意大利蝗卵越冬期呼吸代谢对季节变化的响应
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摘要
为明确意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)卵越冬过程中的呼吸代谢变化,通过定期解剖野外意大利蝗卵观察其胚胎发育进度,并应用多通道昆虫呼吸代谢测量系统逐月测定意大利蝗卵的O_2消耗率、CO_2释放率、代谢率和呼吸商,分析其变化特征,同时对其越冬环境温度进行实时测定。结果表明,意大利蝗卵的呼吸代谢水平随着越冬时间的推进发生季节性波动。越冬前(8—10月),意大利蝗卵的呼吸代谢水平较高,其中在8月间最高,此时胚胎发育较快,且复眼背部边缘在10月出现红色;越冬期间(11月—翌年2月),呼吸代谢水平在11月间最低,在12月—翌年2月之间则无显著差异,复眼颜色逐渐加深,胚胎发育基本停滞;越冬结束后(翌年3—4月),呼吸代谢水平逐渐升高,在翌年4月间显著高于10月—翌年3月,但显著低于8月,此时发生胚胎转动且恢复发育。越冬过程中,意大利蝗卵呼吸商均大于0.94。不同月份意大利蝗卵的O_2消耗率、CO_2释放率、代谢率与5 cm地温之间均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.857、0.831和0.902。在整个越冬过程中,意大利蝗卵的呼吸代谢变化与其胚胎发育进度以及环境温度密切相关,且蝗卵均以糖类为主要能源物质,以最大程度减少物质能量消耗,从而确保蝗卵的正常发育、越冬及来年的顺利孵化。
To clarify the changes of respiratory metabolism in overwintering eggs of Italian locust Calliptamus italicus(L.), locust eggs were dissected regularly to observe embryonic development progress, and O_2 consumption rate, CO_2 release rate, metabolic rate and respiratory quotient were measured using Sable multi-channel insect respiratory metabolism measurement systems and analyzed from August to April of the next year. The environmental temperature of locust eggs in the wild was measured.The results showed that respiratory metabolism level of locust eggs fluctuated seasonally with the advance of overwintering time. In pre-winter(August—October), respiratory metabolism level of locust eggs was higher, and the highest respiratory metabolism level was observed in August. At this satge, embryos developed fastly and the red pigment appeared in the back edge of the compound eyes in October.During the winter(November—Feburary), respiratory metabolism level was the lowest in November,but no significace was observed during this period. The color of the compound eyes darkened and the embryo development basically stagnated. In post-winter(March—April), respiratory metabolism level gradually increased. Respiratory metabolism level in April was significantly higher than that in October—March, but significantly lower than that in August. During this period, embryo transfer occurred and the embryos recovered development. During the whole overwintering progress, respiratory quotients of locust eggs were higher than 0.94. The correlation coefficients between O_2 consumption rate, CO_2 release rate, metabolic rate and 5-cm ground temperature in different months were 0.857, 0.831, 0.902, respectively; there was a positive correlation between the respiratory metabolism of locust eggs and 5-cm ground temperature. The respiratory metabolism level of C. italicus eggs were closely related to their embryonic development and the environmental temperature during the whole overwintering process. Carbohydrates were the main energy sources of locust eggs, which could minimize the energy consumption to ensure normal development, successful overwintering and incubation of locust eggs in the coming year.
To clarify the changes of respiratory metabolism in overwintering eggs of Italian locust Calliptamus italicus(L.), locust eggs were dissected regularly to observe embryonic development progress, and O_2 consumption rate, CO_2 release rate, metabolic rate and respiratory quotient were measured using Sable multi-channel insect respiratory metabolism measurement systems and analyzed from August to April of the next year. The environmental temperature of locust eggs in the wild was measured.The results showed that respiratory metabolism level of locust eggs fluctuated seasonally with the advance of overwintering time. In pre-winter(August—October), respiratory metabolism level of locust eggs was higher, and the highest respiratory metabolism level was observed in August. At this satge, embryos developed fastly and the red pigment appeared in the back edge of the compound eyes in October.During the winter(November—Feburary), respiratory metabolism level was the lowest in November,but no significace was observed during this period. The color of the compound eyes darkened and the embryo development basically stagnated. In post-winter(March—April), respiratory metabolism level gradually increased. Respiratory metabolism level in April was significantly higher than that in October—March, but significantly lower than that in August. During this period, embryo transfer occurred and the embryos recovered development. During the whole overwintering progress, respiratory quotients of locust eggs were higher than 0.94. The correlation coefficients between O_2 consumption rate, CO_2 release rate, metabolic rate and 5-cm ground temperature in different months were 0.857, 0.831, 0.902, respectively; there was a positive correlation between the respiratory metabolism of locust eggs and 5-cm ground temperature. The respiratory metabolism level of C. italicus eggs were closely related to their embryonic development and the environmental temperature during the whole overwintering process. Carbohydrates were the main energy sources of locust eggs, which could minimize the energy consumption to ensure normal development, successful overwintering and incubation of locust eggs in the coming year.
引文
Acar EB,Smith BN,Hansen LD,Booth GM.2001.Use of calorespirometry to determine effects of temperature on metabolic efficiency of an insect.Environmental Entomology,30(5):811-816
Chen AR,Li KB,Yin J,Cao YZ.2011.Effects of environmental factors on the respiratory metabolism in larvae of Pleonomus canaliculatus(Coleoptera:Elateridae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,54(4):397-403(in Chinese)[陈爱瑞,李克斌,尹姣,曹雅忠.2011.环境因子对沟金针虫呼吸代谢的影响.昆虫学报,54(4):397-403]
Chin CT,Quo F,Chai CH,Cheng CY,Sha CY,Chan TM.1956.Studies on the locust egg.II.Developmental changes of the locust egg during incubation and their possible physiological significances.Acta Entomologica Sinica,6(1):37-60(in Chinese)[钦俊德,郭郛,翟啓慧,郑竺英,沙槎云,陈德明.1956.蝗卵的研究II.蝗卵在孵育时的变化及其意义.昆虫学报,6(1):37-60]
Gao F,Su JW,Ge F,Wu G,Liu XH.2007.Effect of temperature on the respiration and metabolism of ladybeetles,Propylaea japonica.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,46(4):562-564(in Chinese)[高峰,苏建伟,戈峰,吴刚,刘向辉.2007.温度对龟纹瓢虫呼吸代谢的影响.湖北农业科学,46(4):562-564]
Ge F.1991.The influencing factors of insect’s respiratory metabolism.Entomological Knowledge,28(5):319-321(in Chinese)[戈峰.1991.影响昆虫呼吸代谢的因素.昆虫知识,28(5):319-321]
He LZ,Liu YP,Yan MY,Liu Q,Li ZW,Ji R,Ye XF.2017.The respiratory metabolism of overwintering Gomphocerus sibiricus(Orthoptera:Acrididae)eggs.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,54(1):92-99(in Chinese)[何立志,刘余平,闫蒙云,刘琼,李占武,季荣,叶小芳.2017.西伯利亚蝗越冬卵的呼吸代谢规律研究.应用昆虫学报,54(1):92-99]
Hetz SK,Bradley TJ.2005.Insects breathe discontinuously to avoid oxygen toxicity.Nature,433(7025):516-519
Kaiser ML,Duncan FD,Brooke BD.2014.Embryonic development and rates of metabolic activity in early and late hatching eggs of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.PLoS ONE,9(12):e114381
Kambule IN,Hanrahan SA,Duncan FD.2011.Metabolic rate in diapause and nondiapause brown locust eggs correlated with embryonic development.Physiological Entomology,36(4):299-308
Kivel?SM,Lehmann P,Gotthard K.2016.Do respiratory limitations affect metabolism of insect larvae before moulting?An empirical test at the individual level.Journal of Experimental Biology,219(19):3061-3071
Maino JL,Kearney MK.2014.Ontogenic and interspecific metabolic scaling in insects.The American Naturalist,184(6):695-701
Paerhati.2005.An overview of the hazards and prevention of grassland locusts in Xinjiang.Xinjiang Animal Industry,(2):58-59(in Chinese)[帕尔哈提.2005.新疆草原蝗虫发生危害及防治概况.新疆畜牧业,(2):58-59]
Pang XF.1963.Effect of temperature on oxygen uptake of several insects.Entomological Knowledge,(2):56-60(in Chinese)[庞雄飞.1963.温度对几种昆虫吸氧量的影响.昆虫知识,(2):56-60]
Qian X,Dou J,Wang DM,Li S,Roman J,Ji R.2016a.Stigma structure and response of respiratory metabolism of Gomphocerus sibiricus to high temperature stress.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,53(4):837-842(in Chinese)[钱雪,窦洁,王冬梅,李爽,Roman Jashenko,季荣.2016a.西伯利亚蝗气门结构及呼吸代谢对高温胁迫的响应.应用昆虫学报,53(4):837-842]
Qian X,Wang DM,Li S,Dou J,Ji R.2016b.Seasonal variation in respiratory metabolism and its adaptive value in Pyrrhocoris apterus.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(20):6602-6606(in Chinese)[钱雪,王冬梅,李爽,窦洁,季荣.2016b.始红蝽呼吸代谢的季节变化及对温度的适应性.生态学报,36(20):6602-6606]
Ren JL,Zhao L,Ge J.2015.Embryonic development of diapausing eggs in Calliptamus italicus(L.)(Orthoptera:Catantopidae).Acta Entomological Sinica,58(11):1201-1212(in Chinese)[任金龙,赵莉,葛婧.2015.意大利蝗的胚胎发育及卵滞育发生的胚胎发育阶段.昆虫学报,58(11):1201-1212]
Wang DM,Li J,Li S,Hu HX,Ji R.2014.Effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism of Calliptamus italicus(Orthoptera:Acrididae).Acta Entomological Sinica,57(3):373-378(in Chinese)[王冬梅,李娟,李爽,扈红霞,季荣.2014.温度对意大利蝗呼吸代谢的影响.昆虫学报,57(3):373-378]
Wang FH,Gong H.1997.Measurement on respiratory rate of diapause-and non-diapause-destined Helicoverpa armigera.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,36(S2):58-61(in Chinese)[王方海,龚和.1997.滞育和非滞育棉铃虫耗氧率的测定.中山大学学报(自然科学版),36(S2):58-61]
Wang MQ,Pang H,Li ZZ.2001.Characteristics of the respiratory metabolism of Chinolyda flagellicornis prepupa.Forest Research,14(6):616-620(in Chinese)[王满囷,庞辉,李周直.2001.鞭角华扁叶蜂预蛹呼吸代谢的特点.林业科学研究,14(6):616-620]
Williams CM,Hellmann J,Sinclair BJ.2012.Lepidopteran species differ in susceptibility to winter warming.Climate Research,53(2):119-130
Wu KJ,Gong PY.1984.Respiratory metabolism of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera(Hübner).Acta Entomologica Sinica,27(2):128-135(in Chinese)[吴坤君,龚佩瑜.1984.棉铃虫的呼吸代谢.昆虫学报,27(2):128-135]
Wu KJ,Gong PY,Li XZ.1989.Characteristics of the respiratory metabolism of overwintering pupae of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera(Hübner).Acta Entomologica Sinica,32(2):136-143(in Chinese)[吴坤君,龚佩瑜,李秀珍.1989.棉铃虫越冬蛹呼吸代谢的某些特点.昆虫学报,32(2):136-143]
Xu SQ,Wang HC,Liu ZB,Zheng ZM.1996.Oxygen consumption rate of Oxya chinensis during embryo development.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),24(4):68-70(in Chinese)[许升全,王海川,刘志斌,郑哲民.1996.中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis Thunberg)胚胎发育过程中耗氧率变化的研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(4):68-70]
Zhang YN,Fan JT,Yang L,Liu ZD.2014.The summer diapauses rate,pupal weight,and metabolic rate of Helicoverpa assulta at 35℃.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(5):1274-1279(in Chinese)[张亚南,樊建庭,杨林,刘柱东.2014.35℃下烟青虫夏滞育率、蛹重及代谢速率的变化.应用昆虫学报,51(5):1274-1279]
Zhang YQ,Ding W,Zhao ZM,Wang JJ,Tao HY.2003.Comparison of respiratory metabolism of controlled atmosphere-resistant and pesticide resistant strains of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel(Psocoptera:Liposcelididae).Journal of Southwest Agricultural University(Natural Science),25(5):413-416(in Chinese)[张永强,丁伟,赵志模,王进军,陶卉英.2003.嗜卷书虱抗气性和抗药性品系呼吸代谢的比较.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),25(5):413-416]
Zhu MM,Zhang R,Zhang ZH,Zhao ZH.2016.The responses of grasshoppers and their natural enemies to soil humidity and slope in Mahuang Mountain,Ningxia.Journal of Plant Protection,43(3):369-376(in Chinese)[朱猛蒙,张蓉,张泽华,赵紫华.2016.宁夏麻黄山草原蝗虫及天敌对土壤含水量及坡度的响应特征.植物保护学报,43(3):369-376]
Zhu YH.2014.Effects of low temperature and light stress on the coldtolerant substances in Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen and study on the respiratory model of L.migratoria tibetensis Chen.Master Thesis.Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University(in Chinese)[朱昱翰.2014.低温和光照胁迫对西藏飞蝗抗寒物质的影响及西藏飞蝗呼吸模式研究.硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学]
Chen AR,Li KB,Yin J,Cao YZ.2011.Effects of environmental factors on the respiratory metabolism in larvae of Pleonomus canaliculatus(Coleoptera:Elateridae).Acta Entomologica Sinica,54(4):397-403(in Chinese)[陈爱瑞,李克斌,尹姣,曹雅忠.2011.环境因子对沟金针虫呼吸代谢的影响.昆虫学报,54(4):397-403]
Chin CT,Quo F,Chai CH,Cheng CY,Sha CY,Chan TM.1956.Studies on the locust egg.II.Developmental changes of the locust egg during incubation and their possible physiological significances.Acta Entomologica Sinica,6(1):37-60(in Chinese)[钦俊德,郭郛,翟啓慧,郑竺英,沙槎云,陈德明.1956.蝗卵的研究II.蝗卵在孵育时的变化及其意义.昆虫学报,6(1):37-60]
Gao F,Su JW,Ge F,Wu G,Liu XH.2007.Effect of temperature on the respiration and metabolism of ladybeetles,Propylaea japonica.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,46(4):562-564(in Chinese)[高峰,苏建伟,戈峰,吴刚,刘向辉.2007.温度对龟纹瓢虫呼吸代谢的影响.湖北农业科学,46(4):562-564]
Ge F.1991.The influencing factors of insect’s respiratory metabolism.Entomological Knowledge,28(5):319-321(in Chinese)[戈峰.1991.影响昆虫呼吸代谢的因素.昆虫知识,28(5):319-321]
He LZ,Liu YP,Yan MY,Liu Q,Li ZW,Ji R,Ye XF.2017.The respiratory metabolism of overwintering Gomphocerus sibiricus(Orthoptera:Acrididae)eggs.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,54(1):92-99(in Chinese)[何立志,刘余平,闫蒙云,刘琼,李占武,季荣,叶小芳.2017.西伯利亚蝗越冬卵的呼吸代谢规律研究.应用昆虫学报,54(1):92-99]
Hetz SK,Bradley TJ.2005.Insects breathe discontinuously to avoid oxygen toxicity.Nature,433(7025):516-519
Kaiser ML,Duncan FD,Brooke BD.2014.Embryonic development and rates of metabolic activity in early and late hatching eggs of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.PLoS ONE,9(12):e114381
Kambule IN,Hanrahan SA,Duncan FD.2011.Metabolic rate in diapause and nondiapause brown locust eggs correlated with embryonic development.Physiological Entomology,36(4):299-308
Kivel?SM,Lehmann P,Gotthard K.2016.Do respiratory limitations affect metabolism of insect larvae before moulting?An empirical test at the individual level.Journal of Experimental Biology,219(19):3061-3071
Maino JL,Kearney MK.2014.Ontogenic and interspecific metabolic scaling in insects.The American Naturalist,184(6):695-701
Paerhati.2005.An overview of the hazards and prevention of grassland locusts in Xinjiang.Xinjiang Animal Industry,(2):58-59(in Chinese)[帕尔哈提.2005.新疆草原蝗虫发生危害及防治概况.新疆畜牧业,(2):58-59]
Pang XF.1963.Effect of temperature on oxygen uptake of several insects.Entomological Knowledge,(2):56-60(in Chinese)[庞雄飞.1963.温度对几种昆虫吸氧量的影响.昆虫知识,(2):56-60]
Qian X,Dou J,Wang DM,Li S,Roman J,Ji R.2016a.Stigma structure and response of respiratory metabolism of Gomphocerus sibiricus to high temperature stress.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,53(4):837-842(in Chinese)[钱雪,窦洁,王冬梅,李爽,Roman Jashenko,季荣.2016a.西伯利亚蝗气门结构及呼吸代谢对高温胁迫的响应.应用昆虫学报,53(4):837-842]
Qian X,Wang DM,Li S,Dou J,Ji R.2016b.Seasonal variation in respiratory metabolism and its adaptive value in Pyrrhocoris apterus.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(20):6602-6606(in Chinese)[钱雪,王冬梅,李爽,窦洁,季荣.2016b.始红蝽呼吸代谢的季节变化及对温度的适应性.生态学报,36(20):6602-6606]
Ren JL,Zhao L,Ge J.2015.Embryonic development of diapausing eggs in Calliptamus italicus(L.)(Orthoptera:Catantopidae).Acta Entomological Sinica,58(11):1201-1212(in Chinese)[任金龙,赵莉,葛婧.2015.意大利蝗的胚胎发育及卵滞育发生的胚胎发育阶段.昆虫学报,58(11):1201-1212]
Wang DM,Li J,Li S,Hu HX,Ji R.2014.Effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism of Calliptamus italicus(Orthoptera:Acrididae).Acta Entomological Sinica,57(3):373-378(in Chinese)[王冬梅,李娟,李爽,扈红霞,季荣.2014.温度对意大利蝗呼吸代谢的影响.昆虫学报,57(3):373-378]
Wang FH,Gong H.1997.Measurement on respiratory rate of diapause-and non-diapause-destined Helicoverpa armigera.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,36(S2):58-61(in Chinese)[王方海,龚和.1997.滞育和非滞育棉铃虫耗氧率的测定.中山大学学报(自然科学版),36(S2):58-61]
Wang MQ,Pang H,Li ZZ.2001.Characteristics of the respiratory metabolism of Chinolyda flagellicornis prepupa.Forest Research,14(6):616-620(in Chinese)[王满囷,庞辉,李周直.2001.鞭角华扁叶蜂预蛹呼吸代谢的特点.林业科学研究,14(6):616-620]
Williams CM,Hellmann J,Sinclair BJ.2012.Lepidopteran species differ in susceptibility to winter warming.Climate Research,53(2):119-130
Wu KJ,Gong PY.1984.Respiratory metabolism of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera(Hübner).Acta Entomologica Sinica,27(2):128-135(in Chinese)[吴坤君,龚佩瑜.1984.棉铃虫的呼吸代谢.昆虫学报,27(2):128-135]
Wu KJ,Gong PY,Li XZ.1989.Characteristics of the respiratory metabolism of overwintering pupae of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera(Hübner).Acta Entomologica Sinica,32(2):136-143(in Chinese)[吴坤君,龚佩瑜,李秀珍.1989.棉铃虫越冬蛹呼吸代谢的某些特点.昆虫学报,32(2):136-143]
Xu SQ,Wang HC,Liu ZB,Zheng ZM.1996.Oxygen consumption rate of Oxya chinensis during embryo development.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),24(4):68-70(in Chinese)[许升全,王海川,刘志斌,郑哲民.1996.中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis Thunberg)胚胎发育过程中耗氧率变化的研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(4):68-70]
Zhang YN,Fan JT,Yang L,Liu ZD.2014.The summer diapauses rate,pupal weight,and metabolic rate of Helicoverpa assulta at 35℃.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(5):1274-1279(in Chinese)[张亚南,樊建庭,杨林,刘柱东.2014.35℃下烟青虫夏滞育率、蛹重及代谢速率的变化.应用昆虫学报,51(5):1274-1279]
Zhang YQ,Ding W,Zhao ZM,Wang JJ,Tao HY.2003.Comparison of respiratory metabolism of controlled atmosphere-resistant and pesticide resistant strains of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel(Psocoptera:Liposcelididae).Journal of Southwest Agricultural University(Natural Science),25(5):413-416(in Chinese)[张永强,丁伟,赵志模,王进军,陶卉英.2003.嗜卷书虱抗气性和抗药性品系呼吸代谢的比较.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),25(5):413-416]
Zhu MM,Zhang R,Zhang ZH,Zhao ZH.2016.The responses of grasshoppers and their natural enemies to soil humidity and slope in Mahuang Mountain,Ningxia.Journal of Plant Protection,43(3):369-376(in Chinese)[朱猛蒙,张蓉,张泽华,赵紫华.2016.宁夏麻黄山草原蝗虫及天敌对土壤含水量及坡度的响应特征.植物保护学报,43(3):369-376]
Zhu YH.2014.Effects of low temperature and light stress on the coldtolerant substances in Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen and study on the respiratory model of L.migratoria tibetensis Chen.Master Thesis.Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University(in Chinese)[朱昱翰.2014.低温和光照胁迫对西藏飞蝗抗寒物质的影响及西藏飞蝗呼吸模式研究.硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学]