《现代汉语词典》所收英源外来词使用状况考察
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摘要
本文基于语言监测理论,采用词汇累加覆盖率计量手段,考察了《现代汉语词典》第6版英源外来词在2013～2016年《人民日报》中的实际使用状况。研究表明,所考察的537条英源外来词中,4年共有83条达到常用词等级,集中分布在科技、经济、民生领域;有109条连续4年未被使用。逐年使用增加的词有9条,逐年使用下降的词有33条。32对同义译名外来词中,有26对词演变趋势较为明朗,6对词竞争激烈,仍需观察。就整体使用状况而言,汉字词较字母词优势明显。
Under the theoretical framework of language monitoring and by using the method of cumulative vocabulary coverage analysis,this article selects English-originated loan words from the sixth edition of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary( CCD) and investigates their use in the corpus of People's Daily from 2013 to 2016. The findings show that among the 537 loanwords,83 have reached the level of commonly-used words,appearing in the fields of science and technology,economy and livelihood. Secondly,109 loanwords are not used in the four consecutive years. Thirdly,9 loanwords increase and 33 decrease annually in terms of the frequency of use. Fourthly,among the 32 pairs of synonymous loanwords,26 pairs have a clear trend of evolution,but 6 pairs are in the fierce competition concerning the forms of synonyms, which remain to be further examined. Lastly,in terms of overall use,Chinese characters are used overwhelmingly more than that of lettered words originated from English.
Under the theoretical framework of language monitoring and by using the method of cumulative vocabulary coverage analysis,this article selects English-originated loan words from the sixth edition of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary( CCD) and investigates their use in the corpus of People's Daily from 2013 to 2016. The findings show that among the 537 loanwords,83 have reached the level of commonly-used words,appearing in the fields of science and technology,economy and livelihood. Secondly,109 loanwords are not used in the four consecutive years. Thirdly,9 loanwords increase and 33 decrease annually in terms of the frequency of use. Fourthly,among the 32 pairs of synonymous loanwords,26 pairs have a clear trend of evolution,but 6 pairs are in the fierce competition concerning the forms of synonyms, which remain to be further examined. Lastly,in terms of overall use,Chinese characters are used overwhelmingly more than that of lettered words originated from English.
引文
[1]陈建民,陈章太.从我国语言实际出发研究社会语言学[J].语文建设,1988,(4).
[2]戴庆厦.语言竞争与语言和谐[J].语言教学与研究,2006,(2).
[3]侯敏,杨尔弘.中国语言监测研究十年[J].语言文字应用,2015,(3).
[4]胡开宝.英汉词典历史文本与汉语现代化进程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2005.
[5]柯华威.华语文能力测验编制:研究与实务[M].台北:远流出版社,2004.
[6]李计伟.汉语外来词同义译名现象研究[J].语言文字应用,2005,(4).
[7]李宇明.语言竞争试说[J].外语教学与研究,2016,(2).
[8]刘明月.《现代汉语词典》(第5、6版)外来词研究[D].辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文,2014.
[9]刘涌泉.关于汉语字母词的问题[J].语言文字应用,2002,(1).
[10]刘中富.关于《现代汉语词典》收释外来词的几个问题[J].东岳论丛,2001,(4).
[11]陆俭明.“汉语危机”论可以休也[J].中国语文,2013,(1).
[12]罗聿言.试论现代汉语“新借形词”[J].语言文字应用,2000,(4).
[13]史有为.汉语外来词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[14]苏新春.词汇计量及实现[M].北京:商务印书馆,2010.
[15]汪惠迪.欢迎字母词时代的来临[J].中国语文,2013,(1).
[16]王力.汉语词汇史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[17]张彤.语言交融及其影响因素研究[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2015.
(1)参见《百名学者举报〈现代汉语词典〉收录字母词》,中国网,http://www.china.com.cn/v/news/2012-08/30/content_26376817.html.
(2)参见《英语蚂蚁正在汉语长堤上打洞》,新浪博客,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_59412b3c0100h1i2.html.
(3)参见《THULAC:一个高效的中文词法分析工具包》,http://thulac.thunlp.org/.
[2]戴庆厦.语言竞争与语言和谐[J].语言教学与研究,2006,(2).
[3]侯敏,杨尔弘.中国语言监测研究十年[J].语言文字应用,2015,(3).
[4]胡开宝.英汉词典历史文本与汉语现代化进程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2005.
[5]柯华威.华语文能力测验编制:研究与实务[M].台北:远流出版社,2004.
[6]李计伟.汉语外来词同义译名现象研究[J].语言文字应用,2005,(4).
[7]李宇明.语言竞争试说[J].外语教学与研究,2016,(2).
[8]刘明月.《现代汉语词典》(第5、6版)外来词研究[D].辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文,2014.
[9]刘涌泉.关于汉语字母词的问题[J].语言文字应用,2002,(1).
[10]刘中富.关于《现代汉语词典》收释外来词的几个问题[J].东岳论丛,2001,(4).
[11]陆俭明.“汉语危机”论可以休也[J].中国语文,2013,(1).
[12]罗聿言.试论现代汉语“新借形词”[J].语言文字应用,2000,(4).
[13]史有为.汉语外来词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[14]苏新春.词汇计量及实现[M].北京:商务印书馆,2010.
[15]汪惠迪.欢迎字母词时代的来临[J].中国语文,2013,(1).
[16]王力.汉语词汇史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[17]张彤.语言交融及其影响因素研究[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2015.
(1)参见《百名学者举报〈现代汉语词典〉收录字母词》,中国网,http://www.china.com.cn/v/news/2012-08/30/content_26376817.html.
(2)参见《英语蚂蚁正在汉语长堤上打洞》,新浪博客,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_59412b3c0100h1i2.html.
(3)参见《THULAC:一个高效的中文词法分析工具包》,http://thulac.thunlp.org/.