不同施肥措施对烟株生长发育及土壤盐分的影响
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摘要
【目的】为研究不同施肥措施对烟株生长发育及土壤盐分的影响。【方法】以中烟100为供试品种,采用盆栽试验,设置6种施肥处理:不施肥、单施氮肥、氮磷钾肥配施、氮磷钾肥分别增施腐熟秸秆、芝麻饼肥和生物炭,研究不同施肥措施对烟株生长发育和土壤盐分的影响。【结果】(1)与氮磷钾肥配施相比,在移栽后90 d,增施腐熟秸秆处理烟株株高、最大叶面积分别显著增加13%和34%,增施有机物料在增加烤烟产量、产值的同时,还提高了烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,增加烟碱含量,提升两糖比。增施生物炭显著提高烟叶含钾量。(2)各处理土壤可溶性盐组成均以SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Na~+和Ca~(2+)为主,水溶性总盐、Cl~-和Ca~(2+)在移栽后45～60 d达到最大值。(3)施肥整体增加了总盐含量,氮磷钾肥配施主要增加了土壤Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、K~+含量。(4)增施有机物料降低了总盐含量增和Ca~(2+)含量,对Na~+含量的影响随时间而异,增施腐熟秸秆处理增加了Cl~-含量,增施生物炭处理增加了K~+含量。【结论】施肥措施会促进烟株生长发育,增加土壤总盐含量,氮磷钾肥配施腐熟秸秆或芝麻饼肥有利于脱盐。
[Objectives] The aim was to study effects of different fertilization practices on tobacco plant growth and soil salt content.[Methods]A pot experiment with Zhongyan100 as material was conducted under six fertilization treatments including no fertilizer,nitrogenous fertilizer, conventional fertilizer, conventional fertilizer plus decomposed straw, conventional fertilizer plus sesame cake, and conventional fertilizer plus biochar. [Results] Compared with the conventional fertilizer, applying fermented crop straw significantly increased height and maximum leaf area of tobacco plants by 13 and 34%, respectively. Total sugar, reducing sugar content, yield and output value, nicotine content and sugar ratio of tobacco leaves were increased by applying organic materials. Application of biochar signi?cantly increased potassium content in tobacco leaves. SO_4~(2-), HCO_3~-, Na~+ and Ca~(2+) were the main ion components in soil. Fertilization generally increased soil salt contents. The application of conventional fertilizer mainly increased contents of Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)and K~+. Applying organic materials decreased the contents of total salt and Ca~(2+). Soil Cl~-and K~+ contents were increased by application of fermented crop straw and biochar, respectively. [Conclusions] Combined application of conventional fertilizer with decomposed straw or biochar was bene?cial to desalination.
[Objectives] The aim was to study effects of different fertilization practices on tobacco plant growth and soil salt content.[Methods]A pot experiment with Zhongyan100 as material was conducted under six fertilization treatments including no fertilizer,nitrogenous fertilizer, conventional fertilizer, conventional fertilizer plus decomposed straw, conventional fertilizer plus sesame cake, and conventional fertilizer plus biochar. [Results] Compared with the conventional fertilizer, applying fermented crop straw significantly increased height and maximum leaf area of tobacco plants by 13 and 34%, respectively. Total sugar, reducing sugar content, yield and output value, nicotine content and sugar ratio of tobacco leaves were increased by applying organic materials. Application of biochar signi?cantly increased potassium content in tobacco leaves. SO_4~(2-), HCO_3~-, Na~+ and Ca~(2+) were the main ion components in soil. Fertilization generally increased soil salt contents. The application of conventional fertilizer mainly increased contents of Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)and K~+. Applying organic materials decreased the contents of total salt and Ca~(2+). Soil Cl~-and K~+ contents were increased by application of fermented crop straw and biochar, respectively. [Conclusions] Combined application of conventional fertilizer with decomposed straw or biochar was bene?cial to desalination.
引文
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[9]肖辉,潘洁,程文娟,等.不同有机肥对设施土壤全盐累积与pH值变化的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(2):248-252.XIAO Hui,PAN Jie,CHENG Wenjuan,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizers on total salt accumulation and pH value in Greenhouse Soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(2):248-252.
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[14]Cheng C H,Lehmann J.Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient.[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(8):1021.
[15]肖茜.生物炭对旱作春玉米农田水氮运移、利用及产量形成的影响[D].西北农林科技大学,2017.SONG Qian.Effects of biochar on transportation and utilization and yield formation in dry season spring maize field[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2017.
[16]赵可夫.植物抗盐生理[M].中国科学技术出版社,北京,1993.ZHAO Kefu.Physiology of plant salt resistance[M].China Science and Technology Press,Beijing,1993.
[17]李中昊,陈阜,文新亚,等.气温上升对河套义长灌域土壤盐分含量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(1):61-68.LI Zhonghao,CHEN Gu,WEN Xinya,et al.Influence of temperature rise on soil salt content in long irrigation area of Hetao[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(1):61-68.
[18]陈恩凤.采用以水、肥为中心的综合措施改良盐渍土[J].土壤通报,1991(1):8-8.CHEN Enfeng.Adopting comprehensive measures of water and fertilizer as the center to improve the[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1991(1):8-8.
[19]魏国胜.植烟土壤酸化机理及调控技术研究[D].中国农业科学院,2014.WEI Guosheng.Study on the acidification mechanism and control technology of soil planting soil[D].Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[20]宿庆瑞,李卫孝,迟凤琴.有机肥对土壤盐分及水稻产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):299-301.SU Qingrui,LI Weixiao,CHI Fengqin.Effects of organic manure on soil salt and rice yield[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(4):299-301.
[21]许健.生物炭对土壤水盐运移的影响[D].西北农林科技大学,2016.XU Jian.Effect of biochar on water and salt movement in soil[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2016.
[22]勒斯勒,朗格,卢焕章,等.地球化学表[M].科学出版社,1985.LE Sile,LANG Ge,LU Huanzhang,et al.Geochemistry table[M].Science Press,1985.
[23]曾爱,廖允成,张俊丽,等.生物炭对塿土土壤含水量、有机碳及速效养分含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013(5):1009-1015.ZENG Ai,LIAO Yucheng,ZHANG Junli,et al.Effects of biochar on soil moisture,organic carbon and available nutrient contents in manural loessial Soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013(5):1009-1015.
[24]陈恩凤,王汝镛,王春裕.有机质改良盐碱土的作用[J].土壤通报,1984(5).CHEN Enfeng,WANG Ruyong,WANG Chunyu.The effect of organic matter on the improvement of saline alkali soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science 1984(5).
[25]赵宇华,叶央芳,刘学东.硫酸盐还原菌及其影响因子[J].环境污染与防治,1997(5):41-43.ZHAO Yuhua,YE Yangfang,LIU Xuedong.Sulfate reducing bacteria and their influencing factors[J].Environmental pollution and Prevention,1997(5):41-43.
[26]陈宗娅.秸秆还田对“稻麦轮作”体系土壤与作物中汞累积的影响[D].贵州大学,2017.CHEN Zhongya.Effects of straw returning on mercury accumulation in soil and crop of rice wheat rotation system[D].Guizhou University,2017.
[27]陈铭,孙富臣,刘更另.含硫及含氯化肥对湘南水田土壤酸度和养分有效性的影响[J].生态环境学报,1993(4):189-194.CHEN Ming,SUN Fuchen,LIU Gengling.Effects of sulphur and chlorinated fertilizers on soil acidity and nutrient availability in paddy fields in southern Hunan[J].Ecology and Environment,1993(4):189-194.
[28]胡国松,张国显,曹志宏,等.河南烟区烤烟叶片含钾量低的原因初探[J].中国烟草学报,1996,3(1):13-18.HU Guosong,ZHANG Guoxian,CAO Zhihong,et al.Apreliminary study on the low potassium content of flue cured tobacco leaves in Henan tobacco growing areas[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,1996,3(1):13-18.
[29]Gao ZH,Wollum A G and Miner G S.Effect and Soil acidity on Nuse efficiency and growth of flue-cured tobacco Tobacco Science1992,(12):57-60.
[2]刘润华,冯文龙.铁尾矿复合改良剂改良盐碱地技术获得成功[J].黄金,2016,37(2):55-55.LIU Runhua,FENG Wenlong.Iron tailings complex modifier improves saline alkali soil technology successfully.[J].Gold,2016,37(2):55-55.
[3]王遵亲,祝寿泉,俞仁培,等.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.1-430.WANG Zunqin,ZHU Shouquan,YU Renpei et al.Salty soil in China.Beijing:Science Press,1993.1-430.
[4]柳勇,徐润生,孔国添,等.高强度连作下露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化及其影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报,2006,15(3):620-624.LIU Yong,XU Runsheng,KONG Guotian,et al.Secondary salinization of soil under high intensity continuous cropping open vegetable plot and its influencing factors[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(3):620-624.
[5]张淑红,张恩平,庞金安,等.植物耐盐性研究进展[J].北方园艺,2000,38(5):19-20.ZHANG Shuhong,ZHANG Enping,PANG Jinan,et al.Research Progress on salt tolerance of plants[J].Northern Horticulture,2000,38(5):19-20.
[6]张建兵,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物ZHANG Jinbing,YANG Jinsong,YAORongjiang,et al.Effects of organic manure and mulching on the water and salt and crop yield of reclamation farmland in tidal flat[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(15):116-125.
[7]王海江,石建初,张花玲,等.不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):102-111.WANG Haijing,SHI Jianchu,ZHANG Hualing,et al.Salt content change and desalting effect of severe saline soil in Xinjiang under different improvement measures[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(22):102-111.
[8]孙运朋,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.生物炭和无机肥对盐碱滩涂围垦农田土壤性状的影响[J].土壤通报,2017,48(2):454-459.SUN Yunpenng,YANG JinSong,YAO Rongjiang,et al.Effects of biological carbon and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties of cultivated land in salt and alkaline land[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(2):454-459.
[9]肖辉,潘洁,程文娟,等.不同有机肥对设施土壤全盐累积与pH值变化的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(2):248-252.XIAO Hui,PAN Jie,CHENG Wenjuan,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizers on total salt accumulation and pH value in Greenhouse Soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(2):248-252.
[10]叶协锋.河南省烟草种植生态适宜性区划研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2011.YE XieFeng.Study on the ecological suitability of tobacco planting in Henan province[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2011.
[11]刘国顺.烟草栽培学[M].中国农业出版社,2003.LIU Guoshun.Tobacco cultivation[M].China Agricultural Press,2003.
[12]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].中国农业科技出版社,北京,1999.LU Rukun.Method of soil agrochemical analysis[M].China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,Beijing,1999.
[13]Busch D,Glaser B.Stability of co-composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil[J].Soil Use&Management,2015,31(2):251-258.
[14]Cheng C H,Lehmann J.Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient.[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(8):1021.
[15]肖茜.生物炭对旱作春玉米农田水氮运移、利用及产量形成的影响[D].西北农林科技大学,2017.SONG Qian.Effects of biochar on transportation and utilization and yield formation in dry season spring maize field[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2017.
[16]赵可夫.植物抗盐生理[M].中国科学技术出版社,北京,1993.ZHAO Kefu.Physiology of plant salt resistance[M].China Science and Technology Press,Beijing,1993.
[17]李中昊,陈阜,文新亚,等.气温上升对河套义长灌域土壤盐分含量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(1):61-68.LI Zhonghao,CHEN Gu,WEN Xinya,et al.Influence of temperature rise on soil salt content in long irrigation area of Hetao[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(1):61-68.
[18]陈恩凤.采用以水、肥为中心的综合措施改良盐渍土[J].土壤通报,1991(1):8-8.CHEN Enfeng.Adopting comprehensive measures of water and fertilizer as the center to improve the[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1991(1):8-8.
[19]魏国胜.植烟土壤酸化机理及调控技术研究[D].中国农业科学院,2014.WEI Guosheng.Study on the acidification mechanism and control technology of soil planting soil[D].Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[20]宿庆瑞,李卫孝,迟凤琴.有机肥对土壤盐分及水稻产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):299-301.SU Qingrui,LI Weixiao,CHI Fengqin.Effects of organic manure on soil salt and rice yield[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(4):299-301.
[21]许健.生物炭对土壤水盐运移的影响[D].西北农林科技大学,2016.XU Jian.Effect of biochar on water and salt movement in soil[D].Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2016.
[22]勒斯勒,朗格,卢焕章,等.地球化学表[M].科学出版社,1985.LE Sile,LANG Ge,LU Huanzhang,et al.Geochemistry table[M].Science Press,1985.
[23]曾爱,廖允成,张俊丽,等.生物炭对塿土土壤含水量、有机碳及速效养分含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013(5):1009-1015.ZENG Ai,LIAO Yucheng,ZHANG Junli,et al.Effects of biochar on soil moisture,organic carbon and available nutrient contents in manural loessial Soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013(5):1009-1015.
[24]陈恩凤,王汝镛,王春裕.有机质改良盐碱土的作用[J].土壤通报,1984(5).CHEN Enfeng,WANG Ruyong,WANG Chunyu.The effect of organic matter on the improvement of saline alkali soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science 1984(5).
[25]赵宇华,叶央芳,刘学东.硫酸盐还原菌及其影响因子[J].环境污染与防治,1997(5):41-43.ZHAO Yuhua,YE Yangfang,LIU Xuedong.Sulfate reducing bacteria and their influencing factors[J].Environmental pollution and Prevention,1997(5):41-43.
[26]陈宗娅.秸秆还田对“稻麦轮作”体系土壤与作物中汞累积的影响[D].贵州大学,2017.CHEN Zhongya.Effects of straw returning on mercury accumulation in soil and crop of rice wheat rotation system[D].Guizhou University,2017.
[27]陈铭,孙富臣,刘更另.含硫及含氯化肥对湘南水田土壤酸度和养分有效性的影响[J].生态环境学报,1993(4):189-194.CHEN Ming,SUN Fuchen,LIU Gengling.Effects of sulphur and chlorinated fertilizers on soil acidity and nutrient availability in paddy fields in southern Hunan[J].Ecology and Environment,1993(4):189-194.
[28]胡国松,张国显,曹志宏,等.河南烟区烤烟叶片含钾量低的原因初探[J].中国烟草学报,1996,3(1):13-18.HU Guosong,ZHANG Guoxian,CAO Zhihong,et al.Apreliminary study on the low potassium content of flue cured tobacco leaves in Henan tobacco growing areas[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,1996,3(1):13-18.
[29]Gao ZH,Wollum A G and Miner G S.Effect and Soil acidity on Nuse efficiency and growth of flue-cured tobacco Tobacco Science1992,(12):57-60.