地形地貌发育时间与古地形反演
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摘要
地形地貌是构造过程与地表过程等相互竞争的结果,古地形重建与地貌演化研究将有助于理解这些过程及其相互作用关系。传统的地形地貌演化研究多基于14 C、释光、磁性地层等定年手段,定性或半定量地分析构造活动与地表侵蚀对地形地貌发育的影响。随着相关技术手段的发展,低温热年代学方法已不仅仅局限于构造地质学领域的造山带构造-热演化历史研究,目前已用于重建地形地貌演化历史。基于这一背景,在概述低温热年代学基本原理的基础上,结合自己的研究,主要介绍了该方法在地形地貌发育时间、古地形反演等方面的研究进展以及研究中需要注意的一些问题。文章最后指出,寻求具有更低封闭温度的低温热年代学测年体系是这方面研究的努力方向。
Tectonism together with surface processes create terrain(topography and geomorphology),and thus paleotopographic reconstruction and geomorphologic studies are helpful to the understanding of these processes and their co-relationships.Usually geomorphological dating methods such as optically stimulated luminescence dating,thermoluminescence dating,radiocarbon dating,and magnetostratigraphy are used to qualitatively or semiquantitatively define the tectonic activation and climate change in the evolutionary history of geomorphology and topography.As mineral grains,such as apatite and zircon,are considered,low-temperature thermochronology is the choice to define the cooling age of the rocks.Popular applications of this method has contributed greatly to the study of tectonic-thermal history and provenance analysis as well as paleotopographic reconstruction.Here we first review the principles of low-temperature thermochronology and then illustrate the application of this method in the following fields related with paleotopography:(1)Timing of paleotopographic evolution and(2)Paleotopographic reconstruction.We also note that low-temperature thermochronometry with the lower closure temperature will be the important mean for resolving the problem on the evolution of shallow crust associated with surface processes.
Tectonism together with surface processes create terrain(topography and geomorphology),and thus paleotopographic reconstruction and geomorphologic studies are helpful to the understanding of these processes and their co-relationships.Usually geomorphological dating methods such as optically stimulated luminescence dating,thermoluminescence dating,radiocarbon dating,and magnetostratigraphy are used to qualitatively or semiquantitatively define the tectonic activation and climate change in the evolutionary history of geomorphology and topography.As mineral grains,such as apatite and zircon,are considered,low-temperature thermochronology is the choice to define the cooling age of the rocks.Popular applications of this method has contributed greatly to the study of tectonic-thermal history and provenance analysis as well as paleotopographic reconstruction.Here we first review the principles of low-temperature thermochronology and then illustrate the application of this method in the following fields related with paleotopography:(1)Timing of paleotopographic evolution and(2)Paleotopographic reconstruction.We also note that low-temperature thermochronometry with the lower closure temperature will be the important mean for resolving the problem on the evolution of shallow crust associated with surface processes.
引文
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[9]周尚哲,焦克勤,赵井东,等.乌鲁木齐河河谷地貌与天山第四纪抬升研究[J].中国科学D辑,2002,32(2):157-163.[ZHOU Shangzhe,JIAO Keqin,ZHAO Jindong,et al.Fluvial geomorphology of Urumqi River and Quaternary uplift of Tian Shan Mountains[J].Sciences in China(Series D),2002,32(2):157-163.]
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[17]Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes&National Research Council.Landscapes on the Edge:New Horizons for Research on Earth′s Surface[M].The National Academies Press,Washington,D C,2010:3.
[18]Molnar P,Brown E T,Burchfiel B C,et al.Quaternary climate change and the formation of river terraces across growing anticlines on the north flank of the Tianshan,China[J].Journal of Geology,1994,102:583-602.
[19]Hu X M,Li Y L,Yang J C.Quaternary paleolake development in the Fen River basin,North China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(1-2):1-13.
[20]Sun J M.Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei Graben,central China,and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India-Asia collision system during the Quaternary[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2005,24(10-11):1279-1286.
[21]Chen Y X,Li Y K,Zhang Y,et al.Late Quaternary deposition and incision sequences of the Golmud River and their environmental implications[J].Quaternary International,2011,236:48-56.
[22]Bullen M E,Burbank D W,Garver J I,et al.Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northwestern Tien Shan:New age estimates for the initiation of mountain building[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2001,113(12):1544-1559.
[23]Bullen M E,Burbank D W,Garver J I.Building the northern Tien Shan:Integrated thermal,structural,and topographic constraints[J].The Journal of Geology,2003,111:149-165.
[24]Reiners P W,Zhou Z Y,Ehlers T A,et al.Post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie Shan,eastern China,from(U-Th)/He and fission-track thermochronology[J].American Journal of Science,2003,303:489-518.
[25]Zhou Z Y,Xu C H,Reiners P W,et al.Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic exhumation of Tiantangzhai region of Dabieshan orogen:Constraints from(U-Th)/He and fission track analysis[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(11):1151-1156.
[26]Burbank D W,Brewer I D,Sobel E R,et al.Single-crystal dating and the detrital record of orogenesis[C]//Nichols G,Williams E,Paola C,eds.Sedimentary Processes,Environments and Basin:a tribute to Peter Friend.Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists,2007,38:253-281.
[27]许长海,周祖翼,Van Den Haute P,等.大别造山带磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)年代学研究[J].中国科学D辑,2004,34(7):622-634.[XU Changhai,ZHOU Zuyi,Van Den Haute P et al.Apatite fission track(AFT)thermochronological study of the Dabie orogene[J].Science in China(Series D),2004,34(7):622-634.]
[28]汪新伟,汪新文,马永生.新疆博格达山晚中生代以来的差异剥露史[J].地质学报,2007,81(11):1507-1517.[WANG Xinwei,WANG Xinwen,MA Yongsheng.Differential exhumation history of Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang,Northwestern China since Late Mesozoic[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(11):1507-1517.]
[29]杜治利,王清晨.中新生代天山地区隆升历史的裂变径迹证据[J].地质学报,2007,81(8):1081-1101.[DU Zhili,WANG Qingchen.Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplift history of the Tianshan region:Insight from apatite fission track[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(8):1081-1101.]
[30]沈传波,梅廉夫,刘麟,等.新疆博格达山中新生代隆升—热历史的裂变径迹记录[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(3):87-92.[SHEN Chuanbo,MEI Lianfu,LIU Ling,et al.Evidence from apatite and zircon fission track analysis for Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift thermal history of Bogeda Mountain of Xinjiang,Northwest China[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2006,26(3):87-92.]
[31]Farley K A.(U-Th)/He dating:Techniques,calibrations,and applications[J].Review Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2002,47:819-844.
[32]House M A,Wernicke B P,Farley K A.Dating topography of the Sierra Nevada,California,using apatite(U-Th)/He ages[J].Nature,1998,396:66-69.
[33]Shuster D W,Ehlers T A,Rusmore M E,et al.Rapid Glacial Erosion at 1.8Ma Revealed by 4 He/3 He thermochronometry[J].Science,2005,310:1668-1670.
[34]Hansen K,Reiners P W.Low temperature thermochronology of the southern East Greenland continental margin:Evidence from apatite(U-Th)/He and fission track analysis and implications for intermethod calibration[J].Lithos,2006,92:117-136.
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