烟威沿海大叶藻居群遗传多样性研究及对海草场修复的启示
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摘要
采用微卫星引物对烟威沿海3个大叶藻居群进行了遗传多样性研究。17条引物在63株大叶藻中均呈多态,共检测到120个等位基因,每个位点平均等位基因数为7,平均有效等位基因为2.30,平均期望杂合度为0.4743,平均观测杂合度为0.4128,平均Nei’s基因多样性为0.4700。威海荣成褚岛居群的遗传多样性最高,烟台雨岱山居群次之,烟台担子岛居群最低。从遗传分化系数的数值来看,3个大叶藻居群间属于中度分化,两两居群间的基因流均大于1。说明居群间有较强的基因流,其遗传分化可能是由历史大海藻场的遗留小生段居群产生。AMOVA分析显示89.51%的变异存在于居群之内,而只有10.49%的总变异存在于居群之间。UPGMA法进行的聚类分析结果与群体间的遗传距离远近相一致。烟台雨岱山大叶藻居群遗传多样性较低,说明本地大叶藻对环境变化的适应能力和进化潜力均较低,需要保护和修复;烟台担子岛大叶藻居群遗传多样性也低,与当地的底质环境不适合大叶藻生长有关;威海荣成褚岛大叶藻居群遗传多样性及群体变异程度均较高,可以为烟威沿海地区需要修复的大叶藻海草场提供移植修复或种子补充的材料。
Seventeen pairs of Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)primers selected from 26primers in a total of 57individuals of eelgrass Zostera marina were applied to study genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in 3populations of the eelgrass along Yantai and Weihai coasts(Chudao Peninsula,RZM;Danzi Island, DZM;Gulf of Yudai Hill,YZM).The 17loci were all found to be polymorphism,and the alleles(Na) had 120in number,with an average of 7alleles per locus.There were average effective number of alleles(Ne)of 2.30,expected heterozygosity(He)of 0.4743,observed heterozygosity(Ho)of 0.4128and Nei' s gene diversity(H)of 0.4700,the maximal genetic diversity in RZM population,followed by YZM and the minimum in DZM population.The value of Fst(the average of genetic differentiation)was ranged from 0.0534to 0.1226and Nm(gene flow)from 1.7895to 4.4344among the 3populations,indicating that the genetic differentiation may be attributed to meadow fragmentation in history.The AMOVA(analysis of molecular variance)showed that there was 89.51% of genetic variation within populations,and 10.49% among populations.The result of UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means) dendrogram of the 3seagrass populations was found to be consistent with results of the genetic distance among them.Overall,the relatively lower genetic diversity in YZM population implied that the population needed sufficient conservation and remediation to increase the adaptive capacity to environmental changes and evolutionary potentials.The relatively lowest genetic diversity in DZM population was found to be attributed to the unsuitability of local substrate.Otherwise,RZM population showed relatively higher genetic diversity and differentiation,which is supposed to provide materials for transplantation of seagrass and supplement of seeds to other population in Yantai and Weihai coasts.
Seventeen pairs of Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)primers selected from 26primers in a total of 57individuals of eelgrass Zostera marina were applied to study genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in 3populations of the eelgrass along Yantai and Weihai coasts(Chudao Peninsula,RZM;Danzi Island, DZM;Gulf of Yudai Hill,YZM).The 17loci were all found to be polymorphism,and the alleles(Na) had 120in number,with an average of 7alleles per locus.There were average effective number of alleles(Ne)of 2.30,expected heterozygosity(He)of 0.4743,observed heterozygosity(Ho)of 0.4128and Nei' s gene diversity(H)of 0.4700,the maximal genetic diversity in RZM population,followed by YZM and the minimum in DZM population.The value of Fst(the average of genetic differentiation)was ranged from 0.0534to 0.1226and Nm(gene flow)from 1.7895to 4.4344among the 3populations,indicating that the genetic differentiation may be attributed to meadow fragmentation in history.The AMOVA(analysis of molecular variance)showed that there was 89.51% of genetic variation within populations,and 10.49% among populations.The result of UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means) dendrogram of the 3seagrass populations was found to be consistent with results of the genetic distance among them.Overall,the relatively lower genetic diversity in YZM population implied that the population needed sufficient conservation and remediation to increase the adaptive capacity to environmental changes and evolutionary potentials.The relatively lowest genetic diversity in DZM population was found to be attributed to the unsuitability of local substrate.Otherwise,RZM population showed relatively higher genetic diversity and differentiation,which is supposed to provide materials for transplantation of seagrass and supplement of seeds to other population in Yantai and Weihai coasts.
引文
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[9]Doyle J J,Doyle J L.A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue[J].Phytochemistry Bulletin,1987,19(1):11-15.
[10]Reusch T B H,Stam W T,Olsen J L.Size and estimated age of genets in eelgrass Zostera marina L.assessed with microsatellite markers[J].Marine Biology,1999,133(3):519-525.
[11]Wang W,You F,Gao T X,et al.Genetic variations at ten microsatellite loci in natural and cultured stocks of left eyed flounder Paralichthys oliveceus in Shandong coastal waters[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2004,35(6):530-537.
[12]Reusch T B H,Stam W T,Olsen J L.A microsatellitebased estimation of clonal diversity and population subdivision in Zostera marina,a marine flowering plant[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(2):127-140.
[13]江鑫,潘金华,韩厚伟,等.底质与水深对大叶藻和丛生大叶藻分布的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(2):101-104.
[14]Olsen J L,Stam W T,Coyer J A,et al.North Atlantic phylogeography and large-scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L.[J].Molecular Ecology,2004,13(7):1923-1941.
[15]Hewitt G M.Some genetic consequences of ice ages,and their role in divergence and speciation[J].Biology Journal of the Linnean Society,1996,58(3):247-276.
[16]Widmer A,Lexer C.Glacial refugia:sanctuaries for allelic richness,but not for gene diversity[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2001,16(6):267-269.
[2]杨宗岱,吴宝铃.中国海草场的分布、生产力及其结构与功能的初步探讨[J].生态学报,1981,1(1):84-89.
[3]杨宗岱,吴宝铃.青岛近海的海草场及其附生生物[J].黄渤海海洋,1984,2(2):56-67.
[4]Shorts F T,Wyllie-Echeverria S.Natural and humaninduced disturbance in seagrass[J].Environ Conserv,1996,23(1):17-27.
[5]Hemminga M A,Duarte C M.Seagrass ecology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[6]Orth R J,Carruthers T J B,Dennison W C,et al.A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems[J].Bioscience,2006,56(12):87-96.
[7]Waycott M,Duarte C M,Carruthers T J B,et al.Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems[J].PNAS,2009,106(30):12377-12381.
[8]范航清,石雅君,邱广龙.中国海草植物[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009:11-13.
[9]Doyle J J,Doyle J L.A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue[J].Phytochemistry Bulletin,1987,19(1):11-15.
[10]Reusch T B H,Stam W T,Olsen J L.Size and estimated age of genets in eelgrass Zostera marina L.assessed with microsatellite markers[J].Marine Biology,1999,133(3):519-525.
[11]Wang W,You F,Gao T X,et al.Genetic variations at ten microsatellite loci in natural and cultured stocks of left eyed flounder Paralichthys oliveceus in Shandong coastal waters[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2004,35(6):530-537.
[12]Reusch T B H,Stam W T,Olsen J L.A microsatellitebased estimation of clonal diversity and population subdivision in Zostera marina,a marine flowering plant[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(2):127-140.
[13]江鑫,潘金华,韩厚伟,等.底质与水深对大叶藻和丛生大叶藻分布的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(2):101-104.
[14]Olsen J L,Stam W T,Coyer J A,et al.North Atlantic phylogeography and large-scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L.[J].Molecular Ecology,2004,13(7):1923-1941.
[15]Hewitt G M.Some genetic consequences of ice ages,and their role in divergence and speciation[J].Biology Journal of the Linnean Society,1996,58(3):247-276.
[16]Widmer A,Lexer C.Glacial refugia:sanctuaries for allelic richness,but not for gene diversity[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2001,16(6):267-269.