乙炔银-硝酸银合成工艺优化及其性能测试
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摘要
以硝酸银和乙炔为原料合成了光敏炸药乙炔银-硝酸银(SASN),分析了反应温度、硝酸银质量浓度和添加剂等对合成工艺的影响,得到了最佳合成工艺条件;用扫描电镜、XRD和DSC分别研究了SASN晶体颗粒、成分和热分解性能,用Kissinger法得到了SASN的热分解反应动力学参数;测试了其撞击感度、摩擦感度、火焰感度和静电火花感度等。结果表明,SASN颗粒形态、大小易受合成条件的影响,主要以长针状晶体为主,晶体长度在10～60μm之间;最佳合成工艺条件为:硝酸银25 g、去离子水150 m L和硝酸29 m L时,得到SASN的产率较高,为86. 1%;在升温速率10℃/min下,SASN的分解峰温为232. 9℃,Kissinger法得到的热分解表观活化能为121. 0 k J/mol;其特性落高、火焰感度及静电火花感度分别为23. 9 cm、23. 9 cm和0. 49 J,均比纯叠氮化铅(LA)钝感;其摩擦感度为80%,比纯叠氮化铅敏感。
A light-ignition explosive,silver acetylide-silver nitrate(SASN),was synthesized using silver nitrate and acetylene as raw materials. The effects of reaction temperature,silver nitrate concentration and additives on the synthesis process were analyzed and the optimum synthetic process was obtained. The particle size,composition and thermal decomposition properties of SASN crystal were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),XRD and DSC,respectively. The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition reaction of SASN were obtained by Kissinger' s method and its sensitivities to impact,friction,flame and electrostatic spark were measured. The results show that the morphology and size of SASN particle are easily influenced by the synthetic conditions. Most particles of SASN are long needle-shaped crystals,the length is between 10 and 60 μm. The optimum synthetic conditions are as follows: when the reaction solution is 25 g of silver nitrate,150 m L of water,29 m L of nitric acid,the yield obtained is higher,which reaches 86. 1%. At a heating rate of 10 ℃/min,the decomposition peak of SASN is 232. 9℃. The apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of SASN obtained by Kissinger's method is 121 k J/mol. Its characteristic drop height,flame sensitivity and electrostatic spark sensitivity are 23. 9 cm,23. 9 cm and 0. 49 J,respectively,which is more insensitive than pure lead azide(LA). Its friction sensitivity is 80%,which is more sensitive than LA.
A light-ignition explosive,silver acetylide-silver nitrate(SASN),was synthesized using silver nitrate and acetylene as raw materials. The effects of reaction temperature,silver nitrate concentration and additives on the synthesis process were analyzed and the optimum synthetic process was obtained. The particle size,composition and thermal decomposition properties of SASN crystal were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),XRD and DSC,respectively. The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition reaction of SASN were obtained by Kissinger' s method and its sensitivities to impact,friction,flame and electrostatic spark were measured. The results show that the morphology and size of SASN particle are easily influenced by the synthetic conditions. Most particles of SASN are long needle-shaped crystals,the length is between 10 and 60 μm. The optimum synthetic conditions are as follows: when the reaction solution is 25 g of silver nitrate,150 m L of water,29 m L of nitric acid,the yield obtained is higher,which reaches 86. 1%. At a heating rate of 10 ℃/min,the decomposition peak of SASN is 232. 9℃. The apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of SASN obtained by Kissinger's method is 121 k J/mol. Its characteristic drop height,flame sensitivity and electrostatic spark sensitivity are 23. 9 cm,23. 9 cm and 0. 49 J,respectively,which is more insensitive than pure lead azide(LA). Its friction sensitivity is 80%,which is more sensitive than LA.
引文
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[18]史胜楠,倪德彬,庞丛丛,等.绿色起爆药2,4,6-三叠氮-1,3,5-三嗪的制备及性能研究[J].火工品,2017(4):33-36.SHI Sheng-nan,NI De-bin,PANG Cong-cong,et al. Synthesis and characterization of green primary explosive of2,4,6-triazido-1,3,5-triazine(TAT)[J]. Initiators&Pyrotechnics,2017(4):33-36.
[2]赵国民,张若棋,彭常贤,等.铅壳柔爆索冲量作用下圆柱壳结构响应实验研究[J].爆炸与冲击,2002,22(2):126-131.ZHAO Guo-min,ZHANG Ruo-qi,PENG Chang-xian,et al. Experimental studies of the structural response of cylindrical shells under mild detonating fuse impulse[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves,2002,22(2):126-131.
[3] Rivera W G,Benham R A,Duggins B D,et al. Explosive technique for impulse loading of space structures[C]∥70th Shock and Vibration Symposium. Albuquerque:Shock and Vibration Information Analysis Center,1999.
[4] Holinka S,Montoya R. Let there be LIHE[N]. Sandialab News,2007.
[5] Nevill G E,Hoese Jr F O. Impulsive loading using sprayed silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J]. Experimental Mechanics,1965,5(9):294-298.
[6] Hoese F O,Langner C G,Baker W E. Simultaneous initiation over large areas of a spray-deposited explosive[J].Experimental Mechanics,1968,8(9):392-397.
[7] Benham R A,Mathews F H,Higgins P B. Application of light-initiated explosive for simulating X-ray blowoff impulse effects on a full scale reentry vehicle,SAND76-9019[R]. Albuquerque:Sandia Laboratory,1976.
[8] Benham R A. An initiation and gas expansion model for the light-initiated explosive silver acetylide-silver nitrate,SAND79-1829[R]. Albuquerque:Sandia Laboratory,1979.
[9] Benham R A. Preliminary experiments using light-initiated high explosive for driving thin flyer plates,SAND79-1847[R]. Albuquerque:Sandia Laboratory,1980.
[10] Benham R A. Pressure loading of aluminum and quartzusing spary deposited light-initiated high explosive,SAND80-0344[R]. Albuquerque:Sandia Laboratory,1980.
[11] Benham R A,Mathews F H. X-ray simulation with lightinitiated explosive[J]. The Shock and Vibration Bulletin,1975,45:87-91.
[12] Covert T T. Staubli TX-90XL robot qualification at the light initiated high explosivefacility,SAND2010-7222[R].Albuquerque:Sandia National Laboratory,2010.
[13] Robert Matyá2,Ji rˇíPachman.起爆药学[M].张建国,张至斌,许彩霞,译.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2016.
[14]胡明志.锥壳承受短脉冲载荷的实验研究[J].宇航学报,1986(3):54-60.HU Ming-zhi. Experimental investigation on conical shells under short impulsive loading[J]. Journal of Astronautics,1986(3):54-60.
[15]褚桂敏.核爆产生的强脉冲和冲击波载荷的模拟[J].强度与环境,1989(5):46-50.
[16]裴明敬,徐海斌,王等旺,等.酸性乙炔银的光起爆特性[J].高压物理学报,2017,31(6):813-819.PEI Ming-jing,XU Hai-bin,WANG Deng-wang,et al.Detonation characteristics of light-initiated explosive silver acetylide-silver nitrate[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2017,31(6):813-819.
[17]蒲彦利,盛涤伦,朱雅红,等.新型起爆药5-硝基四唑亚铜工艺优化及性能研究[J].含能材料,2010,18(6):654-659.PU Yan-li,SHENG Di-lun,ZHU Ya-hong,et al. Synthesis process and property of new primary explosive copper(I)nitrotetrazolate[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials,2010,18(6):654-659.
[18]史胜楠,倪德彬,庞丛丛,等.绿色起爆药2,4,6-三叠氮-1,3,5-三嗪的制备及性能研究[J].火工品,2017(4):33-36.SHI Sheng-nan,NI De-bin,PANG Cong-cong,et al. Synthesis and characterization of green primary explosive of2,4,6-triazido-1,3,5-triazine(TAT)[J]. Initiators&Pyrotechnics,2017(4):33-36.