克拉拉·伊梅瓦尔博士:科学史中一颗延迟闪亮的星
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摘要
克拉拉·伊梅瓦尔是普鲁士布雷斯劳大学的第一位女博士(1900年,化学),在以往的科学史中,至多是作为其丈夫诺奖得主弗里茨·哈伯的注脚而被提及。一战期间,哈伯是德军化学武器的主要研制者,曾亲往前线指导士兵释放毒气。1915年,克拉拉在哈伯的庆功宴后开枪自杀。此事在当时知者寥寥,自上世纪90年代起逐渐引起关注和讨论。她的自杀大多被解读为对哈伯的抗议和对科学伦理的捍卫;也有少数学者认为其主因是婚姻不睦和抑郁症。进入本世纪,克拉拉已经成为女性主义、和平主义和科学伦理的象征,成为人物传记和影视作品的主角,获得了前所未有的关注。克拉拉今天的声望不是来自她在科学上的成就,而是来自她对科学的态度和她的行为。
Clara Immerwahr was the first woman who earned a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Breslau in 1900. In the earlier history of science, she used to be seen only as a "footnote" to her husband, Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber. Clara killed herself after the reception dinner for Haber's "success" in the research and release of poison gas during WWI. This event was not noticed by contemporary public and media. It was only after the 1990s, that her suicide began to attract increasing attention and discussion. Her suicide was generally regarded as protest against Haber and as defense of the ethics of science, while a few researchers believed it to be attributed to her unhappy marriage and depression. Starting from this century, Clara has become the symbol of feminism, pacifism and the ethics of science, as well as the protagonist of biographies and movies, receiving an unprecedented attention from the public. What brought her fame and reputation was not her scientific contribution but her altitude to science and her acts.
Clara Immerwahr was the first woman who earned a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Breslau in 1900. In the earlier history of science, she used to be seen only as a "footnote" to her husband, Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber. Clara killed herself after the reception dinner for Haber's "success" in the research and release of poison gas during WWI. This event was not noticed by contemporary public and media. It was only after the 1990s, that her suicide began to attract increasing attention and discussion. Her suicide was generally regarded as protest against Haber and as defense of the ethics of science, while a few researchers believed it to be attributed to her unhappy marriage and depression. Starting from this century, Clara has become the symbol of feminism, pacifism and the ethics of science, as well as the protagonist of biographies and movies, receiving an unprecedented attention from the public. What brought her fame and reputation was not her scientific contribution but her altitude to science and her acts.
引文
[1]Friedrich B,Hoffmann,D.Clara Immerwahr:A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber[M]//One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare:Research,Deployment,Consequences.Cham:Springer International Publishing,2017,45-67.
[2]Charles,D.Master Mind:the Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber,the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare[M].New York:Ecco,2005,157-166.
[3]Meschel,S.V.'A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility:the Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr'[J].Zeitschrift Für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie,2012,638(3-4):603-609.
[4]Johnson,J.A.'German Women in Chemistry,1895-1925 1(part I)'[J].NTM International Journal of History&Ethics of Natural Sciences,Technology&Medicine,1998,6(1):1-21.
[5]Friedrich,B.,Hoffmann,D.'Clara Haber,nee Immerwahr(1870-1915):Life,Work and Legacy'[J].Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie,2016,642(6):437-448.
[6]Von Leitner,G.Der Fall Clara Immerwahr:Leben Für Eine Humane Wissenschaft[M].Munich:C.H.Beck Verlag,1993,215.
[7]Stoltzenberg,D.Fritz Haber:Chemist,Nobel Laureate,German,Jew[M].Philadelphia:Chemical Heritage Foundation,2004,174-175.
[8]Goran,M.The Story of Fritz Haber[M].Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press,1967,66-67.
[9]马克斯·F·佩鲁茨.真该早些惹怒你:关于科学、科学家和和人性的随笔[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2004,9-20.
[10]田松.我们是行走着的塑料[J].博览群书,2008,13(6):30-33.
[11]林佳谷、陳叡瑜.善待氮氣:哈伯氮肥,氮循環與氮反撲[J].工業安全衛生,2007,(221):47-56.
[12]张清建.弗里兹·哈伯:一代物理化学巨匠[J].自然辩证法通讯,2009,31(2):81-88.
[2]Charles,D.Master Mind:the Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber,the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare[M].New York:Ecco,2005,157-166.
[3]Meschel,S.V.'A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility:the Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr'[J].Zeitschrift Für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie,2012,638(3-4):603-609.
[4]Johnson,J.A.'German Women in Chemistry,1895-1925 1(part I)'[J].NTM International Journal of History&Ethics of Natural Sciences,Technology&Medicine,1998,6(1):1-21.
[5]Friedrich,B.,Hoffmann,D.'Clara Haber,nee Immerwahr(1870-1915):Life,Work and Legacy'[J].Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie,2016,642(6):437-448.
[6]Von Leitner,G.Der Fall Clara Immerwahr:Leben Für Eine Humane Wissenschaft[M].Munich:C.H.Beck Verlag,1993,215.
[7]Stoltzenberg,D.Fritz Haber:Chemist,Nobel Laureate,German,Jew[M].Philadelphia:Chemical Heritage Foundation,2004,174-175.
[8]Goran,M.The Story of Fritz Haber[M].Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press,1967,66-67.
[9]马克斯·F·佩鲁茨.真该早些惹怒你:关于科学、科学家和和人性的随笔[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2004,9-20.
[10]田松.我们是行走着的塑料[J].博览群书,2008,13(6):30-33.
[11]林佳谷、陳叡瑜.善待氮氣:哈伯氮肥,氮循環與氮反撲[J].工業安全衛生,2007,(221):47-56.
[12]张清建.弗里兹·哈伯:一代物理化学巨匠[J].自然辩证法通讯,2009,31(2):81-88.