中国转基因食品风险规制路径的选择
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摘要
转基因食品安全性的争议由来已久,这场争议与消费者、生物技术公司、政府管理者、非政府组织和科学家都密切相关,其主要核心包括转基因食品的上市标注、政府管理者的责任、相关科学研究的目的、转基因作物对环境和健康的影响、对害虫抗药性的影响、对农业生产者的影响和转基因作物对满足全球粮食需求的作用。在风险社会下,转基因食品安全不仅关系着广大人民群众的身体健康和生命安全,还影响着经济发展与社会稳定,因此需要健全转基因食品安全风险规制体制。本文从转基因食品风险规制路径入手,分析了市场、科学、民主3种风险规制路径的优缺点,再从中国的实际情况出发,结合中国转基因食品的背景以及相关法律法规以及费雪的行政宪政主义,提出了适合中国的转基因风险规制的有效路径,从而在公众对转基因食品安全质疑的情况下,对其进行有效的风险规制,以期为通过法律监管手段提升转基因食品的安全性监管提供理论依据,并为中国转基因食品的风险规制路径的完善提出建议。
The controversy over the safety of genetically modified foods has been long-standing, and this controversy is closely related to consumers, biotechnology companies, government regulators, non-governmental organizations and scientists. Its main core includes the labling of genetically modified foods, the responsibility of government managers, the purpose of relevant scientific research, the impact of genetically modified crops on the environment and health, the impact on pest resistance, the impact on agricultural producers and the role of genetically modified crops in meeting global food demand. In a risk society, genetically modified food safety not only affects the health and safety of the people, but also affects economic development and social stability. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety risk regulation system of genetically modified food. This paper started with the risk regulation path of genetically modified foods, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the 3 risk regulation paths of market, science and democracy. Based on the actual situation in China, combined with the background of China's genetically modified foods, relevant laws and regulations, and Fisher's administrative constitutionalism, this article proposed the effective path for China's genetically modified risk regulation. Therefore, genetically modified foods can be effectively regulated in the case of uncertainties. This review hopes to provide a theoretical basis for improving the safety of genetically modified foods through legal supervision and suggestions for the improvement of the risk regulation path of genetically modified foods in China.
The controversy over the safety of genetically modified foods has been long-standing, and this controversy is closely related to consumers, biotechnology companies, government regulators, non-governmental organizations and scientists. Its main core includes the labling of genetically modified foods, the responsibility of government managers, the purpose of relevant scientific research, the impact of genetically modified crops on the environment and health, the impact on pest resistance, the impact on agricultural producers and the role of genetically modified crops in meeting global food demand. In a risk society, genetically modified food safety not only affects the health and safety of the people, but also affects economic development and social stability. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety risk regulation system of genetically modified food. This paper started with the risk regulation path of genetically modified foods, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the 3 risk regulation paths of market, science and democracy. Based on the actual situation in China, combined with the background of China's genetically modified foods, relevant laws and regulations, and Fisher's administrative constitutionalism, this article proposed the effective path for China's genetically modified risk regulation. Therefore, genetically modified foods can be effectively regulated in the case of uncertainties. This review hopes to provide a theoretical basis for improving the safety of genetically modified foods through legal supervision and suggestions for the improvement of the risk regulation path of genetically modified foods in China.
引文
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[11]2017年中国大豆产量、进口量、价格及对外依存度分析[N/OL].[2017-6-16].http://chinaidr.com/tradenews/2017-06/113443.html Analysis of China's soybean production,import volume,price and external dependence in 2017[N/OL].[2017-6-16].http://chinaidr.com/tradenews/2017-06/113443.html.
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[13]伊丽莎白?费雪.风险规制与行政宪政主义[M].沈岿,译.北京:法律出版社,2012.Elizabeth F.Risk Regulation and administrative constitutionalism[M].Shen Y,translated.Beijing:Law Press,2012.
[14]苏力.法治及其本土资源[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.Su L.Rule of law and its local resources[M].Beijing:China University of Political Science and Law Press,2004.
[15]Baltimore JB.Cook,bureaucracy and self government:reconsidering the role of public administration in American government[M].Washington:Hopkins University Press,1996.
[16]Seidenfeld M.A civic republican justification for the Bureaucratic State[M].Cambridge:Harvard Law Review,1992.
[17]Richardson H.Democratic autonomy:Public reasoning about the ends of policy[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
[18]John R.See national research counil,understanding risk:Informing decisions in a democratic society[M].Washington:National Academy Press,1996.
[19]王贵松.风险行政的组织法构造[J].法商研究,2016,(6):13-23.Wang GS.Organizational structure of risk administration[J].Stud Law Bus,2016,(6):13-23.
[2]唐斓.2016年全球转基因作物种植面积达1.851亿公顷[N/OL].[2017-5-4].http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2017-05/04/c_1120919617.htm Tan L.In 2016,the global GM crop planting area reached 185.1 million hectares[N/OL].[2017-5-4].http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2017-05/04/c_1120919617.htm
[3]江迪,廉维亮.别让消费者成转基因食品试验品[N].人民政协报,2010-3-7(5).Jiang D,Lian WL.Don't let consumers become genetically modified food test products[N].Report of the CPPCC,2010-3-7(5).
[4]魏伟.转基因生物安全吗?[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.Wei W.Are genetically modified organisms safe?[M].Beijing:China Forestry Press,2006.
[5]葛伟.在科学与民主之间有效地规制风险-评伊丽莎白?费雪的《风险规制与行政宪政主义》[N].中南财经大学研究生学报,2013-3-3.Ge W.Effectively regulating risk between science and democracy:Acomment on Elizabeth Fisher's risk regulation and administrative constitutionalism[N].Journal of Zhongnan University of Finance and Economics,2013-3-3.
[6]沈岿.风险评估的行政法治问题-以食品安全监管领域为例[J].浙江学刊,2011,(3):16-27Shen K.The administrative rule of law in risk assessment:Taking the field of food safety supervision as an example[J].J Zhejiang,2011,(3):16-27.
[7]王锡锌,章永乐.专家、大众与知识的运用-行政规则制定过程的一个分析框架[J].中国社会科学,2003,(3):113-127.Wang XX,Zhang YL.Experts,the public and the use of knowledge-An analytical framework for the process of administrative rulemaking[J].Soc Sci China,2003,(3):113-127.
[8]凯斯?桑斯坦.如何做出有关健康、财富与幸福的最佳决策[M].刘宁,译.北京:中信出版社,2015.Cass R.How to make the best decision about health,wealth and happiness[M].Liu N,translated.Beijing:CITIC Publishing House,2015.
[9]凯斯?桑斯坦.恐惧的规则-超越预防原则[M].王爱民,译.北京:北京大学出版,2011Cass R.The rule of fear-The principle of transcendence prevention[M].Wang AM,translated.Beijing:Peking University Press,2011
[10]2016年中国转基因育种市场现状分析及发展趋势预测[N/OL].[2016-8-14].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201608/441096.html.Analysis of the status quo of china's genetically modified breeding market in 2016 and forecast of its development trend[N/OL].[2016-8-14].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201608/441096.html.
[11]2017年中国大豆产量、进口量、价格及对外依存度分析[N/OL].[2017-6-16].http://chinaidr.com/tradenews/2017-06/113443.html Analysis of China's soybean production,import volume,price and external dependence in 2017[N/OL].[2017-6-16].http://chinaidr.com/tradenews/2017-06/113443.html.
[12]周江.我国转基因食品安全的政府管制研究[D].上海:东华大学,2013.Zhou J.Research on government regulation of GM food safety in China[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2013..
[13]伊丽莎白?费雪.风险规制与行政宪政主义[M].沈岿,译.北京:法律出版社,2012.Elizabeth F.Risk Regulation and administrative constitutionalism[M].Shen Y,translated.Beijing:Law Press,2012.
[14]苏力.法治及其本土资源[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.Su L.Rule of law and its local resources[M].Beijing:China University of Political Science and Law Press,2004.
[15]Baltimore JB.Cook,bureaucracy and self government:reconsidering the role of public administration in American government[M].Washington:Hopkins University Press,1996.
[16]Seidenfeld M.A civic republican justification for the Bureaucratic State[M].Cambridge:Harvard Law Review,1992.
[17]Richardson H.Democratic autonomy:Public reasoning about the ends of policy[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
[18]John R.See national research counil,understanding risk:Informing decisions in a democratic society[M].Washington:National Academy Press,1996.
[19]王贵松.风险行政的组织法构造[J].法商研究,2016,(6):13-23.Wang GS.Organizational structure of risk administration[J].Stud Law Bus,2016,(6):13-23.