多回击负地闪先导通道的辐射和光学特征
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摘要
利用闪电VHF窄带干涉仪辐射源定位系统和高速摄像系统,对青海大通地区一次有5次回击的负地闪放电过程进行了同步观测,对比分析了通道传输过程的辐射和光学特征。结果表明,光学通道亮度能补充VHF干涉仪定位先导通道的电流特征,VHF干涉仪定位弥补了光学设备拍摄弱放电和云内流光通道的不足;在通道分枝结构上,干涉仪定位的通道和光学通道呈现出很好对应。干涉仪定位分枝通道的辐射源点较明显,但分枝光学通道的出现明显落后于干涉仪定位辐射源通道。对用两种不同观测手段探测的先导通道进行速度计算,发现两者计算的直窜先导和直窜梯级先导速度量级一致,均为106 m·s-1,但干涉仪在时间的获取及精确量化上有优势,干涉仪定位计算先导速度的精确度高于光学通道定位。
A negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash with five return-strokes which occurred at Datong of Qinghai Province has been observed synchronously by using VHF narrowband radio interferometer and the high-speed video camera system.The characteristic of radiation and optics of lightning discharge channel has been analyzed.The results indicated that the optical channel brightness could supply the current characteristics of leader from the observation of interferometer,and interferometer observation could make up the weakness of optical equipment shoot weak discharge process and the lightning discharge in intracloud.The structure of channel that has been observed by interferometry and optical equipment is matched well.The radiation sources of the branch channel of interferometer observation are obvious,but the optical channel of branch appeared obviously later than the locating channel of interferometer with visible radiation sources.The magnitude of velocity of dart leader and stepped-dart leader is 106 m·s-1 using above two different calculated devices.However,interferometer has an advantage in acquiring time data and accurate quantification than the optical device.The velocity definition of the leader acquired by interferometer is higher than that of optical observation.
A negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash with five return-strokes which occurred at Datong of Qinghai Province has been observed synchronously by using VHF narrowband radio interferometer and the high-speed video camera system.The characteristic of radiation and optics of lightning discharge channel has been analyzed.The results indicated that the optical channel brightness could supply the current characteristics of leader from the observation of interferometer,and interferometer observation could make up the weakness of optical equipment shoot weak discharge process and the lightning discharge in intracloud.The structure of channel that has been observed by interferometry and optical equipment is matched well.The radiation sources of the branch channel of interferometer observation are obvious,but the optical channel of branch appeared obviously later than the locating channel of interferometer with visible radiation sources.The magnitude of velocity of dart leader and stepped-dart leader is 106 m·s-1 using above two different calculated devices.However,interferometer has an advantage in acquiring time data and accurate quantification than the optical device.The velocity definition of the leader acquired by interferometer is higher than that of optical observation.
引文
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[16]张彤,张广庶,郄秀书.雷电电磁辐射脉冲的GPS多站同步系统[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):306-310.
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[18]Qie X,Yu Y,Guo C,et al.Some features of stepped and dart-stepped leader near the ground in natural cloud-to-ground light-ning discharges[J].Annales Geophysicae,2002,20(6):863-870.
[19]王道洪,郄秀书,郭昌明.雷电与人工引雷[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:100-124.
[20]孔祥贞,郄秀书,王才伟,等.首次回击具有双接地点的地闪光学和电学特征个例分析[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):262-263.
[21]武斌,张广庶,王彦辉,等.双接地负地闪VHF辐射源通道和光学通道的对比分析[J].高原气象,2013,32(2):519-529,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00053.
[22]谷山强,陈维江,陈家宏,等.雷电放电过程高速摄像观测研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(10):2030-2035.
[23]Rakov V,Μman M A.Lightning:Physics and Effects[M].London:Cambridge University Press,2003:108-191.
[24]赵阳,郄秀书,陈明理,等.人工触发闪电中的M分量特征[J].高原气象,2011,30(2):508-510.
[25]吕伟涛,张义军,周秀骥,等.火箭触发闪电通道的亮度特征分析[J].气象学报,2007,65(6):990-992.
[26]Schonland B F J,Malan D J,Collens H.Progressive lightningⅡ[J].Proc R Soc,London,Ser A,1935,152:595-625.
[27]Schonland B F J.The pilot streamer in lightning and the longspark[J].Proc R Soc,London,Ser A,1953,220:25-38.
[28]Winn W P.A laboratory analogy to the dart leader and returnstroke of lightning[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70:3265-3270.
[29]Jordan D M,Idone V P,Rokov V A,et al.Observed dartleader speed in natural and trigged lightning[J].J GeophysRes,1992,97:9951-9957.
[30]张义军,Krehbiel Paul R,刘欣生,等.闪电放电通道的三维结构特征[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):217-219.
[2]张广庶,赵玉祥,郄秀书,等.利用无线电窄带干涉仪定位系统对地闪全过程的观测与研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(9):1167-1180.
[3]赵玉祥.利用VHF窄带干涉仪对闪电现象的研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2008:14-27.
[4]Shao X M,Holden D N,Rhodes C T.Broad band radio inter-ferometry for lightning observations[J].Geophys Res Lett,1996,23(15):1917-1920.
[5]董万胜,刘欣生,张义军,等.利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统对地闪先导-回击过程的观测研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1):81-88.
[6]董万胜,刘欣生,张义军.一次人工触发闪电的宽带干涉仪观测[J].科学通报,2001,46(5):427-432.
[7]Rhodes C T,Shao X M,Krehbiel P R,et al.Observations oflightning phenomena using radio interferometry[J].J GeophysRes,1994,99:13059-13082.
[8]Shao X M,Krehbiel P R.The spatial and temporal develop-ment of intracloud lightning[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101(D21):26641-26668.
[9]Shao X M,Rhodes C T,Holden D H.RF radiation observa-tions of positive cloud-to-ground flashes[J].J Geophys Res,1999,104(D8):9601-9608.
[10]Morean J P,Alliot J C,Mazur v.Aircraft lightning initiationand interception from in situ electric measurement and fast vid-eo observation[J].J Geophys Res,1992,97(D14):15903-15912.
[11]郄秀书,张广庶,孔祥贞,等.青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):211-215.
[12]张义军,吕伟涛,郑栋,等.负地闪先导-回击过程的光学观测和分析[J].高电压技术,2008,34(10):2023-2028.
[13]Richard P,Delannoy A,Labaune G,et al.Results of spatialand temporal characterization of the VHF-UHF radiation oflightning[J].J Geophys Res,1986,91:1248-1260.
[14]Mazur V,Krehbiel P R,Shao X M.Correlated high-speed vid-eo and radio interferometric observation of a cloud-to-groundlightning flash[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(D12):25731-25753.
[15]张广庶,张彤,郄秀书,等.闪电同步记录触发装置[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):301-305.
[16]张彤,张广庶,郄秀书.雷电电磁辐射脉冲的GPS多站同步系统[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):306-310.
[17]张广庶,王彦辉,郄秀书,等.基于时差法三维定位系统对闪电放电过程的观测研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(4):523-534.
[18]Qie X,Yu Y,Guo C,et al.Some features of stepped and dart-stepped leader near the ground in natural cloud-to-ground light-ning discharges[J].Annales Geophysicae,2002,20(6):863-870.
[19]王道洪,郄秀书,郭昌明.雷电与人工引雷[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:100-124.
[20]孔祥贞,郄秀书,王才伟,等.首次回击具有双接地点的地闪光学和电学特征个例分析[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):262-263.
[21]武斌,张广庶,王彦辉,等.双接地负地闪VHF辐射源通道和光学通道的对比分析[J].高原气象,2013,32(2):519-529,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00053.
[22]谷山强,陈维江,陈家宏,等.雷电放电过程高速摄像观测研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(10):2030-2035.
[23]Rakov V,Μman M A.Lightning:Physics and Effects[M].London:Cambridge University Press,2003:108-191.
[24]赵阳,郄秀书,陈明理,等.人工触发闪电中的M分量特征[J].高原气象,2011,30(2):508-510.
[25]吕伟涛,张义军,周秀骥,等.火箭触发闪电通道的亮度特征分析[J].气象学报,2007,65(6):990-992.
[26]Schonland B F J,Malan D J,Collens H.Progressive lightningⅡ[J].Proc R Soc,London,Ser A,1935,152:595-625.
[27]Schonland B F J.The pilot streamer in lightning and the longspark[J].Proc R Soc,London,Ser A,1953,220:25-38.
[28]Winn W P.A laboratory analogy to the dart leader and returnstroke of lightning[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70:3265-3270.
[29]Jordan D M,Idone V P,Rokov V A,et al.Observed dartleader speed in natural and trigged lightning[J].J GeophysRes,1992,97:9951-9957.
[30]张义军,Krehbiel Paul R,刘欣生,等.闪电放电通道的三维结构特征[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):217-219.