气溶胶对台风“天兔”中闪电的影响
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摘要
运用WRF模式配合对气溶胶更敏感的F-SBM微物理方案以及LPI闪电参数化方案对台风"天兔"进行模拟,通过改变F-SBM微物理方案中的云凝结核浓度得到不同气溶胶浓度下"天兔"中水凝物和闪电的分布情况,并从微物理过程出发讨论了气溶胶浓度对"天兔"中闪电的影响。WWLLN观测数据显示,"天兔"中的闪电主要呈现三圈分布,且"天兔"眼壁区闪电的爆发现象发生在其迅速加强阶段。对比发现,LPI指数与WWLLN观测实况的闪电分布形状有较好的对应,并且描绘出"天兔"中闪电的发展变化情况。通过气溶胶敏感性试验发现,随着气溶胶浓度的增加,"天兔"中过冷水含量及霰粒子浓度增加,垂直运动整体增强,为闪电的生成提供有利条件,此时LPI指数分布更加密集,强度增强。而冰晶粒子浓度始终较低,可初步推断"天兔"中闪电主要由霰粒子与雪粒子的非感应起电产生。
The effects of aerosol on lightning in Typhoon Usagi are investigated by Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with lightning potential index(LPI) parameterizations and F-SBM microphysics scheme which is more sensitive to aerosols.The distribution of the hydrometeors and lightning in Typhoon Usagi under different aerosol concentration was achieved by changing the CCN concentration in the F-SBM microphysics scheme.Based on the microphysical process,the effects of aerosol on the lightning of Typhoon Usagi were discussed.Observed data from WWLLN show that,there are three zones of distinct electrical characteristics in Typhoon Usagi and the lightning in the eyewall broke out when Typhoon Usagi intensified rapidly.By comparing the analysis,distribution of the lightning in Typhoon Usagi observed by WWLLN is similar to that of LPI,which can describe the evolution of the lightning in Typhoon Usagi as well.Concluding from aerosol sensitivity experiments,we know that super cooled water content,graupel concentration and vertical velocity will increase with increasing aerosol concentration,which is helpful to the production of lightning.At the same time,the distribution of LPI becomes more intense.However,the ice concentration keeps low,from which we can preliminarily infer that the lightning in Typhoon Usagi is caused by noninductive charging between graupel and snow.
The effects of aerosol on lightning in Typhoon Usagi are investigated by Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with lightning potential index(LPI) parameterizations and F-SBM microphysics scheme which is more sensitive to aerosols.The distribution of the hydrometeors and lightning in Typhoon Usagi under different aerosol concentration was achieved by changing the CCN concentration in the F-SBM microphysics scheme.Based on the microphysical process,the effects of aerosol on the lightning of Typhoon Usagi were discussed.Observed data from WWLLN show that,there are three zones of distinct electrical characteristics in Typhoon Usagi and the lightning in the eyewall broke out when Typhoon Usagi intensified rapidly.By comparing the analysis,distribution of the lightning in Typhoon Usagi observed by WWLLN is similar to that of LPI,which can describe the evolution of the lightning in Typhoon Usagi as well.Concluding from aerosol sensitivity experiments,we know that super cooled water content,graupel concentration and vertical velocity will increase with increasing aerosol concentration,which is helpful to the production of lightning.At the same time,the distribution of LPI becomes more intense.However,the ice concentration keeps low,from which we can preliminarily infer that the lightning in Typhoon Usagi is caused by noninductive charging between graupel and snow.
引文
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[2]RAMANATHAN V,CRUTZEN P J,KIEHL J T,et al.Atmosphere-Aerosols,climate,and the hydrological cycle[J].Sci,2001,294(5 549):2 119-2 124.
[3]SOLOMON S,QIN D,MANNING M,et al.IPCC 2007:Climate Change 2007:The physical science basis contribution of working group i to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[J].New York:Cambridge University Press,2007,18(2):95-123.
[4]ROSENFELD D,LOHMANN U,RAGA G B,et al.Flood or drought:How do aerosols affect precipitation?[J].Sci,2008,321(5 894):1 309-1 313.
[5]STEVENS B,FEINGOLD G.Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system[J].Nature,2009,461:607-613.
[6]SQUIRES P,TWOMEY S.The relation between cloud droplet spectra and spectrum of cloud nuclei:Physics of precipitation[J].Geophys Monogr,1960,5:211-219.
[7]赵鹏国.气溶胶对雷暴云电活动影响的模拟研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2015.
[8]WESTCOTT N E.Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major Midwestern urban areas[J].J Appl Meteorol,2015,34(7):1 633-1 642.
[9]STEIGER S M,ORVILLE R E,HUFFINES G.Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics over Houston,Texas:1989—2000[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107(D11):4 117.
[10]KAR S K,LIOU Y A,HA K J.Aerosol effects on the enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over major urban areas of South Korea[J].Atmos Res,2009,92(1):80-87.
[11]KAR S K,LIOU Y A.Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity over Taipei,Taiwan in relation to urbanization[J].Atmos Res,2014,s147-148:111-120.
[12]谭涌波,彭琳,等.南京地区闪电活动对气溶胶浓度变化的响应[C]//第32届中国气象学会年会S20:第十三届防雷减灾论坛——雷电物理和防雷新技术.2015.
[13]钱嘉星,徐海明,万齐林.珠江三角洲城市群对雷暴的影响[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(1):40-48.
[14]师正,谭涌波,唐慧强,等.气溶胶对雷暴云起电以及闪电发生率影响的数值模拟[J].大气科学,2015,39(5):941-952.
[15]王宁宁,谭涌波,师正,等.耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式[J].高原气象,2013,32(2):541-548.
[16]KHAIN A,AGRENICH A.Possible effect of atmospheric humidity and radiation heating of dusty air on tropical cyclone development[J].Proc Inst Exp Meteor,1987,42(1):77-80.
[17]ZHANG H,COTTON W R,DENG Y.Direct and indirect impacts of Saharan dust acting as cloud condensation nuclei on tropical cyclone eyewall development[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36(6):295-311,L06802.
[18]梁晓京,陈葆德,王晓峰.背景云凝结核对台风“莫拉克”降水微物理过程影响的数值研究[J].热带气象学报,2013,29(5):833-840.
[19]赵鹏国,银燕,肖辉,等.气溶胶对热带气旋强度及电过程影响的数值模拟研究[J].气象科学,2016,36(1):1-9.
[20]KHAIN A,COHEN N,LYNN B,et al.Possible aerosol effects on lightning activity and structure of hurricanes[J].J Atmos Sci,2008,65(12):3 652-3 677.
[21]KHAIN A,LYNN B,DUDHIA J.Aerosol effects on intensity of landfalling hurricanes as seen from simulations with the WRF model with spectral bin microphysics[J].J Atmos Sci,2010,67(2):365-384.
[22]郭凤霞,孙京.雷暴云起电机制及其数值模拟的回顾与进展[J].高原气象,2012,31(3):862-874.
[23]LYNN B,KHAIN A,DUDHIA J,et al.Spectral(bin)microphysics coupled with a mesoscale model(MM5),Part I:Model description and first results[J].Mon Wea Rev,2005,133(1):44-58.
[24]KEITH W D,SAUNDERS C P R.Charge transfer during multiple large ice crystal interactions with a riming[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1989,941(D11):13 103-13 106,doi:10.1029/JD094i D11p13103.
[25]YAIR Y,LYNN B,PRICE C,et al.Predicting the potential for lightning activity in Mediterranean storms based on the WRF model dynamic and microphysical fields[J].J Geophys Res,2010,115,D04205.doi:10.1029/2008JD010868.
[26]郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报,2014,72(5):1 054-1 068.
[27]潘伦湘,郄秀书.0709号超强台风圣帕(Sepat)的闪电活动特征[J].大气科学,2010,34(6):1 088-1 098.