从合同法到保险法:合理期待原则的勃兴与超越
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摘要
合理期待原则是美国现实主义法学思潮下新古典契约法理论的产物。该原则超越了传统的合同解释规则,也扩张了传统保险法的规制手段。新古典契约主义思潮使该原则成为法院衡平保险合同当事人之间权利义务的最佳利器。由于该原则过于抽象化,合理期待原则亦可能成为司法权扩张的帮凶。因而,在梳理合理期待原则的功能定位与发展脉络的前提下,在合同解释规则和保险法规则中正确置放该原则,并使其成为保险合同解释规则的最后防线是我国未来保险法司法实务正确适用合理期待原则的基本立场。
The Reasonable Expectation Principle(Principle)is the product of the Neo-classical Contract Law Theory under the American Realist Legal Thoughts.The Principle not only goes beyond the traditional rules of contract interpretation,but also expands the traditional insurance law regulation means.Neo-classical Contractarianism makes the Principle the best tool for the court to balance the rights and obligations between the parties of insurance contract.However,becauseit is too abstract,the Principle may also become an"accomplice"of the expansion of judicial power.Therefore,in the premise of combing the function orientation and development thread of the Principle,correctly placing the Principle in the contract interpretation rules and the insurance law rules and making it the final line of the insurance contract interpretation rule is the basic position of the correct application of insurance lawin the future judicial practice.
The Reasonable Expectation Principle(Principle)is the product of the Neo-classical Contract Law Theory under the American Realist Legal Thoughts.The Principle not only goes beyond the traditional rules of contract interpretation,but also expands the traditional insurance law regulation means.Neo-classical Contractarianism makes the Principle the best tool for the court to balance the rights and obligations between the parties of insurance contract.However,becauseit is too abstract,the Principle may also become an"accomplice"of the expansion of judicial power.Therefore,in the premise of combing the function orientation and development thread of the Principle,correctly placing the Principle in the contract interpretation rules and the insurance law rules and making it the final line of the insurance contract interpretation rule is the basic position of the correct application of insurance lawin the future judicial practice.
引文
[1]Catherine Mitchell.Leading a life of its own?The roles of reasonable expectation in contract law[J].Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,2003,23(4):639-665.
[2]E.Allan Farnsworth.“Meaning”in the Law of Contracts[J].The Yale Law Journal,1967,76(5):939-965.
[3]王文宇.合同解释三部曲——比较法观点[J].中国法律评论,2016(1):60-89.
[4]马宁.保险合同解释的逻辑演进[J].法学,2014(9):74-85.
[5]Robert H.Jerry,Ⅱ.Insurance,Contract,and the doctrine of reasonable expectation[J].Connecticut Insurance Law Journal,1998,5(21):21-58.
[6]刘承韪.论美国契约法理论“演化三部曲”[J].比较法研究,2010(1):23-31.
[7]刘承韪.契约法理论的历史嬗迭与现代发展——以英美契约法为核心的考察[J].中外法学,2011(4):774-794.
[8]马宁.保险法中的合理期待:从规则向原则的回归[J].比较法研究,2015(5):76-88.
[9]Robert H.Jerry,Ⅱ&Douglas R.Richmond.Understanding insurance law[M].4th Edition.Ohio:LexisNexis Press,2007.
[10]高鸿钧,赵晓力.新编西方法律思想史(现代、当代部分)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015.
[11]Kenneth S.Abraham.Judge-made law and judge-made insurance:honoring the reasonable expectations of the insured[J].Virginia Law Review,1981,67(6):1151-1200.
[12]刘宗荣.保险法[M].台北:台湾三民书局出版社,1995.
[13]樊启荣.美国保险法上“合理期待原则”评析[J].法商研究,2004(3):117-126.
[14]Robert E.Keeton.Insurance law rights at variance with policy provisions[J].Harvard Law Review,1970,83(5):961-985.
[15]陈百灵.论保险合同解释中的合理期待原则[J].法律适用,2004(7):20-22.
[16]Robert E.Keeton.Insurance law rights at variance with policy provisions:part two[J].Harvard Law Review,1970,83(6):1281-1322.
[17]刘学生.保险合同法修订理念及立法基础问题评述[J].法学,2010(1):77-85.
[18]安建.中华人民共和国保险法(修订)释义[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[19]Leo P.Martinez&John W.Whelan.Cases and materials on insurance law[M].5th Edition,Arizona:West Press,2006.
[20]樊启荣.保险法诸问题与新展望[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[21]梁鹏.保险法合理期待原则研究[J].国家检察官学院学报,2007(5):141-147.
[22][英]M.A.克拉克.保险合同法[M].何美欢,吴志攀,等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[23]王林清.保险法中合理期待原则的产生、适用及其局限性[J].保险研究,2009(5):8-13.
[24]叶金强.私法中理性人标准之建构[J].法学研究,2015(1):101-114.
(1)有实证分析表明,我国法院在适用该规则时,要么是忽视其适用前提,在当事人不存在解释冲突时径行适用该规则,要么是忽视其他解释规则而直接适用该规则。参见曹兴权、罗璨:《保险不利解释原则适用的二维视域——弱者保护与技术维护之衡平》,《现代法学》2013年第4期,第74-75页;何骧:《合理期待原则对我国保险立法的借鉴意义——从疑义解释在司法实践中的嬗变切入》,《河北法学》2013年第9期,第173页。
[2]E.Allan Farnsworth.“Meaning”in the Law of Contracts[J].The Yale Law Journal,1967,76(5):939-965.
[3]王文宇.合同解释三部曲——比较法观点[J].中国法律评论,2016(1):60-89.
[4]马宁.保险合同解释的逻辑演进[J].法学,2014(9):74-85.
[5]Robert H.Jerry,Ⅱ.Insurance,Contract,and the doctrine of reasonable expectation[J].Connecticut Insurance Law Journal,1998,5(21):21-58.
[6]刘承韪.论美国契约法理论“演化三部曲”[J].比较法研究,2010(1):23-31.
[7]刘承韪.契约法理论的历史嬗迭与现代发展——以英美契约法为核心的考察[J].中外法学,2011(4):774-794.
[8]马宁.保险法中的合理期待:从规则向原则的回归[J].比较法研究,2015(5):76-88.
[9]Robert H.Jerry,Ⅱ&Douglas R.Richmond.Understanding insurance law[M].4th Edition.Ohio:LexisNexis Press,2007.
[10]高鸿钧,赵晓力.新编西方法律思想史(现代、当代部分)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015.
[11]Kenneth S.Abraham.Judge-made law and judge-made insurance:honoring the reasonable expectations of the insured[J].Virginia Law Review,1981,67(6):1151-1200.
[12]刘宗荣.保险法[M].台北:台湾三民书局出版社,1995.
[13]樊启荣.美国保险法上“合理期待原则”评析[J].法商研究,2004(3):117-126.
[14]Robert E.Keeton.Insurance law rights at variance with policy provisions[J].Harvard Law Review,1970,83(5):961-985.
[15]陈百灵.论保险合同解释中的合理期待原则[J].法律适用,2004(7):20-22.
[16]Robert E.Keeton.Insurance law rights at variance with policy provisions:part two[J].Harvard Law Review,1970,83(6):1281-1322.
[17]刘学生.保险合同法修订理念及立法基础问题评述[J].法学,2010(1):77-85.
[18]安建.中华人民共和国保险法(修订)释义[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[19]Leo P.Martinez&John W.Whelan.Cases and materials on insurance law[M].5th Edition,Arizona:West Press,2006.
[20]樊启荣.保险法诸问题与新展望[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[21]梁鹏.保险法合理期待原则研究[J].国家检察官学院学报,2007(5):141-147.
[22][英]M.A.克拉克.保险合同法[M].何美欢,吴志攀,等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[23]王林清.保险法中合理期待原则的产生、适用及其局限性[J].保险研究,2009(5):8-13.
[24]叶金强.私法中理性人标准之建构[J].法学研究,2015(1):101-114.
(1)有实证分析表明,我国法院在适用该规则时,要么是忽视其适用前提,在当事人不存在解释冲突时径行适用该规则,要么是忽视其他解释规则而直接适用该规则。参见曹兴权、罗璨:《保险不利解释原则适用的二维视域——弱者保护与技术维护之衡平》,《现代法学》2013年第4期,第74-75页;何骧:《合理期待原则对我国保险立法的借鉴意义——从疑义解释在司法实践中的嬗变切入》,《河北法学》2013年第9期,第173页。