《塔林手册2.0版》第七章外交和领事法评析
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摘要
《网络行动国际法塔林手册2.0版》第七章"外交和领事法",是探索"适用于网络空间国家行为的外交和领事关系国际法"的最新成果。第七章依据现有外交和领事法规范特别是《维也纳外交关系公约》和《维也纳领事关系公约》,对这些规则如何适用于网络空间进行重述,主要包括网络基础设施所在使领馆馆舍和电子档案、文件及通信的不可侵犯性以及外交代表和领事官员的外交特权与豁免三个部分。受限于该手册所运用的"法律类推"方式和对实然法、应然法的态度等原因,该手册第七章规则仍然存在一些不足,从而对该手册的适用和影响力形成一定限制,需要各国在实践中予以澄清和确定并发展有关规则。尽管新领域规则编纂具有复杂性,但是该手册对更加普遍的问题有必要进行进一步规制,而不应过于局限。
The Diplomatic and Consular Law(Chapter 7) of Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, is the latest achievement in exploring how diplomatic and consular law applicable to acts of the states in cyberspace. As an important attempt to unofficial codification of international law, chapter 7 is based on existing norms of diplomatic and consular law, especially The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. This article mainly includes three parts:(1)the inviolability of premises in which cyber infrastructure is located;(2)the inviolability of electronic archives, documents and correspondence;(3) the diplomatic privileges and immunities of diplomatic representatives and consular officers. Limited by law by analogy method applied in The Manual and its attitude towards the lex lata and lex ferenda, Chapter 7 still has some deficiencies, which will limit the application and influence of Tallinn Manual2.0 to a certain extent. Thus, countries are required to clarify, define and develop relevant rules in practice. Despite the complication of the codification of rules in new areas, it is necessary to further regulate more common problems instead of being too limited.
The Diplomatic and Consular Law(Chapter 7) of Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, is the latest achievement in exploring how diplomatic and consular law applicable to acts of the states in cyberspace. As an important attempt to unofficial codification of international law, chapter 7 is based on existing norms of diplomatic and consular law, especially The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. This article mainly includes three parts:(1)the inviolability of premises in which cyber infrastructure is located;(2)the inviolability of electronic archives, documents and correspondence;(3) the diplomatic privileges and immunities of diplomatic representatives and consular officers. Limited by law by analogy method applied in The Manual and its attitude towards the lex lata and lex ferenda, Chapter 7 still has some deficiencies, which will limit the application and influence of Tallinn Manual2.0 to a certain extent. Thus, countries are required to clarify, define and develop relevant rules in practice. Despite the complication of the codification of rules in new areas, it is necessary to further regulate more common problems instead of being too limited.
引文
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 2-3(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(1)Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 15(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)参见曾令良、饶戈平:《国际法》,法律出版社2005年版,第292页。
(3)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第1款;《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第1、2款。
(4)参见黄德明:《现代外交特权与豁免问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版,第105页。
(1)参见黄德明:《现代外交特权与豁免问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版,第118-119页。
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 211-212(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)See Won-Mog Choi,Diplomatic and Consular Law in the Internet Age,10 Singapore Yearbook of International Law 121(2006).
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 211-212(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(5)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第41条第3款。
(1)See Grant McClanahan,Diplomatic Immunity:Principles,Practices,Problems 162(Hurst and Company 1989).
(2)See Yearbook of the International Law Commission I 49(1957).
(3)《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第2款;《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第3款。
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第3款。
(2)参见《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第4款。
(3)See Katharina Ziolkowski,Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace:International Law,International Relations and Diplomacy 415(NATO CCD COE Publication 2013).
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第24条;《维也纳领事关系公约》第33条。
(2)UN Doc.A/Conf.20/C.1/L.149;A/Conf.20/14.,149.
(3)Yearbook of the International Law Commission II 96(1958);UN Doc.A/Conf.20/14,148-150.
(4)Yearbook of the International Law Commission II 137(1957).
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 221(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)Yearbook of the International Law Commission I 135-136(1958).
(3)《维也纳领事关系公约》第1条第1款第11项。
(1)UN Doc.A/Conf.20,148-150.
(2)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第27条。
(3)See Eileen Denza,Diplomatic Law:Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 225(Oxford University Press 2008).
(1)Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 221(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 60(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第31条第1款;《特别使团公约》第31条第1款;《维也纳关于国家在其对普遍性国际组织关系上的代表权公约》第30条、第60条第1款。
(4)参见曾令良、饶戈平:《国际法》,法律出版社2005年版,第286页。
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第30条。
(2)See Michael Hardy,Modern Diplomatic Law 87(Manchester University Press 1968).
(3)See Michael Hardy,Modern Diplomatic Law 87-88(Manchester University Press 1968).
(4)See Robert Jennings&Arthur Watts,Oppenheim’s International Law,I-Peace 1115(Longman 1992).
(1)See Gore-Booth&Desmond Pakenham,Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice153(Longman 1979).
(2)See Eileen Denza,Diplomatic Law:Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 455(Oxford University Press 2008).
(3)See Eric Talbot Jensen,The Tallinn Manual 2.0:Highlights and Insights,48Georgetown Journal of International Law 764(2018).
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 210-211(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(5)国家元首、政府首脑以及外交部长等高级官员的豁免,规定于《塔林手册2.0版》第三章规则12“国家管辖豁免”中。
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 3(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare(Cambridge University Press 2013).
(3)参见黄志雄:《〈塔林手册2.0版〉:影响与启示》,《中国信息安全》2018年第3期,第85页。
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 210-211(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 230(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 3(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)例如网络犯罪和网络恐怖主义等问题,参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5页。
(4)参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5-6页。
(5)《塔林手册1.0版》主要适用于网络战时期,《塔林手册2.0版》将关注的范围扩展至和平时期,并且在国际人权法、网络归责以及网络间谍行为等方面进一步阐释,增加了新的情形和释义。参见陈舒等:《〈塔林手册2.0〉视角下的网络空间国际规则理论的发展》,《信息安全与通信保密》2018年第4期,第49-50页。
(6)参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5-6页。
(1)See Ludwik Dembinski,The Modern Law of Diplomacy:External Missions of States and International Organizations 14-15(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1988).
(1)参见《维也纳领事关系公约》第73条。
(1)Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 15(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)参见曾令良、饶戈平:《国际法》,法律出版社2005年版,第292页。
(3)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第1款;《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第1、2款。
(4)参见黄德明:《现代外交特权与豁免问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版,第105页。
(1)参见黄德明:《现代外交特权与豁免问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版,第118-119页。
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 211-212(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)See Won-Mog Choi,Diplomatic and Consular Law in the Internet Age,10 Singapore Yearbook of International Law 121(2006).
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 211-212(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(5)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第41条第3款。
(1)See Grant McClanahan,Diplomatic Immunity:Principles,Practices,Problems 162(Hurst and Company 1989).
(2)See Yearbook of the International Law Commission I 49(1957).
(3)《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第2款;《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第3款。
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第22条第3款。
(2)参见《维也纳领事关系公约》第31条第4款。
(3)See Katharina Ziolkowski,Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace:International Law,International Relations and Diplomacy 415(NATO CCD COE Publication 2013).
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第24条;《维也纳领事关系公约》第33条。
(2)UN Doc.A/Conf.20/C.1/L.149;A/Conf.20/14.,149.
(3)Yearbook of the International Law Commission II 96(1958);UN Doc.A/Conf.20/14,148-150.
(4)Yearbook of the International Law Commission II 137(1957).
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 221(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)Yearbook of the International Law Commission I 135-136(1958).
(3)《维也纳领事关系公约》第1条第1款第11项。
(1)UN Doc.A/Conf.20,148-150.
(2)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第27条。
(3)See Eileen Denza,Diplomatic Law:Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 225(Oxford University Press 2008).
(1)Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 221(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 60(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第31条第1款;《特别使团公约》第31条第1款;《维也纳关于国家在其对普遍性国际组织关系上的代表权公约》第30条、第60条第1款。
(4)参见曾令良、饶戈平:《国际法》,法律出版社2005年版,第286页。
(1)参见《维也纳外交关系公约》第30条。
(2)See Michael Hardy,Modern Diplomatic Law 87(Manchester University Press 1968).
(3)See Michael Hardy,Modern Diplomatic Law 87-88(Manchester University Press 1968).
(4)See Robert Jennings&Arthur Watts,Oppenheim’s International Law,I-Peace 1115(Longman 1992).
(1)See Gore-Booth&Desmond Pakenham,Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice153(Longman 1979).
(2)See Eileen Denza,Diplomatic Law:Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 455(Oxford University Press 2008).
(3)See Eric Talbot Jensen,The Tallinn Manual 2.0:Highlights and Insights,48Georgetown Journal of International Law 764(2018).
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 210-211(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(5)国家元首、政府首脑以及外交部长等高级官员的豁免,规定于《塔林手册2.0版》第三章规则12“国家管辖豁免”中。
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 3(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare(Cambridge University Press 2013).
(3)参见黄志雄:《〈塔林手册2.0版〉:影响与启示》,《中国信息安全》2018年第3期,第85页。
(4)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 210-211(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(1)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 230(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(2)See Michael Schmitt,Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 3(Cambridge University Press 2017).
(3)例如网络犯罪和网络恐怖主义等问题,参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5页。
(4)参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5-6页。
(5)《塔林手册1.0版》主要适用于网络战时期,《塔林手册2.0版》将关注的范围扩展至和平时期,并且在国际人权法、网络归责以及网络间谍行为等方面进一步阐释,增加了新的情形和释义。参见陈舒等:《〈塔林手册2.0〉视角下的网络空间国际规则理论的发展》,《信息安全与通信保密》2018年第4期,第49-50页。
(6)参见黄志雄:《网络空间国际规则制定的新趋向--基于〈塔林手册2.0版〉的考察》,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第1期,第5-6页。
(1)See Ludwik Dembinski,The Modern Law of Diplomacy:External Missions of States and International Organizations 14-15(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1988).
(1)参见《维也纳领事关系公约》第73条。