构成的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(1):198-207.TAO L,DIAO Q Y.Effects of ensiling on quality and bacteria composition of corn stalk[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(1):198-207.(in Chinese)
[11] BRODERICK G A,KANG J H.Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):64-75.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2003.ZHANG L Y.Feed Analysis and Quality Detection Technology[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[13] LPEZ O,MONTEJO I L,LAMELA L.Evaluation of the nutritional potential of four forage plants for feeding rabbit does(Technical note)[J].Pastosy Forrajes,2012,35(3):293-300.
[14] DUARTE A D A,SGARBIERI V C,JR R B.Composition and nutritive value of leaf meal ramie for monogastric animals[J].Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,1997,32:1295-1302.
[15]熊和平,喻春明,王延周,等.饲料用苎麻新品种中饲苎1号的选育研究[J].中国麻业,2005,27(1):1-4.XIONG H P,YU C M,WANG Y Z,et al.Study on selection and breeding of new feed ramie variety Zhousizhu No.1[J].Plant Fivers and Products,2005,27(1):1-4.(in Chinese)
[16]朱涛涛,喻春明,王延周,等.“中苎1号”和“中苎2号”苎麻营养价值的初步评价[J].中国麻业科学,2014,36(3):113-121.ZHU T T,YU C M,WANG Y Z,et al.Preliminary evaluation on nutritional value for ramie[Boehmierianivea(L.)Gaud.]Zhongzhu No.1and Zhongzhu No.2[J].Plant Fiber sciences in China,2014,36(3):113-121.(in Chinese)
[17] SEALE D R,HENDERSON A R,PETTERSSON K O,et al.The effect of addition of sugar and inoculation with two commercial inoculants on the fermentation of lucerne silage in laboratory silos[J].Grass and Forage Science,1986,41(1):61-70.
[18] REAZAEI J,ROUZBEHAN Y,FAZAELI H.Nutritive value of fresh and ensiled amaranth(Amaranthu shypochondriacus)treated with different levels of molasses[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,151(1):153-160.
[19] NING T T,XU C C,WANG H L,et al.Effects of different additives on fermentation quality of fodder ramie silage(Boehmerianivea L.)[A].International Silage Conference[C].2012.
[20] COLE N A,DEFOOR P J,GALYEAN M L,et al.Effects of phase-feeding of crude protein on performance,carcass characteristics,serum urea nitrogen concentrations,and manure nitrogen of finishing beef steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(12):3421-3432.
[21] BLOME R M,DRACKLEY J K,MCKEITH F K,et al.Growth,nutrient utilization,and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(6):1641.
[22]王微,瞿明仁,游金明,等.6~7月龄锦江黄牛蛋白质需要量研究[J].饲料工业,2012,33(18):43-46.WANG W,QU M R,YOU J M,et al.Study on protein requirements of 6 to 7-month-old Jinjiang cattle[J].Feed Industry,2012,33(18):43-46.(in Chinese)
[23]刘道杨,付戴波,瞿明仁,等.12~13月龄湘中黑牛的粗蛋白质代谢规律与需要量[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(12):3020-3026.LIU D Y,FU D B,QU M R,et al.Crude protein metabolism and requirement of 12to 13-month-old Xiangzhong Black cattle[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(12):3020-3026.(in Chinese)
[24]张晓明,王之盛,陈艳,等.生长期秦川牛蛋白质沉积效率及小肠可消化粗蛋白质需要量[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(8):2155-2161.ZHANG X M,WANG Z S,CHEN Y,et al.Protein deposition efficiency and intestinal digestible crude protein requirement of growing Qinchuan cattle[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(8):2155-2161.(in Chinese)
[25]王彦茹,曾秋凤,张克英,等.啤酒糟对31~59日龄建昌麻羽肉鸭生产性能、血液生化指标及胃肠道发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(3):807-815.WANG Y R,ZENG Q F,ZHANG K Y,et al.Effects of brewer’s grain on performance,serum biochemical indices and gastrointestinal tract development of Jianchang ducks aged from 31to 59days[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(3):807-815.(in Chinese)
[26]张娇娇,闫琦,刘培培,等.低海拔异地育肥牦牛与本地杂交肉牛(秦川×西门塔尔)在不同非蛋白氮水平饲粮条件下血液生理生化指标及生长性能的差异[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(11):3942-3950.ZHANG J J,YAN Q,LIU P P,et al.Differences of blood physiological and biochemical indices and growth performance of local crossbred beef cattle(Qinchuan×Simmental)and yak allopatry fattening at low altitude under different non-protein nitrogen level diets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(11):3942-3950.(in Chinese)