用于湍流燃烧温度测量的激光诊断技术
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摘要
在湍流燃烧模型及CFD仿真软件的实验验证以及实际燃烧装置性能改进中,准确的温度测量以及温度梯度分布测量十分重要.Rayleigh散射、过滤Rayleigh散射和双线平面激光诱导荧光等基于激光的测温技术已在湍流燃烧实验研究中广泛应用,但每种测温技术都不能满足所有的测量环境.因此,须根据具体的探测对象和测量需求,对测温方法和实验方案进行合理选择.文章主要对这3种测温技术的工作原理、适用条件、研究现状和实际应用中需注意的问题进行综述.
Further improvement of sophisticated turbulent flame models and computational fluid dynamics( CFD) codes requires accurate and reliable temperature and its distribution data from turbulent flames. For this purpose,laser-based diagnostic techniques have been widely used in the temperature measurements of turbulent flames,such as Rayleigh scattering,filtered Rayleigh scattering and two-line planar laser induced fluorescence. However,there is no single laser diagnostic technique that can be applied under all circumstances. Thus,the measurement techniques and experimental scheme must be carefully considered and properly chosen in terms of detection targets and requirements. This paper reviewed the basic principle,suitable conditions,research status and matters worth attention in practical application for the three thermometry techniques.
Further improvement of sophisticated turbulent flame models and computational fluid dynamics( CFD) codes requires accurate and reliable temperature and its distribution data from turbulent flames. For this purpose,laser-based diagnostic techniques have been widely used in the temperature measurements of turbulent flames,such as Rayleigh scattering,filtered Rayleigh scattering and two-line planar laser induced fluorescence. However,there is no single laser diagnostic technique that can be applied under all circumstances. Thus,the measurement techniques and experimental scheme must be carefully considered and properly chosen in terms of detection targets and requirements. This paper reviewed the basic principle,suitable conditions,research status and matters worth attention in practical application for the three thermometry techniques.
引文
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[11]Li Z S,Li B,Sun Z W,et al.Turbulence and combustion interaction:high resolution local flame front structure visualization using simultaneous single-shot PLIF imaging of CH,OH,and CH2O in a piloted premixed jet flame[J].Combustion and Flame,2010,157(6):1087-1096.
[12]Kohse-H9inghaus K,Barlow R S,Aldén M,et al.Combustion at the focus:laser diagnostics and control[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2005,30(1):89-123.
[13]Kohse-H9inghaus K,Jeffries J B.Applied combustion diagnostics[M].New York:CRC Press,2002.
[14]Barlow R S,Frank J H.Effects of turbulence on species mass fractions in methane/air jet flames[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(1):1087-1095.
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[16]Brockhinke A,Andresen P,Kohse-H9inghaus K.Quantitative one-dimensional single-pulse multi-species concentration and temperature measurement in the lift-off region of a turbulent H2/air diffusion flame[J].Applied Physics B,1995,61(6):533-545.
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[18]Namer L,Schefer R W.Error estimates for Rayleigh scattering density and temperature measurements in premixed flames[J].Experiments in Fluids,1985,3(1):1-9.
[19]Nathan G J,Kalt P A,Alwahabi Z T,et al.Recent advances in the measurement of strongly radiating,turbulent reacting flows[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(1):41-61.
[20]Zhou B,Brackmann C,Li Z S,et al.Simultaneous multi-species and temperature visualization of premixed flames in the distributed reaction zone regime[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(2):1409-1416.
[21]Sutton J A,Lempert W R.Recent advances in high-energy,high-repetition rate diagnostics for PLIF,Rayleigh,and Raman scattering imaging in turbulent reacting flows[R].AIAA 2011-361,2011.
[22]王晟,刘晶儒,胡志云,等.用于燃烧场诊断的分子滤波瑞利散射技术[J].光学精密工程,2011,19(2):445-451.Wang S,Liu J R,Hu Z Y,et al.Development of filtered Rayleigh scattering for combustion diagnostic application[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2011,19(2):445-451(in Chinese).
[23]Kearney S P,Beresh S J,Grasser T W,et al.A filtered Rayleigh scattering apparatus for gas-phase and combustion temperature imaging[R].AIAA 2003-0584,2003.
[24]Tenti G,Boley C D,Desai R C.On the kinetic model description of Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering from molecular gases[J].Canadian Journal of Physics,1974,52(4):285-290.
[25]Kearney S P,Beresh S J,Grasser T W,et al.Filtered Rayleigh scattering thermometry in vortex-strained and sooting flames[R].AIAA 2004-1358,2004.
[26]Mc Manus T A,Sutton J A.Quantitative temperature imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames using filtered Rayleigh scattering[R].AIAA 2015-1025,2015.
[27]Sutton J A,Patton R A.Improvements in filtered Rayleigh scattering measurements using Fabry-Perot etalons for spectral filtering of pulsed,532-nm Nd:YAG output[J].Applied Physics B,2014,116(3):681-698.
[28]George J,Jenkins T,Grady N,et al.Simultaneous multi-property laser diagnostic for high speed flows using filtered Rayleigh scattering[J].AIAA 2016-3110,2016.
[29]关小伟,刘晶儒,黄梅生,等.PLIF法定量测量甲烷-空气火焰二维温度场分布[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(2):173-176.Guan X W,Liu J R,Huang M S,et al.Two-dimensional temperature field measurement in a methane-air flame by PLIF[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2005,17(2):173-176(in Chinese).
[30]Palmer J L,Hanson R K.Temperature imaging in a supersonic free jet of combustion gases with two-line OH fluorescence[J].Applied Optics,1996,35(3):485-499.
[31]Meier U E,Gabmann D W,Stricker W.LIF imaging and2D temperature mapping in a model combustor at elevated pressure[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2000,4(6):403-414.
[32]Kaminski C F,Engstr9m J,Aldén M.Quasi-instantaneous two-dimensional temperature measurements in a spark ignition engine using 2-line atomic fluorescence[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(1):85-93.
[33]Medwell P R,Chan Q N,Kalt P A,et al.Development of temperature imaging using two-line atomic fluorescence[J].Applied Optics,2009,48(6):1237-1248.
[34]Medwell P R,Chan Q N,Kalt P A,et al.Instantaneous temperature imaging of diffusion flames using two-line atomic fluorescence[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2010,64(2):173-176.
[35]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Kalt P A,et al.Simultaneous imaging of temperature and soot volume fraction[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2011,33(1):791-798.
[36]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Kalt P A,et al.Solvent effects on two-line atomic fluorescence of indium[J].Applied Optics,2010,49(8):1257-1266.
[37]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Alwahabi Z T,et al.Assessment of interferences to nonlinear two-line atomic fluorescence(NTLAF)in sooty flames[J].Applied Physics B,2011,104(1):189-198.
[38]Mahmoud S M,Nathan G J,Medwell P R,et al.Simultaneous planar measurements of temperature and soot volume fraction in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(2):1931-1938.
[39]Gu D H,Sun Z W,Nathan G J,et al.Improvement of precision and accuracy of temperature imaging in sooting flames using two-line atomic fluorescence(TLAF)[J].Combustion and Flame,2016,167:481-493.
[40]Tao B,Hu Z Y,Fan W,et al.Novel method for quantitative and real-time measurements on engine combustion at varying pressure based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy[J].Optics Express,2017,25(16):A762-A776.
[2]Hu Z Y,Liu J R,Ye J F,et al.Laser-based measurements of temperature,species,and velocity in engine combustor[C].Proceedings of SPIE 8796,2ndInternational Symposium on Laser Interaction with Matter(LIMIS 2012),Xi'an:SPIE,2013:87961G.
[3]Brackmann C,Bood J,Afzelius M,et al.Thermometry in internal combustion engines via dual-broadband rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2004,15(3):R13-R25.
[4]Magnotti G,Cutler A D,Danehy P.Development of a dual-pump CARS system for measurements in a supersonic combusting free jet[R].AIAA 2012-1193,2012.
[5]Cutler A D,Magnotti G,Cantu L,et al.Dual-pump CARS measurements in the university of Virginia's dualmode scramjet:configuration″A″[R].AIAA 2012-0114,2012.
[6]胡志云,张振荣,刘晶儒,等.用单次脉冲非稳腔空间增强探测CARS技术测量火焰温度[J].中国激光,2004,31(5):609-612.Hu Z Y,Zhang Z R,Liu J R,et al.Temperature measurement in CH4/Air flame by single-pulse USED CARS[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2004,31(5):609-612(in Chinese).
[7]李国华,胡志云,王晟,等.基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的二维温度场扫描测量[J].光学精密工程,2016,24(1):14-19.Li G H,Hu Z Y,Wang S,et al.2D scanning CARS for temperature distribution measurement[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2016,24(1):14-19(in Chinese).
[8]Sutton G,Levick A,Edwards G,et al.A combustion temperature and species standard for the calibration of laser diagnostic techniques[J].Combustion and Flame,2006,147(1/2):39-48.
[9]刘建胜,刘晶儒,张振荣,等.利用拉曼散射测量燃烧场的组分浓度及温度[J].光学学报,2000,20(9):1263-1267.Liu J S,Liu J R,Zhang Z R,et al.Raman scattering measurements for multi-species and temperature in combustion[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2000,20(9):1263-1267(in Chinese).
[10]Bray K N.The challenge of turbulent combustion[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1996,26(1):1-26.
[11]Li Z S,Li B,Sun Z W,et al.Turbulence and combustion interaction:high resolution local flame front structure visualization using simultaneous single-shot PLIF imaging of CH,OH,and CH2O in a piloted premixed jet flame[J].Combustion and Flame,2010,157(6):1087-1096.
[12]Kohse-H9inghaus K,Barlow R S,Aldén M,et al.Combustion at the focus:laser diagnostics and control[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2005,30(1):89-123.
[13]Kohse-H9inghaus K,Jeffries J B.Applied combustion diagnostics[M].New York:CRC Press,2002.
[14]Barlow R S,Frank J H.Effects of turbulence on species mass fractions in methane/air jet flames[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(1):1087-1095.
[15]Lesieur M,Métais O.New trends in large-eddy simulations of turbulence[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1996,28:45-82.
[16]Brockhinke A,Andresen P,Kohse-H9inghaus K.Quantitative one-dimensional single-pulse multi-species concentration and temperature measurement in the lift-off region of a turbulent H2/air diffusion flame[J].Applied Physics B,1995,61(6):533-545.
[17]Bergmann V,Meier W,Wolff D,et al.Application of spontaneous Raman and Rayleigh scattering and 2D LIF for the characterization of a turbulent CH4/H2/N2jet diffusion flame[J].Applied Physics B,1998,66(4):489-502.
[18]Namer L,Schefer R W.Error estimates for Rayleigh scattering density and temperature measurements in premixed flames[J].Experiments in Fluids,1985,3(1):1-9.
[19]Nathan G J,Kalt P A,Alwahabi Z T,et al.Recent advances in the measurement of strongly radiating,turbulent reacting flows[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(1):41-61.
[20]Zhou B,Brackmann C,Li Z S,et al.Simultaneous multi-species and temperature visualization of premixed flames in the distributed reaction zone regime[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(2):1409-1416.
[21]Sutton J A,Lempert W R.Recent advances in high-energy,high-repetition rate diagnostics for PLIF,Rayleigh,and Raman scattering imaging in turbulent reacting flows[R].AIAA 2011-361,2011.
[22]王晟,刘晶儒,胡志云,等.用于燃烧场诊断的分子滤波瑞利散射技术[J].光学精密工程,2011,19(2):445-451.Wang S,Liu J R,Hu Z Y,et al.Development of filtered Rayleigh scattering for combustion diagnostic application[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2011,19(2):445-451(in Chinese).
[23]Kearney S P,Beresh S J,Grasser T W,et al.A filtered Rayleigh scattering apparatus for gas-phase and combustion temperature imaging[R].AIAA 2003-0584,2003.
[24]Tenti G,Boley C D,Desai R C.On the kinetic model description of Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering from molecular gases[J].Canadian Journal of Physics,1974,52(4):285-290.
[25]Kearney S P,Beresh S J,Grasser T W,et al.Filtered Rayleigh scattering thermometry in vortex-strained and sooting flames[R].AIAA 2004-1358,2004.
[26]Mc Manus T A,Sutton J A.Quantitative temperature imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames using filtered Rayleigh scattering[R].AIAA 2015-1025,2015.
[27]Sutton J A,Patton R A.Improvements in filtered Rayleigh scattering measurements using Fabry-Perot etalons for spectral filtering of pulsed,532-nm Nd:YAG output[J].Applied Physics B,2014,116(3):681-698.
[28]George J,Jenkins T,Grady N,et al.Simultaneous multi-property laser diagnostic for high speed flows using filtered Rayleigh scattering[J].AIAA 2016-3110,2016.
[29]关小伟,刘晶儒,黄梅生,等.PLIF法定量测量甲烷-空气火焰二维温度场分布[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(2):173-176.Guan X W,Liu J R,Huang M S,et al.Two-dimensional temperature field measurement in a methane-air flame by PLIF[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2005,17(2):173-176(in Chinese).
[30]Palmer J L,Hanson R K.Temperature imaging in a supersonic free jet of combustion gases with two-line OH fluorescence[J].Applied Optics,1996,35(3):485-499.
[31]Meier U E,Gabmann D W,Stricker W.LIF imaging and2D temperature mapping in a model combustor at elevated pressure[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2000,4(6):403-414.
[32]Kaminski C F,Engstr9m J,Aldén M.Quasi-instantaneous two-dimensional temperature measurements in a spark ignition engine using 2-line atomic fluorescence[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(1):85-93.
[33]Medwell P R,Chan Q N,Kalt P A,et al.Development of temperature imaging using two-line atomic fluorescence[J].Applied Optics,2009,48(6):1237-1248.
[34]Medwell P R,Chan Q N,Kalt P A,et al.Instantaneous temperature imaging of diffusion flames using two-line atomic fluorescence[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2010,64(2):173-176.
[35]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Kalt P A,et al.Simultaneous imaging of temperature and soot volume fraction[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2011,33(1):791-798.
[36]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Kalt P A,et al.Solvent effects on two-line atomic fluorescence of indium[J].Applied Optics,2010,49(8):1257-1266.
[37]Chan Q N,Medwell P R,Alwahabi Z T,et al.Assessment of interferences to nonlinear two-line atomic fluorescence(NTLAF)in sooty flames[J].Applied Physics B,2011,104(1):189-198.
[38]Mahmoud S M,Nathan G J,Medwell P R,et al.Simultaneous planar measurements of temperature and soot volume fraction in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(2):1931-1938.
[39]Gu D H,Sun Z W,Nathan G J,et al.Improvement of precision and accuracy of temperature imaging in sooting flames using two-line atomic fluorescence(TLAF)[J].Combustion and Flame,2016,167:481-493.
[40]Tao B,Hu Z Y,Fan W,et al.Novel method for quantitative and real-time measurements on engine combustion at varying pressure based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy[J].Optics Express,2017,25(16):A762-A776.