小麂秋季利用人工盐场的节律
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摘要
舔食盐分是野生动物的常见习性,但针对具体物种的研究较少。我们于2013年秋季(9~10月份)利用4台红外触发相机在唐家河国家级自然保护区对小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)利用人工盐场的时间格局进行了初步研究。共收集照片记录398条,其中可鉴别性别的记录288条。结果显示,小麂日均访问盐场(12.97±2.14)次,舔盐高峰出现在8:00~9:00时以及14:00~16:00时,低谷分别出现在2:00时、6:00时以及21:00~23:00时。独立样本t检验显示,小麂对距离公路较远的盐场访问次数显著高于近公路盐场[远离公路盐场(10.86±2.25)次,近公路盐场(2.10±0.58)次,t=3.77,P=0.001]。不论以全天统计抑或按照不同时间段(上午、下午和夜间)分别统计,雌雄两性对盐场的利用强度均无显著差异。我们仅发现在13:00~17:00时,雄性访问盐场的强度显著高于雌性(t=﹣2.47,P=0.048),且在13:00~14:00时和15:00~16:00时出现两次访问高峰。我们推测性别间的活动节律差异、体型差异以及雄性的干扰,均可能是雌性在下午时段降低盐场利用的原因。人为活动对离公路近的栖息地干扰较强,因而影响了小麂对栖息地的利用,使小麂回避靠近公路的盐场。因此,我们建议自然保护区在选择盐场位置时应考虑人为干扰因素。
Licking salt at natural or artificial salt sites is common in ungulates, but little is known about Chinese muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi). We preliminarily studied the rhythm of muntjac visiting artificial salt sites by using 4 infrared cameras with two distance level to road(50 m vs.150 m) within broadleaf forest in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve from September to October in 2013. Totally, we collected 288 valid records, in which male and female can be clearly identified. Muntjac visited salt sites 12.97 ± 2.14 times daily, with two visiting peaks from 8:00 am to 9:00 am and 14:00 pm to 16:00 pm respectively. However, the muntjac seldom visited salt sites at 2 am and 6 am in the early morning and 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm during the night. We observed Chinese muntjac visited the salt sites located far from road(150 m) more frequently than they did to sites that close to road(50 m, 10.86 ± 2.25 vs. 2.10 ± 0.58, t = 3.77, P = 0.001). Female and male muntjac showed a similar salt lick visiting temporal pattern during night and no significant difference of visiting times was detected either calculated by day or by separated periods(morning, afternoon and night). The only difference of rhythm found between sex visiting salt sites was 13:00﹣17:00. Thus, male visited salt sites more frequently than female(t =﹣2.47,P = 0.048) and two visiting peak observed during 13:00﹣14:00 and 15:00﹣16:00. The results indicated that human disturbance might be a factor hindered muntjac using related habitat and therefore impact their utilization of minerals. Female exhibit lower salt lick frequency during afternoon than male might be induced by activity rhythm variation and body weight variation between sexes, as well as male disturbance. Based on this study, we recommend nature reserve should consider human disturbance when setting artificial salt licks for the Chinese muntjac and other ungulates.
Licking salt at natural or artificial salt sites is common in ungulates, but little is known about Chinese muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi). We preliminarily studied the rhythm of muntjac visiting artificial salt sites by using 4 infrared cameras with two distance level to road(50 m vs.150 m) within broadleaf forest in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve from September to October in 2013. Totally, we collected 288 valid records, in which male and female can be clearly identified. Muntjac visited salt sites 12.97 ± 2.14 times daily, with two visiting peaks from 8:00 am to 9:00 am and 14:00 pm to 16:00 pm respectively. However, the muntjac seldom visited salt sites at 2 am and 6 am in the early morning and 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm during the night. We observed Chinese muntjac visited the salt sites located far from road(150 m) more frequently than they did to sites that close to road(50 m, 10.86 ± 2.25 vs. 2.10 ± 0.58, t = 3.77, P = 0.001). Female and male muntjac showed a similar salt lick visiting temporal pattern during night and no significant difference of visiting times was detected either calculated by day or by separated periods(morning, afternoon and night). The only difference of rhythm found between sex visiting salt sites was 13:00﹣17:00. Thus, male visited salt sites more frequently than female(t =﹣2.47,P = 0.048) and two visiting peak observed during 13:00﹣14:00 and 15:00﹣16:00. The results indicated that human disturbance might be a factor hindered muntjac using related habitat and therefore impact their utilization of minerals. Female exhibit lower salt lick frequency during afternoon than male might be induced by activity rhythm variation and body weight variation between sexes, as well as male disturbance. Based on this study, we recommend nature reserve should consider human disturbance when setting artificial salt licks for the Chinese muntjac and other ungulates.
引文
Ammerman C B,Goodrich R D.1983.Advances in mineral nutritionin ruminants.Journal of Animal Science,57(Suppl 2):519–533.
Atwood T C,Weeks Jr H P.2003.Sex-specific patterns of minerallick preference in white-tailed deer.Northeastern Naturalist,10(4):409–414.
Ayotte J B,Parker K L,Gillingham M P.2008.Use of natural licks byfour species of ungulates in northern British Columbia.Journal ofMammalogy,89(4):1041–1050.
Calef G W,Lortie G M.1975.A mineral lick of the barren-groundcaribou.Journal of Mammalogy,56(1):240–242.
Chapman N G,Brown W A B,Rothery P.2005.Assessing the age ofReeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi)by scoring wear of themandibular molars.Journal of Zoology,267(3):233–247.
Chapman N G,Furlong M,Harris S.1997.Reproductive strategiesand the influence of date of birth on growth and sexualdevelopment of an aseasonally‐breeding ungulate:Reeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi).Journal of Zoology,241(3):551–570.
Groves C,Grubb P.2011.Ungulate Taxonomy.Baltimore:The JohnsHopkins University Press,89–90.
Gupta R C.2011.Veterinary Toxicology:Basic and ClinicalPrinciples.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
Hemami M R,Watkinson A R,Dolman P M.2005.Populationdensities and habitat associations of introduced muntjacMuntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in alowland pine forest.Forest Ecology and Management,215(1):224–238.
Jones R L,Weeks Jr H P.1985.Ca,Mg,and P in the annual diet ofdeer in south-central Indiana.The Journal of WildlifeManagement,49(1):129–133.
Kincaid R L.1999.Assessment of trace mineral status of ruminants:A review.Journal of Animal Science,77:1–10.
Kreulen D A.1985.Lick use by large herbivores:a review of benefitsand banes of soil consumption.Mammal Review,15(3):107–123.
Lin C S,Pei K J,Wang P S,et al.2014.Evidence of higher levels oftestosterone during the velvet period in muntjac than in other cervids.Theriogenology,81(3):403–406.
McC ullough D R,Pei K C J,Wang Y.2000.Home range,activitypatterns,and habitat relations of Reeves'muntjacs in Taiwan.TheJournal of Wildlife Management,64(2):430–441.
Montenegro O L.2004.Natural Licks at Keystone Resources forWildlife and People in Amazonia.Florida:Ph.D.Dissertation ofUniversity of Florida.
Nalls A V,Mc Nulty E,Powers J,et al.2013.Mother to offspringtransmission of chronic wasting disease in Reeves’Muntjac deer.PLo S One,8(8):e71844.
Paudel P K,Kindlmann P.2012.Human disturbance is a majordeterminant of wildlife distribution in Himalayan midhilllandscapes of Nepal.Animal Conservation,15(3):283–293.
Ping X G,Li C W,Jiang Z G,et al.2011.Sexual difference inseasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervusnippon.Mammalian Biology,76(2):196–200.
Rice C G.2010.Mineral lick visitation by mountain goats,Oreamnosamericanus.The Canadian Field-Naturalist,124(3):225–237.
Schultz S R,Johnson M K.1992.Use of artificial mineral licks bywhite-tailed deer in Louisiana.Animal Physiology,45(6):546–546.
Voigt C C,Capps K A,Dechmann D K N,et al.2008.Nutrition ordetoxification:why bats visit mineral licks of the Amazonianrainforest.PLoS One,3(4):e2011.
Weeks Jr H P,Kirkpatrick C M.1976.Adaptations of white-taileddeer to naturally occurring sodium deficiencies.The Journal ofWildlife Management,40(4):610–625.
葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.1988.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析.西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,9(1):15–19.
胡锦矗.2005.四川唐家河自然保护区综合科学考察报告.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
胡锦矗.2007.哺乳动物学.北京:中国教育文化出版社.
钱文熙,曾波,程国辉.2011.马鹿饲料、被毛、血液中S和S-AA含量与食毛症关系研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医:科技版,7(4):137–140.
盛和林,王培潮.1976.小麂的生态和利用.动物学杂志,5(1):39–40.
徐胜林,刘东燕,马士文.2004.科学使用舔盐砖.现代农业科学,(1):35–36.
曾治高,宋延龄.1998.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性.动物学杂志,33(3):31–34.
Atwood T C,Weeks Jr H P.2003.Sex-specific patterns of minerallick preference in white-tailed deer.Northeastern Naturalist,10(4):409–414.
Ayotte J B,Parker K L,Gillingham M P.2008.Use of natural licks byfour species of ungulates in northern British Columbia.Journal ofMammalogy,89(4):1041–1050.
Calef G W,Lortie G M.1975.A mineral lick of the barren-groundcaribou.Journal of Mammalogy,56(1):240–242.
Chapman N G,Brown W A B,Rothery P.2005.Assessing the age ofReeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi)by scoring wear of themandibular molars.Journal of Zoology,267(3):233–247.
Chapman N G,Furlong M,Harris S.1997.Reproductive strategiesand the influence of date of birth on growth and sexualdevelopment of an aseasonally‐breeding ungulate:Reeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi).Journal of Zoology,241(3):551–570.
Groves C,Grubb P.2011.Ungulate Taxonomy.Baltimore:The JohnsHopkins University Press,89–90.
Gupta R C.2011.Veterinary Toxicology:Basic and ClinicalPrinciples.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
Hemami M R,Watkinson A R,Dolman P M.2005.Populationdensities and habitat associations of introduced muntjacMuntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in alowland pine forest.Forest Ecology and Management,215(1):224–238.
Jones R L,Weeks Jr H P.1985.Ca,Mg,and P in the annual diet ofdeer in south-central Indiana.The Journal of WildlifeManagement,49(1):129–133.
Kincaid R L.1999.Assessment of trace mineral status of ruminants:A review.Journal of Animal Science,77:1–10.
Kreulen D A.1985.Lick use by large herbivores:a review of benefitsand banes of soil consumption.Mammal Review,15(3):107–123.
Lin C S,Pei K J,Wang P S,et al.2014.Evidence of higher levels oftestosterone during the velvet period in muntjac than in other cervids.Theriogenology,81(3):403–406.
McC ullough D R,Pei K C J,Wang Y.2000.Home range,activitypatterns,and habitat relations of Reeves'muntjacs in Taiwan.TheJournal of Wildlife Management,64(2):430–441.
Montenegro O L.2004.Natural Licks at Keystone Resources forWildlife and People in Amazonia.Florida:Ph.D.Dissertation ofUniversity of Florida.
Nalls A V,Mc Nulty E,Powers J,et al.2013.Mother to offspringtransmission of chronic wasting disease in Reeves’Muntjac deer.PLo S One,8(8):e71844.
Paudel P K,Kindlmann P.2012.Human disturbance is a majordeterminant of wildlife distribution in Himalayan midhilllandscapes of Nepal.Animal Conservation,15(3):283–293.
Ping X G,Li C W,Jiang Z G,et al.2011.Sexual difference inseasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervusnippon.Mammalian Biology,76(2):196–200.
Rice C G.2010.Mineral lick visitation by mountain goats,Oreamnosamericanus.The Canadian Field-Naturalist,124(3):225–237.
Schultz S R,Johnson M K.1992.Use of artificial mineral licks bywhite-tailed deer in Louisiana.Animal Physiology,45(6):546–546.
Voigt C C,Capps K A,Dechmann D K N,et al.2008.Nutrition ordetoxification:why bats visit mineral licks of the Amazonianrainforest.PLoS One,3(4):e2011.
Weeks Jr H P,Kirkpatrick C M.1976.Adaptations of white-taileddeer to naturally occurring sodium deficiencies.The Journal ofWildlife Management,40(4):610–625.
葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.1988.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析.西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,9(1):15–19.
胡锦矗.2005.四川唐家河自然保护区综合科学考察报告.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
胡锦矗.2007.哺乳动物学.北京:中国教育文化出版社.
钱文熙,曾波,程国辉.2011.马鹿饲料、被毛、血液中S和S-AA含量与食毛症关系研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医:科技版,7(4):137–140.
盛和林,王培潮.1976.小麂的生态和利用.动物学杂志,5(1):39–40.
徐胜林,刘东燕,马士文.2004.科学使用舔盐砖.现代农业科学,(1):35–36.
曾治高,宋延龄.1998.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性.动物学杂志,33(3):31–34.