桂西北细叶云南松天然林凋落物及土壤养分特征
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摘要
细叶云南松(Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifolia)是南盘江流域典型的植被类型,它在该流域的水土保持、水源涵养方面扮演重要的角色,然而鲜少有人关注其林下凋落物和土壤养分特征。本研究选择经不同历史干扰后恢复形成的3种树种组成不同的细叶云南松天然次生林为对象,研究其凋落物量、凋落物养分归还量及其与土壤养分含量的相关关系。结果表明,年凋落物生物量为12 462.90～14 273.49kg·hm~(-2),其中凋落叶生物量为4 047.17～7 353.23kg·hm~(-2),占总量的61.1%～67.0%。凋落物生物量的月动态呈双峰型,最大值出现在4月和11月,最低值出现在9月。凋落物养分归还量以N、Ca和K较高,P较低,各组分养分归还量为针叶(16.13kg·hm~(-2))>阔叶(13.20kg·hm~(-2))>树枝(4.02kg·hm~(-2))>杂物(10.05kg·hm~(-2))。不同林分间土壤养分与各组分的营养元素归还量关系密切,其中与针叶养分归还量呈负相关,与阔叶、枝和杂物呈正相关。
Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifoliais a typical vegetation type along the Nanpan River,it plays an important role in the soil and water conservation.However,little attention has been paid to the characteristics of litter fall and soil nutrient under the forest.This paper investigated the amount,composition and dynamic characteristics,nutrient return amount and soil nutrient of litterfall in three types of secondary forests of P.yunnanensis.The results revealed that the annual litter productions in the three forests ranged from 12 462.90 to 14 273.49kg·hm~(-2),the biomass of leaf litter was the dominant component in the total litter and contributed for about 61.1%to 67.0%,whose production ranged from 4 047.17 to 7 353.23kg·hm~(-2).The monthly litterfall production exhibited two peaks,these three forests had the largest annual litterfall amount in the April and November,and the minimum appeared in September.The feature of litter nutrients return of each element size sequence was in the order of N>K>Ca>P>Fe>Mg>Cu.The amounts of various components of the nutrients return were coniferous(16.13kg·hm~(-2))>broad leaf(13.20kg·hm~(-2))> branch(4.02kg·hm~(-2))>miscellany(10.05kg·hm~(-2)).There existed significant differences in soil nutrients among three forest types,the content of organic matter was the highest,followed by total potassium,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and available potassium,and the available phos-phorus was the lowest.Soil nutrients in different plots were closely related to nutrient return of litter components,there existed negative correlation between soil nutrient and coniferous nutrient return,and positive correlation with the rest of litter components.
Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifoliais a typical vegetation type along the Nanpan River,it plays an important role in the soil and water conservation.However,little attention has been paid to the characteristics of litter fall and soil nutrient under the forest.This paper investigated the amount,composition and dynamic characteristics,nutrient return amount and soil nutrient of litterfall in three types of secondary forests of P.yunnanensis.The results revealed that the annual litter productions in the three forests ranged from 12 462.90 to 14 273.49kg·hm~(-2),the biomass of leaf litter was the dominant component in the total litter and contributed for about 61.1%to 67.0%,whose production ranged from 4 047.17 to 7 353.23kg·hm~(-2).The monthly litterfall production exhibited two peaks,these three forests had the largest annual litterfall amount in the April and November,and the minimum appeared in September.The feature of litter nutrients return of each element size sequence was in the order of N>K>Ca>P>Fe>Mg>Cu.The amounts of various components of the nutrients return were coniferous(16.13kg·hm~(-2))>broad leaf(13.20kg·hm~(-2))> branch(4.02kg·hm~(-2))>miscellany(10.05kg·hm~(-2)).There existed significant differences in soil nutrients among three forest types,the content of organic matter was the highest,followed by total potassium,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and available potassium,and the available phos-phorus was the lowest.Soil nutrients in different plots were closely related to nutrient return of litter components,there existed negative correlation between soil nutrient and coniferous nutrient return,and positive correlation with the rest of litter components.
引文
[1] SONIA R,MIREN D,ISABEL C.Litter fall in mediterranean Pinus pinaster ait stands under different thinning regimes[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,206(1):179-190.
[2]张超,闫文德,郑威,等.凋落物对樟树和马尾松混交林土壤呼吸的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(3):22-27.ZHANG C,YAN W D,ZHENG W,et al.Influence of litter on soil respiration in camphor tree-masson pine mixed forest[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2013,28(3):22-27.(in Chinese)
[3] GAIROLA S,RAWAL S,DHAR U.Patterns of litterfall and return of nutrients across anthropogenic disturbance gradients in three subalpine forests of west Himalaya,India[J].Journal of Forest Research,2009,14(2):73-80.
[4] LI Y.Nearest neighbour relationships in Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifoliaforests along the Nanpan river,China[J].Forest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2017,10(4):746-753.
[5]李治基,王献溥.广西细叶云南松的地理分布和环境的关系[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1981,5(1):30-39.
[6]王献溥.广西细叶云南松群系的初步研究[J].植物研究,1987,7(1):127-150.
[7]佚名.广西云南松林更新和主伐方式的研究初报[J].林业科学,1960(1):44-54.
[8]杨炳强,李大南.广西雅长细叶云南松分布区土壤的肥力特性[J].广西农学院学报,1988,7(3):27-33.
[9] KELTING D L,BURGER J A,EDWARDS G S.Estimating root respiration,microbial respiration in the rhizosphere,and root-free soil respiration in forest soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1998,30(7):961-968.
[10]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:111-132.
[11]张乔民,陈永福.海南三亚河红树凋落物产量与季节变化研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):1977-1983.ZHANG Q M,CHEN Y F.Production and seasonal change pattern of litter fall of Rhizophora apiculata in Sanya river mangroves,Hainan Island[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(10):1977-1983.(in Chinese)
[12] CUEVAS E,LUGO E.Dynamics of organic matter and nutrient return from litterfall in stands of ten tropical tree plantation species[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,112(3):263-279.
[13] SUNDARAPANDIAN M,SWAMY S.Litter production and leaf-litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forests at Kodayar in the western Ghats,India[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,123(2/3):231-244.
[14]侯玲玲,毛子军,孙涛,等.小兴安岭十种典型森林群落凋落物生物量及其动态变化[J].生态学报,2013,33(6):1994-2002.HOU L L,MAO Z J,SUN T,et al.Dynamic of litterfall in ten typical community types of Xiaoxing'an mountain,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(6):1994-2002.(in Chinese)
[15]李雪峰,韩士杰,胡艳玲,等.长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):245-251.LI X F,HAN S J,HU Y L,et al.Decomposition of litter organic matter and its relations to C,N and P release in secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest in Changbai mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):245-251.(in Chinese)
[16]赵鸿杰,谭家得,张学平,等.南亚热带3种人工松林的凋落物水文效应研究[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(5):54-57.ZHAO H J,TAN J D,ZHANG X P,et al.Hydrological effect on 3pine plantations in south Subtropical China[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(5):54-58.(in Chinese)
[17] LIAO J H,WANG H H,TSAI C C,et al.Litter production,decomposition and nutrient return of uplifted coral reef tropical forest[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2006,235(1):174-185.
[18]温远光,韦炳二,黎洁娟.亚热带森林凋落物产量及动态的研究[J].林业科学,1989,25(6):542-548.WEN Y G,WEI B E,LI J J.A study on the litter production and dynamics of subtropical forest[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1989,25(6):542-548.(in Chinese)
[19] PAUDEL E,DOSSA O,XU J,et al.Litterfall and nutrient return along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2015,353:97-106.
[20]李忠文,闫文德,郑威,等.亚热带樟树-马尾松混交林凋落物量及养分动态特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7707-7714.LI Z W,YAN W D,ZHENG W,et al.Litter fall production and nutrient dynamic of Cinnamomum camphora and Pinus massoniana mixed forests in subtropics China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7707-7714.(in Chinese)
[21]刘勇生.武夷山风景名胜区不同类型天然林凋落物特征比较研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2008.
[22]刘醒华.川西林区森林采伐迹地土壤肥力的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1979,16(3):234-244.LIU X H.A preliminary study on soil fertility of the cut-over area in western Sichuan[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1979,16(3):234-244.(in Chinese)
[23]张鹏,王新杰,衣晓丹,等.杉木不同生长阶段凋落物持水性与养分储量[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(10):58-62.ZHANG P,WANG X,YI X D,et al.Water capacity characteristics and nutrients storage of litter in different development stages of Chinese fir plantations[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2015,43(10):58-62.(in Chinese)
[24]项文化,闫文德,田大伦,等.外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(6):1-6.XIANG W H,YAN W D,TIAN D L,et al.Effects of nitrogen addition and mixture with understorey plant leaves on decompositions and nitrogenr eleases of Chinese fir needle litter[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(6):1-6.(in Chinese)
[25]MENDON S,STOTT E.Characteristics and decomposition rates of pruning residues from a shaded coffee system in southeastern Brazil[J].Agroforestry Systems,2003,57(2):117-125.
[26]郭剑芬,陈光水,钱伟,等.万木林自然保护区2种天然林及杉木人工林凋落量及养分归还[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4091-4098.GUO J F,CHEN G S,QIAN W,et al.Litter production and nutrient return in two natural forests and a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Wanmulin nature reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(12):4091-4098.(in Chinese)
[27]杨玉盛,林鹏,郭剑芬,等.格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解[J].生态学报,2003,23(7):1278-1289.YANG Y S,LIN P,GUO J F,et al.Litter production,nutrient return and leaf-litter decomposition in natural and monoculture plantation forests of Castanopsis kawakamii in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(7):1278-1289.(in Chinese)
[28]翁轰,李志安,屠梦照,等.鼎湖山森林凋落物量及营养元素含量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1993,17(4):299-304.
[29]刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10.LIU Y,ZHANG J,FENG M S.Dynamics of litter production,nutrient return and decomposition of four Eucalyptus grandis plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(7):1-10.(in Chinese)
[2]张超,闫文德,郑威,等.凋落物对樟树和马尾松混交林土壤呼吸的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(3):22-27.ZHANG C,YAN W D,ZHENG W,et al.Influence of litter on soil respiration in camphor tree-masson pine mixed forest[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2013,28(3):22-27.(in Chinese)
[3] GAIROLA S,RAWAL S,DHAR U.Patterns of litterfall and return of nutrients across anthropogenic disturbance gradients in three subalpine forests of west Himalaya,India[J].Journal of Forest Research,2009,14(2):73-80.
[4] LI Y.Nearest neighbour relationships in Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifoliaforests along the Nanpan river,China[J].Forest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2017,10(4):746-753.
[5]李治基,王献溥.广西细叶云南松的地理分布和环境的关系[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1981,5(1):30-39.
[6]王献溥.广西细叶云南松群系的初步研究[J].植物研究,1987,7(1):127-150.
[7]佚名.广西云南松林更新和主伐方式的研究初报[J].林业科学,1960(1):44-54.
[8]杨炳强,李大南.广西雅长细叶云南松分布区土壤的肥力特性[J].广西农学院学报,1988,7(3):27-33.
[9] KELTING D L,BURGER J A,EDWARDS G S.Estimating root respiration,microbial respiration in the rhizosphere,and root-free soil respiration in forest soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1998,30(7):961-968.
[10]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:111-132.
[11]张乔民,陈永福.海南三亚河红树凋落物产量与季节变化研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):1977-1983.ZHANG Q M,CHEN Y F.Production and seasonal change pattern of litter fall of Rhizophora apiculata in Sanya river mangroves,Hainan Island[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(10):1977-1983.(in Chinese)
[12] CUEVAS E,LUGO E.Dynamics of organic matter and nutrient return from litterfall in stands of ten tropical tree plantation species[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,112(3):263-279.
[13] SUNDARAPANDIAN M,SWAMY S.Litter production and leaf-litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forests at Kodayar in the western Ghats,India[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,123(2/3):231-244.
[14]侯玲玲,毛子军,孙涛,等.小兴安岭十种典型森林群落凋落物生物量及其动态变化[J].生态学报,2013,33(6):1994-2002.HOU L L,MAO Z J,SUN T,et al.Dynamic of litterfall in ten typical community types of Xiaoxing'an mountain,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(6):1994-2002.(in Chinese)
[15]李雪峰,韩士杰,胡艳玲,等.长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):245-251.LI X F,HAN S J,HU Y L,et al.Decomposition of litter organic matter and its relations to C,N and P release in secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest in Changbai mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):245-251.(in Chinese)
[16]赵鸿杰,谭家得,张学平,等.南亚热带3种人工松林的凋落物水文效应研究[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(5):54-57.ZHAO H J,TAN J D,ZHANG X P,et al.Hydrological effect on 3pine plantations in south Subtropical China[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(5):54-58.(in Chinese)
[17] LIAO J H,WANG H H,TSAI C C,et al.Litter production,decomposition and nutrient return of uplifted coral reef tropical forest[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2006,235(1):174-185.
[18]温远光,韦炳二,黎洁娟.亚热带森林凋落物产量及动态的研究[J].林业科学,1989,25(6):542-548.WEN Y G,WEI B E,LI J J.A study on the litter production and dynamics of subtropical forest[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1989,25(6):542-548.(in Chinese)
[19] PAUDEL E,DOSSA O,XU J,et al.Litterfall and nutrient return along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2015,353:97-106.
[20]李忠文,闫文德,郑威,等.亚热带樟树-马尾松混交林凋落物量及养分动态特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7707-7714.LI Z W,YAN W D,ZHENG W,et al.Litter fall production and nutrient dynamic of Cinnamomum camphora and Pinus massoniana mixed forests in subtropics China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7707-7714.(in Chinese)
[21]刘勇生.武夷山风景名胜区不同类型天然林凋落物特征比较研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2008.
[22]刘醒华.川西林区森林采伐迹地土壤肥力的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1979,16(3):234-244.LIU X H.A preliminary study on soil fertility of the cut-over area in western Sichuan[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1979,16(3):234-244.(in Chinese)
[23]张鹏,王新杰,衣晓丹,等.杉木不同生长阶段凋落物持水性与养分储量[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(10):58-62.ZHANG P,WANG X,YI X D,et al.Water capacity characteristics and nutrients storage of litter in different development stages of Chinese fir plantations[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2015,43(10):58-62.(in Chinese)
[24]项文化,闫文德,田大伦,等.外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(6):1-6.XIANG W H,YAN W D,TIAN D L,et al.Effects of nitrogen addition and mixture with understorey plant leaves on decompositions and nitrogenr eleases of Chinese fir needle litter[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(6):1-6.(in Chinese)
[25]MENDON S,STOTT E.Characteristics and decomposition rates of pruning residues from a shaded coffee system in southeastern Brazil[J].Agroforestry Systems,2003,57(2):117-125.
[26]郭剑芬,陈光水,钱伟,等.万木林自然保护区2种天然林及杉木人工林凋落量及养分归还[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4091-4098.GUO J F,CHEN G S,QIAN W,et al.Litter production and nutrient return in two natural forests and a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Wanmulin nature reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(12):4091-4098.(in Chinese)
[27]杨玉盛,林鹏,郭剑芬,等.格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解[J].生态学报,2003,23(7):1278-1289.YANG Y S,LIN P,GUO J F,et al.Litter production,nutrient return and leaf-litter decomposition in natural and monoculture plantation forests of Castanopsis kawakamii in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(7):1278-1289.(in Chinese)
[28]翁轰,李志安,屠梦照,等.鼎湖山森林凋落物量及营养元素含量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1993,17(4):299-304.
[29]刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10.LIU Y,ZHANG J,FENG M S.Dynamics of litter production,nutrient return and decomposition of four Eucalyptus grandis plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(7):1-10.(in Chinese)