面向自愿减排碳交易的生物质炭基肥固碳减排计量方法研究
|
摘要
【目的】秸秆热解炭化-生物质炭基肥-生态农业产业体系正在中国兴起。炭基肥通过替代化肥产生可观的温室气体减排量并显著增加土壤有机碳库,其规模化发展具有参与我国正在实施的自愿减排碳交易项目的明显潜力。本研究探讨构建生物质炭基肥项目固碳减排计量方法,为其大规模农业应用参与自愿减排碳交易提供科学依据和方法学支撑。【方法】根据自愿减排项目固碳减排计量方法学和农田固碳减排计量的逻辑框架,基于秸秆炭基肥项目发展的实地调查、已有炭基肥试验的固碳减排案例监测及文献统计,并参考已备案的农业减排方法学,从项目合格性、基准线确定、边界选择、关键排放源和土壤碳库确定、系统泄漏到净碳汇计量方法等方面探讨开发炭基肥项目固碳减排计量方法学,以分析炭基肥项目进行碳交易的可行性。【结果】秸秆炭基肥项目计量方法学的基准线情景为农田常规施肥管理,但需针对不同农田经营模式而确定项目边界(例如分散农民为经营主体的田块模式和工厂-农田的集约化企业运营模式),分别考虑农田氧化亚氮和甲烷的排放和土壤有机碳库来审视项目的关键排放源和碳库,考虑项目的泄漏可能包括农民运输炭基肥导致的额外排放或原有秸秆利用方式发生改变导致的额外排放。农作物炭基肥案例分析表明:以农民为主体的炭基肥项目,单个生长季的冬小麦或水稻生产可分别产生1 440和282 kg CO2-eq·hm-2的减排量;而"工厂-农田"集约化模式中,在未对炭基肥生产工艺进行优化的条件下(副产物未被循环利用),炭基肥生产过程带来的温室气体排放将抵消部分炭基肥应用的农田碳汇量;如对优化炭基肥生产工艺后,单个生长季的冬小麦和水稻生产可分别产生1 479和340 kg CO2-eq·hm-2的净碳汇量。【结论】构建了一套用于量化炭基肥项目净碳汇量的计量方法,可以合理地量化炭基肥农田应用项目产生的净碳汇量。本研究发展的方法学适用炭基肥农业固碳减排项目,量化结果显示炭基肥项目可带来可观的减排量,且旱作农田的净碳汇效应高于稻作农田,优化炭基肥生产工艺条件下工厂-农田集约化运营模式获得的碳汇量显著高于未优化工艺条件下的农民主体的项目模式。研究表明未来应当关注和开发区域尺度不同类型炭基肥施用下氧化亚氮和甲烷减排因子以及土壤固碳因子。
【Objective】Industrial system of straw pyrolysis-biochar compound fertilizer(BCF)-ecological agriculture is emerging in China. As a suggested measure which could promote soil organic carbon pool and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through replacing chemical fertilizer, BCF application has the potential to participate in China's ongoing carbon trading of voluntary emission reduction(VER). Development of a measurable, reportable and verifiable net greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction quantification methodology is the basis for the implementation of VER carbon trading. The objective of this study was to discuss and develop a methodology for quantifying carbon sequestration and GHG emission mitigation in BCF project, which might provide scientific basis and methodology support for BCF project to attend the VER carbon trading. 【Method】Based on the theoretical framework of the methodology for VER projects, a discussion of how to develop a methodology for BCF project was performed from the aspects of project eligibility, baseline, boundary, carbon pool, key GHG sources, leakage and net carbon sink quantification by incorporating the recorded VER methodologies, the existing frameworks of carbon sequestration and GHG reduction quantification in cropland, and the BCF scientific research basis. In addition, a case study was conducted to quantify the net carbon sink in BCF project under different cropping systems by using the data from literature collection and field survey, which would assess the feasibility of the discussed methodology by this study. 【Result】Through analyzing and discussing, this study indicated that the baseline scenario of BCF project should be local conventional fertilization management in the methodology, and the boundary could be determined according to the difference of farmland operation mode, such as the boundaries of smallholder operated farmland and factory-farmland system intensive operated by enterprises. The key GHG sources and carbon pool considered in the methodology were suggested as farmland N2 O and CH4 emissions, and soil organic carbon pools, respectively. The extra GHG emissions induced by the transportation of BCF or the changes in original straw utilization method could be considered as leakage. According to the case study, the net carbon sink of 1 439.77 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 and 281.58 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 for the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice production could be obtained, respectively, when the boundary was set as smallholder operated farmland. However, in the boundary of factory-farmland system intensive operated by enterprises, the carbon sink obtained in the farmland might offset by the GHG emissions in the process of BCF production, and the net carbon sink of 1 479.01 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 and 340.43 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 for the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice production could be obtained, respectively, once the BCF production process was optimized. Given these, the optimizing of BCF production process by recycling the by-products would make the carbon trading of VER by BCF project feasible. 【Conclusion】A theoretical framework and a set of methods were proposed to quantify the net carbon sink for BCF project. The case study indicated that the developed methodology could be well applied into the quantification of net carbon sink for BCF project, and it was found that dry cropping system had the higher net carbon sink than paddy rice cropping system under BCF project, while optimizing the production process of BCF was an important pathway to obtain the considerable amount of carbon sink under factory-farmland system operated by enterprises. This study indicated that a national or industry standard of BCF should be established as soon as possible to provide a theoretical basis for project eligibility identification; meanwhile the attentions should be paid to the development of regional specific N2 O and CH4 emission reduction factors and soil carbon sequestration factors for different types of BCFs applied.
【Objective】Industrial system of straw pyrolysis-biochar compound fertilizer(BCF)-ecological agriculture is emerging in China. As a suggested measure which could promote soil organic carbon pool and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through replacing chemical fertilizer, BCF application has the potential to participate in China's ongoing carbon trading of voluntary emission reduction(VER). Development of a measurable, reportable and verifiable net greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction quantification methodology is the basis for the implementation of VER carbon trading. The objective of this study was to discuss and develop a methodology for quantifying carbon sequestration and GHG emission mitigation in BCF project, which might provide scientific basis and methodology support for BCF project to attend the VER carbon trading. 【Method】Based on the theoretical framework of the methodology for VER projects, a discussion of how to develop a methodology for BCF project was performed from the aspects of project eligibility, baseline, boundary, carbon pool, key GHG sources, leakage and net carbon sink quantification by incorporating the recorded VER methodologies, the existing frameworks of carbon sequestration and GHG reduction quantification in cropland, and the BCF scientific research basis. In addition, a case study was conducted to quantify the net carbon sink in BCF project under different cropping systems by using the data from literature collection and field survey, which would assess the feasibility of the discussed methodology by this study. 【Result】Through analyzing and discussing, this study indicated that the baseline scenario of BCF project should be local conventional fertilization management in the methodology, and the boundary could be determined according to the difference of farmland operation mode, such as the boundaries of smallholder operated farmland and factory-farmland system intensive operated by enterprises. The key GHG sources and carbon pool considered in the methodology were suggested as farmland N2 O and CH4 emissions, and soil organic carbon pools, respectively. The extra GHG emissions induced by the transportation of BCF or the changes in original straw utilization method could be considered as leakage. According to the case study, the net carbon sink of 1 439.77 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 and 281.58 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 for the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice production could be obtained, respectively, when the boundary was set as smallholder operated farmland. However, in the boundary of factory-farmland system intensive operated by enterprises, the carbon sink obtained in the farmland might offset by the GHG emissions in the process of BCF production, and the net carbon sink of 1 479.01 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 and 340.43 kg CO2-eq·hm-2 for the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice production could be obtained, respectively, once the BCF production process was optimized. Given these, the optimizing of BCF production process by recycling the by-products would make the carbon trading of VER by BCF project feasible. 【Conclusion】A theoretical framework and a set of methods were proposed to quantify the net carbon sink for BCF project. The case study indicated that the developed methodology could be well applied into the quantification of net carbon sink for BCF project, and it was found that dry cropping system had the higher net carbon sink than paddy rice cropping system under BCF project, while optimizing the production process of BCF was an important pathway to obtain the considerable amount of carbon sink under factory-farmland system operated by enterprises. This study indicated that a national or industry standard of BCF should be established as soon as possible to provide a theoretical basis for project eligibility identification; meanwhile the attentions should be paid to the development of regional specific N2 O and CH4 emission reduction factors and soil carbon sequestration factors for different types of BCFs applied.
引文
[1]冯相昭,李丽平,田春秀,尚宏博.中国CDM项目对可持续发展的影响评价.中国人口.资源与环境,2010,20(7):129-135.FENG X Z,LI L P,TIAN C X,SHANG H B.Assessing the Impacts of CDM Projects Implemented in China on Sustainable Development.China Population Resources and Environment,2010,20(7):129-135.(in Chinese)
[2]SMITH P,HOUSE J I,BUSTAMANTE M,SOBOCKA J,HARPER R,PAN G X,WEST P,CLARK J M,ADHYA T,RUMPEL C,PAUSTIAN K,KUIKMAN P,GRIFFITHS R I,ASAKAWA S,BONDEAU A,JAIN A,MEERSMANS J,PUGH TS A.Global change pressures on soils from land use and management.Global Change Biology,2016,22(3):1008-1028.DOI:10.1111/gcb.13068.
[3]丁丁.开展国内自愿减排交易的理论与实践研究.中国能源,2011,33(2):33-37.DING D.Theoretical and practical research on conducting domestic voluntary emission reduction transactions.Energy and Environment,2011,33(2):33-37.(in Chinese)
[4]国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会公告[EB/OL].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbgg/201703/t20170317_841211.html,2017-03-14.National Development Reform Commission.Announcement of the National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China[EB/OL].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbgg/201703/t20170317_841211.html,2017-03-14.(in Chinese)
[5]SMITH P,MARTINO D,CAI Z,GWARY D,JANZEN H,KUMARP,MCCARL B,OGLE S,O’MARA F,RICE C,SCHOLESBM SIROTENKO O,HOWDEN M,MCALLISTER T,PAN G X,ROMANENKOV V,SCHNEIDER U,TOWPRAYOON S,WATTENBACH M,SMITH J.Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture.Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences,2008,363(1492):789-813.
[6]王英姿,黄毅斌,翁伯琦,王义祥.中国农业CDM发展现状及潜力研究.福建农林大学学报,2010,13(4):26-29.WANG Y Z,HUANG Y B,WENG B Q,WANG Y X.Research on development status and potential of agricultural CDM in China.Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2010,13(4):26-29.(in Chinese)
[7]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,程琨,卞荣军,吉春颖,郑聚峰,张旭辉,郑金伟.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径.科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.PAN G X,LI L Q,LIU X Y,CHENG K,BIAN R J,JI C Y,ZHENG JF,ZHANG X H,ZHENG J W.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China.Science&Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.(in Chinese)
[8]WOOLF D,AMONETTE J E,STREETPERROTT F A,LEHMANNJ,JOSEPH S.Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change.Nature Communications,2010,1(5):56-65.
[9]POEPLAU C.Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops,A meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,200:33-41.
[10]CAYUELA M L,ZWIETEN L V,SINGH B P,JEFFERY S,ROIG A,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A.Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[11]LIU X Y,ZHANG A F,JI C Y,JOSEPH S,BIAN R J,LI L Q,PAN GX,PAZ-FERRERIO J.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-A meta-analysis of literature data.Plant&Soil,2013,373(1/2):583-594.
[12]潘根兴,林振衡,李恋卿,张阿凤,郑金伟,张旭辉.试论我国农业和农村有机废弃物生物质碳产业化.中国农业科技导报,2011,13(01):75-82.PAN G X,LIN Z H,LI L Q,ZHANG A F,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H.Perspective on biomass carbon industrialization of organic waste from agriculture and rural areas in China.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(01):75-82.(in Chinese)
[13]李正东,陶金沙,李恋卿,潘根兴,刘晓雨,张旭辉,郑聚锋,郑金伟,王家芳,俞欣妍.生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及温室气体排放的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(01):177-183.LI Z D,TAO J S,LI L Q,PAN G X,LIU X Y,ZHANG X H,ZHENGJ F,ZHENG J W,WANG J F,YU X Y.Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on wheat yield and greenhouse gases emissions.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(01):177-183.(in Chinese)
[14]QIAN L,CHEN L,JOSEPH S,PAN G X,LI L Q,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H,ZHENG J F,YU X Y,WANG J F.Biochar compound fertilizer as an option to reach high productivity but low carbon intensity in rice agriculture of China.Carbon Management,2014,5(2):145-154.
[15]ZHENG J F,HAN J M,LIU Z W,XIA W B,ZHANG X H,LI L Q,LIU X Y,BIAN R J,CHENG K,ZHENG J W,PAN G X.Biochar compound fertilizer increases nitrogen productivity and economic benefits but decreases carbon emission of maize production.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2017,241:70-78.
[16]程琨,潘根兴,罗婷.测土配方施肥固碳减排计量方法指南.北京:中国标准出版社,2012.CHENG K,PAN G X,LUO T.Quantifying Carbon Sequestration and Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emission Under Recommended Fertilization Project Methodology Guide.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012.(in Chinese)
[17]中国碳交易网.保护性耕作减排增汇项目方法学.http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-17375-1.html.2016-06-27.China Carbon Trading Network.Conservation tillage emission reduction project methodology.http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-17375-1.html.2016-06-27.(in Chinese)
[18]齐海云,张一婷,张尊举,姚淑霞.清洁发展机制项目合格性识别方法.环境保护,2008(24):84-85.QI H Y,ZHANG Y T,ZHANG Z J,YAO S X.Clean development mechanism project compliance recognition method.Environmental Protection,2008(24):84-85.(in Chinese)
[19]黄山枫,陆根法,刘庆强.CDM的项目合格性识别分析.环境科学与管理,2007(5):31-34.HUANG S F,LU G F,LIU Q Q.Analysis of project identification for eligibility in CDM.Environmental Science and Management,2007(5):31-34.(in Chinese)
[20]吕学都.清洁发展机制在中国.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.LüX D.Clean Development Mechanism in China.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[21]李玉娥,董红敏,万运帆,秦晓波,高清竹,华珞.规模化养鸡场CDM项目减排及经济效益估算.农业工程学报,2009,25(1):194-198.LI Y E,DONG H M,WAN Y F,QIN X B,GAO Q Z,HUA L.Emission reduction from Clean Development Mechanism projects on intensive livestock farms and its economic benefits.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(1):194-198.(in Chinese)
[22]李晓.施用生物质炭及炭基肥对温室气体排放、玉米生长及土壤性质的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.LI X.Effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer amendment on greenhouse gas emission,maize growth and soil properties[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[23]陈琳,乔志刚,李恋卿,潘根兴.施用生物质炭基肥对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响.生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(5):671-675.CHEN L,QIAO Z G,LI L Q,PAN G X.Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2013,29(5):671-675.(in Chinese)
[24]杜衍红,蒋恩臣,王明峰,许细微,郭信辉,史冬冬,李世博.炭基缓释肥对玉米生长的影响研究.中国农学通报,2015,31(12):72-76.DU Y H,JIANG E C,WANG M F,XU X W,GUO X H,SHI D D,LIS B.Study on growth and yield of maize with charcoal based slow-release fertilizer.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(12):72-76.(in Chinese)
[25]方艳茹,廖树华,王林风,任兰天,谢光辉.小麦秸秆收储运模型的建立及成本分析研究.中国农业大学学报,2014,19(2):28-35.FANG Y R,LIAO S H,WANG L F,REN L T,XIE G H.Model establishment and cost analysis on wheat straw logistic system.Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(2):28-35.(in Chinese)
[26]BP China,2007.Calculator of Carbon Emission.http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9011336&contented=7025421.
[27]JI C Y,CHENG K,NAYAK D,PAN G X.Environmental and economic assessment of crop residue competitive utilization for biochar,briquette fuel and combined heat and power generation.Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,192:916-923.
[28]国家发改委气候变化司.省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行).http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/dffgwdt/201602/t20160217_774768.html.Climate Change Division of National Development and Reform Commission.Guidelines for the provincial inventory of greenhouse gas(Trial).http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/dffgwdt/201602/t20160217_774768.htm.(in Chinese)
[29]IBI(2013)‘Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil’,IBI-STD-01.1,International Biochar Initiative,www.biochar-international.org/characterizationstandard,accessed August 12,2013.
[30]农业部新闻办公室.农业部办公厅关于推介发布秸秆农用十大模式的通知.http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/KJJYS/201705/t20170503_5593248.htm,2017-04-28.News Office of Ministry of Agriculture.The general office of the ministry of agriculture on promoting the release of ten models for straw agricultural use.http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/KJJYS/201705/t20170503_5593248.htm,2017-04-28.(in Chinese)
[31]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,程琨,卞荣军,吉春颖,郑聚锋,张旭辉,郑金伟.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径.科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.PAN G X,LI L Q,LIU X Y,CHENG K BIAN R J,JI C Y,ZHENG JF,ZHENG X H,ZHENG J W.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China.Science&Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.(in Chinese)
[32]ZHANG X,BOL R,RAHN C,XIAO G,MENG F Q,WU W L.Agricultural sustainable intensification improved nitrogen use efficiency and maintained high crop yield during 1980-2014 in Northern China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,61:596-597.
[33]BURNEY J A,DAVIS S J,LOBELL D B.Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(26):12052-12057.
[34]LEHNDORFF E,ROTH P J,CAO Z H,AMELUNG W.Black carbon accrual during 2000 years of paddy-rice and non-paddy cropping in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Global Change Biology,2014,20(6):1968-1978.
[35]ZIMMERMAN A R,GAO B.The Stability of Biochar in the Environment.Biochar and Soil Biota.Boca Raton,FL:CRC Press,2013:1-40.
[36]SINGH N,ABIVEN S,TORN M S,SCHMIDT M.Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale.Biogeosciences,2012,9(8):2847-2857.
[37]LEHMANN J,SKJEMSTAD J,SOHI S,CARTER J,BARSON M,FALLOON P,COLEMAN K,WOODBURY P,KRULL E.Australian climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon.Nature Geoscience,2008,1(12):832-835.
[38]BOSCO S,BENE C D,GALLI M,REMORINI D,MASSAI R,BONARI E.Soil organic matter accounting in the carbon footprint analysis of the wine chain.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2013,18(5):973-989.
[39]LIU X Y,QU J J,LI L Q,ZHANG A F,ZHENG J F,ZHENG J W,PAN G X.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-A cross site field experiment from South China.Ecological Engineering,2012,42(9):168-173.
[40]LIU J Y,SHEN J L,LI Y,SU Y R,GE T D,JONES D L.Effects of biochar amendment on the net greenhouse gas emission and greenhouse gas intensity in a Chinese double rice cropping system.European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,65:30-39.
[41]SHEN J L,TANG H,LIU J Y,WANG C,LI Y,HE T D,JONES D L,WU J S.Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,188(4):264-274.
[42]中华人民共和国统计局.中国统计年鉴2016.北京:中国统计出版社,2016.National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[43]CHENG K,PAN G X,SMITH P,LUO T,LI L Q,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H,HAN X J,YAN M.Carbon footprint of China’s crop production-An estimation using agro-statistics data over 1993-2007.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,142(3/4):231-237.
[44]HILLIER J,HAWES C,SQUIRE G,HILTON A,WALE S,SMITH P.The carbon footprints of food crop production.International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2009,7(2):107-118.
[45]HUANG Y,SASS R L,FRANK M.FISHER J.A semi‐empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils.Global Change Biology,1998,4(3):247-268.
[46]HUANG Y,ZHANG W,Zheng X H,LIU J,YU Y Q.Modeling methane emission from rice paddies with various agricultural practices.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109(D8):1-12.DOI:10.1029/2003JD004401.
[47]YAN X Y,CAI Z C,OHARA T,AKIMOTO H.Methane emission from rice fields in mainland China:Amount and seasonal and spatial distribution.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(D16):4505-4515.DOI:10.1029/2002JD003182.
[48]ZOU J W,HUANG Y,ZHENG X H,WANG Y S.Quantifying direct N2O emissions in paddy fields during rice growing season in mainland China:Dependence on water regime.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(37):8030-8042.
[49]ZHENG X H,FU C B,XU X K,YAN X D,HUANG Y,HAN S H,HU F,CHEN G X.The Asian nitrogen cycle case study.Ambio AJournal of the Human Environment,2002,31(2):79-87.
[50]ZHENG X H,LIU C Y,HAN S H.Description and application of a model for simulating regional nitrogen cycling and calculating nitrogen flux.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(2):181-201.
[51]CHENGK,OGLE S M,PARTON W J,PAN G X.Predicting methanogenesis from rice paddies using the DAYCENT ecosystem model.Ecological Modelling,2013,261:19-31.
[52]BUDAI A,ZIMMERMAN A R,COWIE A L,WEBBER J B W,SINGH B P,GLASER B,MASIELLO C A,ANDERSSON D,SHIELDS F,LEHMANN J,ARBESTAIN M C,WILLIAMS M,SOHI S,JOSEPH S.(2013)‘Biochar Carbon Stability Test Method:An assessment of methods to determine biochar carbon stability’,IBIDocument,Carbon Methodology.International Biochar Initiative.www.biochar-international.org,accessed 15 February 2014.
[53]章明奎,顾国平,王阳.生物质炭在土壤中的降解特征.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2012,38(3):329-335.ZHANG M K,GU G P,WANG Y.Degradation characteristic of different biochar material in soil environments.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2012,38(3):329-335.(in Chinese)
[54]LEHMANN J,JOSEPH S.Biochar for environment management science and technology.Science and Technology.Earthscan,2009,25(1):15801-15811.
[55]HERATH H M S K,CAMPS‐ARBESTAIN M,HEDLEY M J,KIRSCHBAUM M U F,WANG T,HALE R V.Experimental evidence for sequestering C with biochar by avoidance of CO2emissions from original feedstock and protection of native soil organic matter.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(3):512-526.
[56]BRUUN E W,AMBUS P,EGSGAARD H,NIELSEN H H.Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N turnover dynamics.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,46(1):73-79.
[57]JI X H,WU J M,PENG H,SHI L H,ZHANG Z H,LIU Z B,TIAN FX,HUO L J,ZHU J.The effect of rice straw incorporation into paddy soil on carbon sequestration and emissions in the double cropping rice system.Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2012,92(5):1038-1045.
[58]KHAN S,CHAO C,WAQAS M,ARO H P H,ZHU Y G.Sewage sludge biochar influence upon rice(Oryza sativa L.)yield,metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil.Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(15):8624-8632.
[59]XU H J,WANG X H,LI H,YAO H Y,SU J Q,ZHU Y G.Biochar impacts soil microbial community composition and nitrogen cycling in an acidic soil planted with rape.Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(16):9391-9399.
[60]HARTER J,KRAUSE H M,SCHUETTLER S,RUSER R,FROMME M,SCHOLTEN T,KAPPLER A,BEHRENS S.Linking N2O emissions from biochar-amended soil to the structure and function of the N-cycling microbial community.The ISME Journal,2014,8(3):660-674.
[61]LIU X Y,YE Y X,LIU M L,ZAHNG A F,ZHANG X H,LI L Q,PAN G X.Sustainable biochar effects for low carbon crop production:A 5-crop season field experiment on a low fertility soil from Central China.Agricultural Systems,2014,129:22-29.
[62]CAYUELA M L,ZWIETEN L V,SINGH B P,JEFFERY S,ROIG A,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A.Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[63]潘根兴,卞荣军,程琨.从废弃物处理到生物质制造业:基于热裂解的生物质科技与工程.科技导报,2017,35(23):82-93.PAN G X,BIAN R J,CHENG K.From biowaste treatment to novel bio-material manufacturing:Biomaterial science and technology based on biomass pyrolysis.Science&Technology Review,2017,35(23):82-93.(in Chinese)
[64]原鲁明,赵立欣,沈玉君,尚书旗,孟海波.我国生物炭基肥生产工艺与设备研究进展.中国农业科技导报,2015,17(4):107-113.YUAN L M,ZHAO L X,SHEN Y J,SHANG S Q,MENG H B.Progress on biochar-based fertilizer production technology and equipment in China.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,17(4):107-113.(in Chinese)
[65]HE Y H,ZHOU X H,JIANG L L,LI M,DU Z G,ZHOU G Y,SHAOJ J,WANG X H,XU Z H,BAI S H,WALLACE H,XU C Y.Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes:A meta-analysis.GCB Bioenergy,2017,9:743-755.DOI:10.1111/gcbb.1237.
[66]SONG X Z,PAN G X,ZHANG C,ZAHNG L,WANG H L.Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases:Ameta‐analysis.Ecosystem Health&Sustainability,2016,2(2):1-13.DOI:10.1002/ehs2.1202.
[67]JEFFERY S,VERHEIJEN F G A,KAMMANN C,ABALOS D.Biochar effects on methane emissions from soils:A meta-analysis.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2016,101:251-258.
[68]GOGLIO P,SMITH W N,GRANT B B,DESJARDINS R L,CAO X,TENUTA M,CAMPBELL C A,MCCONKEY B G,NEMECEK T,BURGESS P J,WILLIAMS A G.A comparison of methods to quantify greenhouse gas emissions of cropping systems in LCA.Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:4010-4017.
[2]SMITH P,HOUSE J I,BUSTAMANTE M,SOBOCKA J,HARPER R,PAN G X,WEST P,CLARK J M,ADHYA T,RUMPEL C,PAUSTIAN K,KUIKMAN P,GRIFFITHS R I,ASAKAWA S,BONDEAU A,JAIN A,MEERSMANS J,PUGH TS A.Global change pressures on soils from land use and management.Global Change Biology,2016,22(3):1008-1028.DOI:10.1111/gcb.13068.
[3]丁丁.开展国内自愿减排交易的理论与实践研究.中国能源,2011,33(2):33-37.DING D.Theoretical and practical research on conducting domestic voluntary emission reduction transactions.Energy and Environment,2011,33(2):33-37.(in Chinese)
[4]国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会公告[EB/OL].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbgg/201703/t20170317_841211.html,2017-03-14.National Development Reform Commission.Announcement of the National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China[EB/OL].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbgg/201703/t20170317_841211.html,2017-03-14.(in Chinese)
[5]SMITH P,MARTINO D,CAI Z,GWARY D,JANZEN H,KUMARP,MCCARL B,OGLE S,O’MARA F,RICE C,SCHOLESBM SIROTENKO O,HOWDEN M,MCALLISTER T,PAN G X,ROMANENKOV V,SCHNEIDER U,TOWPRAYOON S,WATTENBACH M,SMITH J.Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture.Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences,2008,363(1492):789-813.
[6]王英姿,黄毅斌,翁伯琦,王义祥.中国农业CDM发展现状及潜力研究.福建农林大学学报,2010,13(4):26-29.WANG Y Z,HUANG Y B,WENG B Q,WANG Y X.Research on development status and potential of agricultural CDM in China.Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2010,13(4):26-29.(in Chinese)
[7]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,程琨,卞荣军,吉春颖,郑聚峰,张旭辉,郑金伟.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径.科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.PAN G X,LI L Q,LIU X Y,CHENG K,BIAN R J,JI C Y,ZHENG JF,ZHANG X H,ZHENG J W.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China.Science&Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.(in Chinese)
[8]WOOLF D,AMONETTE J E,STREETPERROTT F A,LEHMANNJ,JOSEPH S.Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change.Nature Communications,2010,1(5):56-65.
[9]POEPLAU C.Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops,A meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,200:33-41.
[10]CAYUELA M L,ZWIETEN L V,SINGH B P,JEFFERY S,ROIG A,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A.Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[11]LIU X Y,ZHANG A F,JI C Y,JOSEPH S,BIAN R J,LI L Q,PAN GX,PAZ-FERRERIO J.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-A meta-analysis of literature data.Plant&Soil,2013,373(1/2):583-594.
[12]潘根兴,林振衡,李恋卿,张阿凤,郑金伟,张旭辉.试论我国农业和农村有机废弃物生物质碳产业化.中国农业科技导报,2011,13(01):75-82.PAN G X,LIN Z H,LI L Q,ZHANG A F,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H.Perspective on biomass carbon industrialization of organic waste from agriculture and rural areas in China.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(01):75-82.(in Chinese)
[13]李正东,陶金沙,李恋卿,潘根兴,刘晓雨,张旭辉,郑聚锋,郑金伟,王家芳,俞欣妍.生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及温室气体排放的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(01):177-183.LI Z D,TAO J S,LI L Q,PAN G X,LIU X Y,ZHANG X H,ZHENGJ F,ZHENG J W,WANG J F,YU X Y.Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on wheat yield and greenhouse gases emissions.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(01):177-183.(in Chinese)
[14]QIAN L,CHEN L,JOSEPH S,PAN G X,LI L Q,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H,ZHENG J F,YU X Y,WANG J F.Biochar compound fertilizer as an option to reach high productivity but low carbon intensity in rice agriculture of China.Carbon Management,2014,5(2):145-154.
[15]ZHENG J F,HAN J M,LIU Z W,XIA W B,ZHANG X H,LI L Q,LIU X Y,BIAN R J,CHENG K,ZHENG J W,PAN G X.Biochar compound fertilizer increases nitrogen productivity and economic benefits but decreases carbon emission of maize production.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2017,241:70-78.
[16]程琨,潘根兴,罗婷.测土配方施肥固碳减排计量方法指南.北京:中国标准出版社,2012.CHENG K,PAN G X,LUO T.Quantifying Carbon Sequestration and Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emission Under Recommended Fertilization Project Methodology Guide.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012.(in Chinese)
[17]中国碳交易网.保护性耕作减排增汇项目方法学.http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-17375-1.html.2016-06-27.China Carbon Trading Network.Conservation tillage emission reduction project methodology.http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-17375-1.html.2016-06-27.(in Chinese)
[18]齐海云,张一婷,张尊举,姚淑霞.清洁发展机制项目合格性识别方法.环境保护,2008(24):84-85.QI H Y,ZHANG Y T,ZHANG Z J,YAO S X.Clean development mechanism project compliance recognition method.Environmental Protection,2008(24):84-85.(in Chinese)
[19]黄山枫,陆根法,刘庆强.CDM的项目合格性识别分析.环境科学与管理,2007(5):31-34.HUANG S F,LU G F,LIU Q Q.Analysis of project identification for eligibility in CDM.Environmental Science and Management,2007(5):31-34.(in Chinese)
[20]吕学都.清洁发展机制在中国.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.LüX D.Clean Development Mechanism in China.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[21]李玉娥,董红敏,万运帆,秦晓波,高清竹,华珞.规模化养鸡场CDM项目减排及经济效益估算.农业工程学报,2009,25(1):194-198.LI Y E,DONG H M,WAN Y F,QIN X B,GAO Q Z,HUA L.Emission reduction from Clean Development Mechanism projects on intensive livestock farms and its economic benefits.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(1):194-198.(in Chinese)
[22]李晓.施用生物质炭及炭基肥对温室气体排放、玉米生长及土壤性质的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.LI X.Effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer amendment on greenhouse gas emission,maize growth and soil properties[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[23]陈琳,乔志刚,李恋卿,潘根兴.施用生物质炭基肥对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响.生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(5):671-675.CHEN L,QIAO Z G,LI L Q,PAN G X.Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2013,29(5):671-675.(in Chinese)
[24]杜衍红,蒋恩臣,王明峰,许细微,郭信辉,史冬冬,李世博.炭基缓释肥对玉米生长的影响研究.中国农学通报,2015,31(12):72-76.DU Y H,JIANG E C,WANG M F,XU X W,GUO X H,SHI D D,LIS B.Study on growth and yield of maize with charcoal based slow-release fertilizer.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(12):72-76.(in Chinese)
[25]方艳茹,廖树华,王林风,任兰天,谢光辉.小麦秸秆收储运模型的建立及成本分析研究.中国农业大学学报,2014,19(2):28-35.FANG Y R,LIAO S H,WANG L F,REN L T,XIE G H.Model establishment and cost analysis on wheat straw logistic system.Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(2):28-35.(in Chinese)
[26]BP China,2007.Calculator of Carbon Emission.http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9011336&contented=7025421.
[27]JI C Y,CHENG K,NAYAK D,PAN G X.Environmental and economic assessment of crop residue competitive utilization for biochar,briquette fuel and combined heat and power generation.Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,192:916-923.
[28]国家发改委气候变化司.省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行).http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/dffgwdt/201602/t20160217_774768.html.Climate Change Division of National Development and Reform Commission.Guidelines for the provincial inventory of greenhouse gas(Trial).http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/dffgwdt/201602/t20160217_774768.htm.(in Chinese)
[29]IBI(2013)‘Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil’,IBI-STD-01.1,International Biochar Initiative,www.biochar-international.org/characterizationstandard,accessed August 12,2013.
[30]农业部新闻办公室.农业部办公厅关于推介发布秸秆农用十大模式的通知.http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/KJJYS/201705/t20170503_5593248.htm,2017-04-28.News Office of Ministry of Agriculture.The general office of the ministry of agriculture on promoting the release of ten models for straw agricultural use.http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/KJJYS/201705/t20170503_5593248.htm,2017-04-28.(in Chinese)
[31]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,程琨,卞荣军,吉春颖,郑聚锋,张旭辉,郑金伟.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径.科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.PAN G X,LI L Q,LIU X Y,CHENG K BIAN R J,JI C Y,ZHENG JF,ZHENG X H,ZHENG J W.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China.Science&Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.(in Chinese)
[32]ZHANG X,BOL R,RAHN C,XIAO G,MENG F Q,WU W L.Agricultural sustainable intensification improved nitrogen use efficiency and maintained high crop yield during 1980-2014 in Northern China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,61:596-597.
[33]BURNEY J A,DAVIS S J,LOBELL D B.Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(26):12052-12057.
[34]LEHNDORFF E,ROTH P J,CAO Z H,AMELUNG W.Black carbon accrual during 2000 years of paddy-rice and non-paddy cropping in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Global Change Biology,2014,20(6):1968-1978.
[35]ZIMMERMAN A R,GAO B.The Stability of Biochar in the Environment.Biochar and Soil Biota.Boca Raton,FL:CRC Press,2013:1-40.
[36]SINGH N,ABIVEN S,TORN M S,SCHMIDT M.Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale.Biogeosciences,2012,9(8):2847-2857.
[37]LEHMANN J,SKJEMSTAD J,SOHI S,CARTER J,BARSON M,FALLOON P,COLEMAN K,WOODBURY P,KRULL E.Australian climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon.Nature Geoscience,2008,1(12):832-835.
[38]BOSCO S,BENE C D,GALLI M,REMORINI D,MASSAI R,BONARI E.Soil organic matter accounting in the carbon footprint analysis of the wine chain.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2013,18(5):973-989.
[39]LIU X Y,QU J J,LI L Q,ZHANG A F,ZHENG J F,ZHENG J W,PAN G X.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-A cross site field experiment from South China.Ecological Engineering,2012,42(9):168-173.
[40]LIU J Y,SHEN J L,LI Y,SU Y R,GE T D,JONES D L.Effects of biochar amendment on the net greenhouse gas emission and greenhouse gas intensity in a Chinese double rice cropping system.European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,65:30-39.
[41]SHEN J L,TANG H,LIU J Y,WANG C,LI Y,HE T D,JONES D L,WU J S.Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,188(4):264-274.
[42]中华人民共和国统计局.中国统计年鉴2016.北京:中国统计出版社,2016.National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[43]CHENG K,PAN G X,SMITH P,LUO T,LI L Q,ZHENG J W,ZHANG X H,HAN X J,YAN M.Carbon footprint of China’s crop production-An estimation using agro-statistics data over 1993-2007.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,142(3/4):231-237.
[44]HILLIER J,HAWES C,SQUIRE G,HILTON A,WALE S,SMITH P.The carbon footprints of food crop production.International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2009,7(2):107-118.
[45]HUANG Y,SASS R L,FRANK M.FISHER J.A semi‐empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils.Global Change Biology,1998,4(3):247-268.
[46]HUANG Y,ZHANG W,Zheng X H,LIU J,YU Y Q.Modeling methane emission from rice paddies with various agricultural practices.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109(D8):1-12.DOI:10.1029/2003JD004401.
[47]YAN X Y,CAI Z C,OHARA T,AKIMOTO H.Methane emission from rice fields in mainland China:Amount and seasonal and spatial distribution.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(D16):4505-4515.DOI:10.1029/2002JD003182.
[48]ZOU J W,HUANG Y,ZHENG X H,WANG Y S.Quantifying direct N2O emissions in paddy fields during rice growing season in mainland China:Dependence on water regime.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(37):8030-8042.
[49]ZHENG X H,FU C B,XU X K,YAN X D,HUANG Y,HAN S H,HU F,CHEN G X.The Asian nitrogen cycle case study.Ambio AJournal of the Human Environment,2002,31(2):79-87.
[50]ZHENG X H,LIU C Y,HAN S H.Description and application of a model for simulating regional nitrogen cycling and calculating nitrogen flux.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(2):181-201.
[51]CHENGK,OGLE S M,PARTON W J,PAN G X.Predicting methanogenesis from rice paddies using the DAYCENT ecosystem model.Ecological Modelling,2013,261:19-31.
[52]BUDAI A,ZIMMERMAN A R,COWIE A L,WEBBER J B W,SINGH B P,GLASER B,MASIELLO C A,ANDERSSON D,SHIELDS F,LEHMANN J,ARBESTAIN M C,WILLIAMS M,SOHI S,JOSEPH S.(2013)‘Biochar Carbon Stability Test Method:An assessment of methods to determine biochar carbon stability’,IBIDocument,Carbon Methodology.International Biochar Initiative.www.biochar-international.org,accessed 15 February 2014.
[53]章明奎,顾国平,王阳.生物质炭在土壤中的降解特征.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2012,38(3):329-335.ZHANG M K,GU G P,WANG Y.Degradation characteristic of different biochar material in soil environments.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2012,38(3):329-335.(in Chinese)
[54]LEHMANN J,JOSEPH S.Biochar for environment management science and technology.Science and Technology.Earthscan,2009,25(1):15801-15811.
[55]HERATH H M S K,CAMPS‐ARBESTAIN M,HEDLEY M J,KIRSCHBAUM M U F,WANG T,HALE R V.Experimental evidence for sequestering C with biochar by avoidance of CO2emissions from original feedstock and protection of native soil organic matter.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(3):512-526.
[56]BRUUN E W,AMBUS P,EGSGAARD H,NIELSEN H H.Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N turnover dynamics.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,46(1):73-79.
[57]JI X H,WU J M,PENG H,SHI L H,ZHANG Z H,LIU Z B,TIAN FX,HUO L J,ZHU J.The effect of rice straw incorporation into paddy soil on carbon sequestration and emissions in the double cropping rice system.Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2012,92(5):1038-1045.
[58]KHAN S,CHAO C,WAQAS M,ARO H P H,ZHU Y G.Sewage sludge biochar influence upon rice(Oryza sativa L.)yield,metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil.Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(15):8624-8632.
[59]XU H J,WANG X H,LI H,YAO H Y,SU J Q,ZHU Y G.Biochar impacts soil microbial community composition and nitrogen cycling in an acidic soil planted with rape.Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(16):9391-9399.
[60]HARTER J,KRAUSE H M,SCHUETTLER S,RUSER R,FROMME M,SCHOLTEN T,KAPPLER A,BEHRENS S.Linking N2O emissions from biochar-amended soil to the structure and function of the N-cycling microbial community.The ISME Journal,2014,8(3):660-674.
[61]LIU X Y,YE Y X,LIU M L,ZAHNG A F,ZHANG X H,LI L Q,PAN G X.Sustainable biochar effects for low carbon crop production:A 5-crop season field experiment on a low fertility soil from Central China.Agricultural Systems,2014,129:22-29.
[62]CAYUELA M L,ZWIETEN L V,SINGH B P,JEFFERY S,ROIG A,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A.Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[63]潘根兴,卞荣军,程琨.从废弃物处理到生物质制造业:基于热裂解的生物质科技与工程.科技导报,2017,35(23):82-93.PAN G X,BIAN R J,CHENG K.From biowaste treatment to novel bio-material manufacturing:Biomaterial science and technology based on biomass pyrolysis.Science&Technology Review,2017,35(23):82-93.(in Chinese)
[64]原鲁明,赵立欣,沈玉君,尚书旗,孟海波.我国生物炭基肥生产工艺与设备研究进展.中国农业科技导报,2015,17(4):107-113.YUAN L M,ZHAO L X,SHEN Y J,SHANG S Q,MENG H B.Progress on biochar-based fertilizer production technology and equipment in China.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,17(4):107-113.(in Chinese)
[65]HE Y H,ZHOU X H,JIANG L L,LI M,DU Z G,ZHOU G Y,SHAOJ J,WANG X H,XU Z H,BAI S H,WALLACE H,XU C Y.Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes:A meta-analysis.GCB Bioenergy,2017,9:743-755.DOI:10.1111/gcbb.1237.
[66]SONG X Z,PAN G X,ZHANG C,ZAHNG L,WANG H L.Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases:Ameta‐analysis.Ecosystem Health&Sustainability,2016,2(2):1-13.DOI:10.1002/ehs2.1202.
[67]JEFFERY S,VERHEIJEN F G A,KAMMANN C,ABALOS D.Biochar effects on methane emissions from soils:A meta-analysis.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2016,101:251-258.
[68]GOGLIO P,SMITH W N,GRANT B B,DESJARDINS R L,CAO X,TENUTA M,CAMPBELL C A,MCCONKEY B G,NEMECEK T,BURGESS P J,WILLIAMS A G.A comparison of methods to quantify greenhouse gas emissions of cropping systems in LCA.Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:4010-4017.