基于交通流量大数据的大连城市院前急救医疗服务可达性分析
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摘要
文章通过对交通流量大数据的处理与分析,探究交通拥堵对于院前急救医疗时空可达性的影响。研究表明:(1)交通拥堵对于院前急救医疗可达性的影响在高峰时段尤为明显,相对于平峰时段,道路拥堵指数上升30.6%,院前急救医疗服务最短可达时间上升68.4%,平均可达时间增加18.9%,交通拥堵导致救护车行驶速度降低22.8%;平峰时段内院前急救医疗服务的可达性明显提高,54.7%和96.9%的居民可在15 min与30 min内得到及时救治。(2)研究时段内院前急救可达时间插值结果均呈圈层式分布,可达时间由中心城区向外围地区逐渐增加。高峰时段下交通拥堵因素对于15 min、20 min和30 min时间圈层的影响较为显著;平峰时段下,25 min圈层覆盖面积显著增加,外围地区的急救效果得到明显改善;晚高峰时段15 min圈层覆盖面积相对平峰时段有明显增加,因此公交专用道路对于提升院前急救可达性起到一定的促进作用。(3)通过考虑与不考虑交通拥堵因素的对比分析结果可知:交通拥堵对可达性所造成的影响与该地区路网密度和人口密度成正比例关系,即交通拥堵对于人口稠密、路网密集的地区影响显著。忽略交通拥堵因素时,C1地区内街道数量上升40%,覆盖人口总数上升39.8%。因此,解决交通拥堵问题将直接改善中心城区居民获得院前急救医疗服务的便利化程度。
The article based on the big data of traffic flow, this paper explores the impact of traffic congestion on the spatial and temporal accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services. The research shows that :(1) The impact of traffic congestion on the accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services is particularly obvious during the peak period. Compared with the average peak period, the road congestion index increases by 30.6%, the shortest accessibility time of pre-hospital emergency medical service increases by 68.4%, and the average accessibility time increases by18.9%. Traffic congestion reduces the driving speed of ambulances by 22.8%.The accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services was significantly improved during the off-peak period, 54.7% and 96.9% of residents could receive timely treatment within 15 and 30 minutes.(2) In the study period, the interpolation results of pre-hospital emergency accessible time were all distributed in concentric rings, and the accessible time gradually increased from the central urban area to the peripheral area. The traffic congestion during peak hours has a significant impact on the coverage area of15 min, 20 min and 30 min.Under the-off-peak period, the coverage area of the 25 min increased significantly, and the firstaid effect in the peripheral areas was significantly improved. Compared with the off-peak period, the coverage area of15 min was significantly increased in the evening peak period. Therefore, the public transportation special road plays a certain role in promoting the accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services.(3) Compared on traffic congestion factors, it can be seen that the impact of traffic congestion on accessibility is directly proportional to the transport network density and population density, that is, traffic congestion has a significant impact on areas with population density and transport network density. Ignoring factors of traffic congestion, the number of streets in C1 increased by 40%, and the total population covered by C1 increased by 39.8%. Therefore, solving the traffic congestion problem will directly improve the degree of convenience for residents in central urban areas to obtain pre-hospital emergency medical services.
The article based on the big data of traffic flow, this paper explores the impact of traffic congestion on the spatial and temporal accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services. The research shows that :(1) The impact of traffic congestion on the accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services is particularly obvious during the peak period. Compared with the average peak period, the road congestion index increases by 30.6%, the shortest accessibility time of pre-hospital emergency medical service increases by 68.4%, and the average accessibility time increases by18.9%. Traffic congestion reduces the driving speed of ambulances by 22.8%.The accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services was significantly improved during the off-peak period, 54.7% and 96.9% of residents could receive timely treatment within 15 and 30 minutes.(2) In the study period, the interpolation results of pre-hospital emergency accessible time were all distributed in concentric rings, and the accessible time gradually increased from the central urban area to the peripheral area. The traffic congestion during peak hours has a significant impact on the coverage area of15 min, 20 min and 30 min.Under the-off-peak period, the coverage area of the 25 min increased significantly, and the firstaid effect in the peripheral areas was significantly improved. Compared with the off-peak period, the coverage area of15 min was significantly increased in the evening peak period. Therefore, the public transportation special road plays a certain role in promoting the accessibility of pre-hospital emergency medical services.(3) Compared on traffic congestion factors, it can be seen that the impact of traffic congestion on accessibility is directly proportional to the transport network density and population density, that is, traffic congestion has a significant impact on areas with population density and transport network density. Ignoring factors of traffic congestion, the number of streets in C1 increased by 40%, and the total population covered by C1 increased by 39.8%. Therefore, solving the traffic congestion problem will directly improve the degree of convenience for residents in central urban areas to obtain pre-hospital emergency medical services.
引文
[1]钟少颖,杨鑫,陈锐.层级性公共服务设施空间可达性研究——以北京市综合性医疗设施为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):731-744.
[2]曾文,向梨丽,李红波,等.南京市医疗服务设施可达性的空间格局及其形成机制[J].经济地理,2017,37(6):136-143.
[3]宋正娜,陈雯.基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法[J].地理科学进展,2009(6):848-854.
[4]黄安,许月卿,刘超,等.基于可达性的医疗服务功能空间分异特征及其服务强度研究——以河北省张家口市为例[J].经济地理,2018,38(3):61-71.
[5]柳泽,杨宏宇,熊维康,等.基于改进两步移动搜索法的县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):728-737.
[6]侯松岩,姜洪涛.基于城市公共交通的长春市医院可达性分析[J].地理研究,2014(5):915-925.
[7]蒋海兵,张文忠,韦胜.公共交通影响下的北京公共服务设施可达性[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1 239-1 249.
[8]陈建国,周素红,柳林,等.交通拥堵对急救医疗服务时空可达性的影响——以广州市为例[J].地理科学进展,2016(4):431-439.
[9]徐万勇.考虑交通拥堵与医疗效用的应急医疗分诊问题研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2017.
[10] D'Andrea E,Marcelloni F. Detection of Traffic Congestion and Incidents from GPS Trace Analysis[J]. Expert Systems With Applications,2017,73:DOI:10.1016/j.eswa.2016.12.018.
[11]程敏,连月娇.基于改进潜能模型的城市医疗设施空间可达性——以上海市杨浦区为例[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(2):266-275.
[12]曹恩溯,刘耀林,银超慧.基于交通网络的综合性医院可达性分析——以武汉市主城区为例[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2017,40(4):23-28.
[13]胡瑞山,董锁成,胡浩.就医空间可达性分析的两步移动搜索法——以江苏省东海县为例[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1 600-1 607.
[14]孔欢,谢晋秋,朱贵秋.基于GIS的长沙市主城区医院选址[J].绿色科技,2016(4):176-178.
[15]赵韡,韩振军,焦建彬.基于模糊聚类筛选和交通可达性的心血管医院选址布局研究[J].管理工程学报,2016,30(3):202-208.
[16] Masoud Swalehe,Semra Gunay Aktas. Dynamic Ambulance Deployment to Reduce Ambulance Response Times Using Geographic Information Systems:A Case Study of Odunpazari District of Eskisehir Province,Turkey[J]. Procedia Environ‐mental Sciences,2016,36:199-206.
[17] Wahlen B M,Wolcke B,Schneider T,et al. Initial medical treatment by paramedics in combined first aid operations of paramedics and emergency physicians[J]. Anasthesiol Inten‐sivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther,2003,38(1):27-31.
[18] Fields W W,Asplin B R,Larkin G L,et al. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act as a Federal Health Care Safety Net Program[J]. Academic emergency medicine:offi‐cial journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine,2001,8(11):1 064-1 069.
[19] Magid D J,Rhodes K V,Asplin B R,et al. Designing a research agenda to improve the quality of emergency care[J].Academic Emergency Medicine,2002,9(11):1 124-1 130.
[20]郑进.我国院前急救人员被忽视的若干问题与对策[J].医学与哲学(B),2012,33(11):66-68.
[21]张爱华,陶红,桂莉.国内外急救医疗服务体系发展的回顾与展望[J].护理管理杂志,2004(4):23-25.
[22]杨晓慧,任延荣,杨百骏.城市急救医疗服务网络的布局研究[J].中华医院管理杂志,1994(11):673-677.
[23]王文学,俞军,王培安,等.急救医疗服务网络规划和建设的探讨与实践[J].中华医学杂志,2006(11):721-723.
[24]于海玲,关金保,王亚东.北京市城区院前急救网络合理布局方法的研究[J].中国全科医学,2011(36):4 214-4 216.
[25]蒋祎,刘亚兰,李西同,等.公益性视角下重庆市急救医疗服务可及性城乡对比分析[J].中国全科医学,2014(35):4 230-4 233.
[26]杨浩雄,李金丹,张浩,等.基于系统动力学的城市交通拥堵治理问题研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2014,34(8):2 135-2 143.
[27]林雄斌,杨家文.城市交通拥堵特征与治理策略的多维度综合评述[J].综合运输,2015,37(8):55-61.
[28] Theodore Tsekeris,Nikolas Geroliminis. City size,network structure and traffic congestion[J]. Journal of Urban Econom‐ics,2013,76:1-14.
[29] Patel N,Mukherjee A B. Assessment of network traffic congestion through Traffic Congestability Value(TCV):a new index[J]. Bulletin of Geography(Socio-economic Series),2015,30:123-134.
[30]刘有军,田聪.不同路网形态下城市交通拥堵特性分析[J].中国公路学报,2013,26(1):163-169,190.
[31]宋正娜,陈雯.基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(6):848-854.
[32]郑朝洪.基于GIS的县级市医疗机构空间可达性分析——以福建省石狮市为例[J].热带地理,2011,31(6):598-603.
[33]张莉,陆玉麒.基于可达性的中心地体系的空间分析[J].地理科学,2013,33(6):649-658.
[34]潘竟虎,从忆波.基于景点空间可达性的中国旅游区划[J].地理科学,2014,34(10):1 161-1 168.
[2]曾文,向梨丽,李红波,等.南京市医疗服务设施可达性的空间格局及其形成机制[J].经济地理,2017,37(6):136-143.
[3]宋正娜,陈雯.基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法[J].地理科学进展,2009(6):848-854.
[4]黄安,许月卿,刘超,等.基于可达性的医疗服务功能空间分异特征及其服务强度研究——以河北省张家口市为例[J].经济地理,2018,38(3):61-71.
[5]柳泽,杨宏宇,熊维康,等.基于改进两步移动搜索法的县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):728-737.
[6]侯松岩,姜洪涛.基于城市公共交通的长春市医院可达性分析[J].地理研究,2014(5):915-925.
[7]蒋海兵,张文忠,韦胜.公共交通影响下的北京公共服务设施可达性[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1 239-1 249.
[8]陈建国,周素红,柳林,等.交通拥堵对急救医疗服务时空可达性的影响——以广州市为例[J].地理科学进展,2016(4):431-439.
[9]徐万勇.考虑交通拥堵与医疗效用的应急医疗分诊问题研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2017.
[10] D'Andrea E,Marcelloni F. Detection of Traffic Congestion and Incidents from GPS Trace Analysis[J]. Expert Systems With Applications,2017,73:DOI:10.1016/j.eswa.2016.12.018.
[11]程敏,连月娇.基于改进潜能模型的城市医疗设施空间可达性——以上海市杨浦区为例[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(2):266-275.
[12]曹恩溯,刘耀林,银超慧.基于交通网络的综合性医院可达性分析——以武汉市主城区为例[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2017,40(4):23-28.
[13]胡瑞山,董锁成,胡浩.就医空间可达性分析的两步移动搜索法——以江苏省东海县为例[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1 600-1 607.
[14]孔欢,谢晋秋,朱贵秋.基于GIS的长沙市主城区医院选址[J].绿色科技,2016(4):176-178.
[15]赵韡,韩振军,焦建彬.基于模糊聚类筛选和交通可达性的心血管医院选址布局研究[J].管理工程学报,2016,30(3):202-208.
[16] Masoud Swalehe,Semra Gunay Aktas. Dynamic Ambulance Deployment to Reduce Ambulance Response Times Using Geographic Information Systems:A Case Study of Odunpazari District of Eskisehir Province,Turkey[J]. Procedia Environ‐mental Sciences,2016,36:199-206.
[17] Wahlen B M,Wolcke B,Schneider T,et al. Initial medical treatment by paramedics in combined first aid operations of paramedics and emergency physicians[J]. Anasthesiol Inten‐sivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther,2003,38(1):27-31.
[18] Fields W W,Asplin B R,Larkin G L,et al. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act as a Federal Health Care Safety Net Program[J]. Academic emergency medicine:offi‐cial journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine,2001,8(11):1 064-1 069.
[19] Magid D J,Rhodes K V,Asplin B R,et al. Designing a research agenda to improve the quality of emergency care[J].Academic Emergency Medicine,2002,9(11):1 124-1 130.
[20]郑进.我国院前急救人员被忽视的若干问题与对策[J].医学与哲学(B),2012,33(11):66-68.
[21]张爱华,陶红,桂莉.国内外急救医疗服务体系发展的回顾与展望[J].护理管理杂志,2004(4):23-25.
[22]杨晓慧,任延荣,杨百骏.城市急救医疗服务网络的布局研究[J].中华医院管理杂志,1994(11):673-677.
[23]王文学,俞军,王培安,等.急救医疗服务网络规划和建设的探讨与实践[J].中华医学杂志,2006(11):721-723.
[24]于海玲,关金保,王亚东.北京市城区院前急救网络合理布局方法的研究[J].中国全科医学,2011(36):4 214-4 216.
[25]蒋祎,刘亚兰,李西同,等.公益性视角下重庆市急救医疗服务可及性城乡对比分析[J].中国全科医学,2014(35):4 230-4 233.
[26]杨浩雄,李金丹,张浩,等.基于系统动力学的城市交通拥堵治理问题研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2014,34(8):2 135-2 143.
[27]林雄斌,杨家文.城市交通拥堵特征与治理策略的多维度综合评述[J].综合运输,2015,37(8):55-61.
[28] Theodore Tsekeris,Nikolas Geroliminis. City size,network structure and traffic congestion[J]. Journal of Urban Econom‐ics,2013,76:1-14.
[29] Patel N,Mukherjee A B. Assessment of network traffic congestion through Traffic Congestability Value(TCV):a new index[J]. Bulletin of Geography(Socio-economic Series),2015,30:123-134.
[30]刘有军,田聪.不同路网形态下城市交通拥堵特性分析[J].中国公路学报,2013,26(1):163-169,190.
[31]宋正娜,陈雯.基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(6):848-854.
[32]郑朝洪.基于GIS的县级市医疗机构空间可达性分析——以福建省石狮市为例[J].热带地理,2011,31(6):598-603.
[33]张莉,陆玉麒.基于可达性的中心地体系的空间分析[J].地理科学,2013,33(6):649-658.
[34]潘竟虎,从忆波.基于景点空间可达性的中国旅游区划[J].地理科学,2014,34(10):1 161-1 168.