1556年华县地震同震黄土滑坡密集区的发现及意义
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摘要
完整了解历史特大地震的震害,不仅可以有效评估已给出震级的可靠性,也是完善地震危险性评价的重要依据。1556年华县M8.5特大地震造成超过83万人死亡,是全球有记录以来死亡人数最为严重的一次,但是长期以来对该次地震震害的了解多局限于断裂带沿线及盆地内部。文中利用Google Earth高分辨率卫星影像,首次较完整地获得同震滑坡密集区2个,分别位于华山山前断裂带的东、西两端,解译滑坡数分别是2 049个和1 515个,滑坡体积之和为2.85~6.40km~3,与2008年汶川M_W7.9地震诱发的滑坡体积量相当。这些滑坡是导致渭南、临潼、蓝田(西端)和灵宝(东端)等地非盆地内居民死亡的重要原因。文中结果为深入理解渭河盆地以南1556年华县地震同震次生灾害分布特征和烈度等震线的修订提供参考。
A complete understanding to the disasters triggered by giant earthquakes is not only crucial to effectively evaluating the reliability of existing earthquake magnitude,but also supporting the seismic hazard assessment. The great historical earthquake with estimated magnitude of M8. 5 in Huaxian County on the 23 rdJanuary 1556,which caused a death toll of more than 830 000,is the most serious earthquake on the global record. But for a long time,the knowledge about the hazards of this earthquake has been limited to areas along the causative Huashan piedmont fault( HSPF) and within the Weihe Basin. In this paper,we made a study on earthquake triggered landslides of the 1556 event along but not limited to the HSPF.Using the high-resolution satellite imagery of Google Earth for earthquake-triggered landslide interpretation,we obtained two dense loess landslides areas generated by the 1556 earthquake,which are located at the east end and west end of the HSPF. The number of the interpreted landslides is1 515 in the west area( WA),which is near to the macro-epicentre,and 2 049 in the east area( EA),respectively. Based on the empirical relationship between the landslide volume and area,we get the estimated landslide volume of 2. 85 ～ 6. 40 km3 of WA and EA,which is equivalent or bigger than the value of ～ 2. 8 km3 caused by Wenchuan earthquake of MW7. 9 on 12 thMay 2008. These earthquake triggered landslides are the main cause for the death of inhabitants living in houses or loess house caves located outside of the basin,such as Weinan,Lintong,Lantian( affected by WA) and Lingbao( affected by EA). Our results can help deeply understand the distribution characteristics of coseismic disaster of the 1556 Huaxian earthquake to the south of Weihe Basin,and also provide important reference for the modification of the isoseismals.
A complete understanding to the disasters triggered by giant earthquakes is not only crucial to effectively evaluating the reliability of existing earthquake magnitude,but also supporting the seismic hazard assessment. The great historical earthquake with estimated magnitude of M8. 5 in Huaxian County on the 23 rdJanuary 1556,which caused a death toll of more than 830 000,is the most serious earthquake on the global record. But for a long time,the knowledge about the hazards of this earthquake has been limited to areas along the causative Huashan piedmont fault( HSPF) and within the Weihe Basin. In this paper,we made a study on earthquake triggered landslides of the 1556 event along but not limited to the HSPF.Using the high-resolution satellite imagery of Google Earth for earthquake-triggered landslide interpretation,we obtained two dense loess landslides areas generated by the 1556 earthquake,which are located at the east end and west end of the HSPF. The number of the interpreted landslides is1 515 in the west area( WA),which is near to the macro-epicentre,and 2 049 in the east area( EA),respectively. Based on the empirical relationship between the landslide volume and area,we get the estimated landslide volume of 2. 85 ～ 6. 40 km3 of WA and EA,which is equivalent or bigger than the value of ～ 2. 8 km3 caused by Wenchuan earthquake of MW7. 9 on 12 thMay 2008. These earthquake triggered landslides are the main cause for the death of inhabitants living in houses or loess house caves located outside of the basin,such as Weinan,Lintong,Lantian( affected by WA) and Lingbao( affected by EA). Our results can help deeply understand the distribution characteristics of coseismic disaster of the 1556 Huaxian earthquake to the south of Weihe Basin,and also provide important reference for the modification of the isoseismals.
引文
冯希杰,宋立胜,吕莲.2003.荣河故城城址考证与1556年华县大震[J].地震,23(4):104-108.
FENG Xi-jie,SONG Li-sheng,LLian.2003.Site correction for Ronghe,an ancient county city and Huaxian earthquake in 1556[J].Earthquake,23(4):104-108(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.
The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Orods Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active Fault System around Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭增建.1957.1556年1月23日关中大地震[J].地球物理学报,6(1):59-68.
GUO Zeng-jian.1957.On the Shensi earthquake of January 23,1556[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,6(1):59-68(in Chinese).
侯建军.1985.1556年陕西省华县大震的地震地质条件[J].西北地震学报,7(1):66-74.
HOU Jian-jun.1985.The seismic and geologic conditions of the earthquake in Huaxian,Shanxi(M=8.0,Jan 23,1556)[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,7(1):66-74(in Chinese).
李祥根,冉勇康.1983.华山北坡及渭南塬前活断层[J].华北地震科学,1(2):10-18,9.
LI Xiang-gen,RAN Yong-kang.1983.Active faults in the north slope of Huashan Mountain and the front of the Weinantableland[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1(2):10-18,9(in Chinese).
李永善,耿大玉,韩许恒,等.1992.西安地裂及渭河盆地活断层研究[M].北京:地震出版社.
LI Yong-shan,GENG Da-yu,HAN Xu-heng,et al.1992.Research on Ground Fissures in Xi'an Region and Active Faults in Weihe Basin[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李昭淑,崔鹏.2007.1556年华县大地震的次生灾害[J].山地学报,25(4):425-430.
LI Zhao-shu,CUI Peng.2007.The secondary disasters of great Huaxian earthquake in 1556[J].Journal of Mountain Science,25(4):425-430(in Chinese).
吕艳,董颖,冯希杰,等.2014.1556年陕西关中华县特大地震地质灾害遗迹发育特征[J].工程地质学报,22(2):300-308.
LYan,DONG Ying,FENG Xi-jie,et al.2014.Characteristics of geological relics due to 1556 Huaxian great earthquake in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,22(2):300-308(in Chinese).
马冀,冯希杰,李高阳,等.2016.1556年华县地震地表破裂带同震垂直位移[J].地震地质,38(1):22-30.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.01.002.
MA Ji,FENG Xi-jie,LI Gao-yang,et al.2016.The coseismic vertical displacements of surface rupture zone of the1556 Huaxian earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,38(1):22-30(in Chinese).
山西省地震工程勘察研究院.2009.山西地震等震线图集[M].北京:地震出版社.
Shanxi Province Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Investigation.2009.Atlas of Shanxi Earthquakes Isoseismals[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
陕西师范大学地理系,西安市地震局.1990.华县地震灾害研究[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社.
Department of Geography,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an Seismological Bureau.1990.Research on Disasters of Huaxian Earthquake[M].Shaanxi People's Education Press,Xi'an(in Chinese).
宋治平,张国民,刘杰,等.2011.全球地震目录[M].北京:地震出版社.
SONG Zhi-ping,ZHANG Guo-min,LIU Jie,et al.2011.Global Earthquake Catalog[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
万景林,李齐,王瑜.2000.华山岩体中、新生代抬升的裂变径迹证据[J].地震地质,22(1):53-58.doi:10.3969/j.isss.0253-4967.2000.01.007.
WAN Jing-lin,LI Qi,WANG Yu.2000.The fission track evidence of Huashan batholith uplifting in MesozoicCenozoic[J].Seismology and Geology,22(1):53-58(in Chinese).
王景明.1980.1556年陕西华县大地震的地面破裂[J].地震学报,2(4):430-437.
WANG Jing-ming.1980.Ground ruptures during the large earthquake of 1556,Huaxian County,Shaanxi[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2(4):430-437(in Chinese).
谢毓寿.1992.1556年关中大地震的震级[J].灾害学,7(1):10-13.
XIE Yu-shou.1992.On magnitude of 1556 Guanzhong great earthquake[J].Journal of Catastrophology,7(1):10-13(in Chinese).
徐伟,杨源源,袁兆德,等.2017.华山山前断裂断错地貌及晚第四纪活动性[J].地震地质,39(3):587-604.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.03.011.
XU Wei,YANG Yuan-yuan,YUAN Zhao-de,et al.2017.Late Quaternary faulted landforms and fault activity of the Huashan piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,39(3):587-604(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,张宏卫,邓起东.1988.渭河盆地华山山前断裂带古地震遗迹及其重复间隔[J].地震地质,10(4):206.
XU Xi-wei,ZHANG Hong-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1988.The paleoearthquake traces on Huashan front fault zone in Weihe Basin and its earthquake intervals[J].Seismology and Geology,10(4):206(in Chinese).
杨源源,高战武,徐伟.2012.华山山前断裂中段晚第四纪活动的地貌表现及响应[J].震灾防御技术,7(4):335-347.
YANG Yuan-yuan,GAO Zhan-wu,XU Wei.2012.Geomorphic expression and response of the activity along the middle section of Huashan front fault in the late Quaternary period[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,7(4):335-347(in Chinese).
尹功明,卢演俦,赵华,等.2001.华山新生代构造抬升[J].科学通报,46(13):1121-1123.
YIN Gong-ming,LU Yan-chou,ZHAO Hua,et al.2001.The tectonic uplift of the Hua Shan in the Cenozoic[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,46(19):1665-1668.
原廷宏,冯希杰.2010.一五五六年华县特大地震[M].北京:地震出版社.
YUAN Ting-hong,FENG Xi-jie.2010.The 1556 Great Huaxian Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张安良,米丰收,种瑾.1989.1556年陕西华县大地震形变遗迹及华山山前断裂古地震研究[J].地震地质,11(3):73-81.
ZHANG An-liang,MI Feng-shou,ZHONG Jin.1989.Deformation relics of the 1556 Huaxian(Shaanxi,China)great earthquake and the study of palaeoseismicity on the frontal fault zone of the Huashan Mts[J].Seismology and Geology,11(3):73-81(in Chinese).
Du J J,Li D P,Wang Y F,et al.2017.Late Quaternary activity of the Huashan piedmont fault and associated hazards in the southeastern Weihe graben,central China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):76-92.
Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,et al.2009.Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria,central Italy[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,279(3-4):222-229.
Larsen I J,Montgomery D R,Korup O.2010.Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material[J].Nature Geoscience,3(4):247-251.
Li G,West A J,Densmore A L,et al.2014.Seismic mountain building:Landslides associated with the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the context of a generalized model for earthquake volume balance[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(4):833-844.
Lin A M,Rao G,Yan B.2015.Flexural fold structures and active faults in the northern-western Weihe graben,central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,114:226-241.
LS H,Li Y L,Wang Y R,et al.2014b.The Holocene paleoseismicity of the North Zhongtiaoshan Faults in Shanxi Province,China[J].Tectonophysics,623:67-82.
LY,Peng J B,Wang G L.2014a.Characteristics and genetic mechanism of the Cuihua rock avalanche triggered by a paleo-earthquake in Northwest China[J].Engineering Geology,182:88-96.
Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,et al.2011.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth[J].Nature Geoscience,4(7):449-452.
Rao G,Lin A M,Yan B,et al.2014.Tectonic activity and structural features of active intracontinental normal faults in the Weihe graben,central China[J].Tectonophysics,636:270-285.
Rao G,Lin A M,Yan B.2015.Paleoseismic study on active normal faults in the southeastern Weihe graben,central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,114:212-225.
Xu C,Xu X W,Shen L L,et al.2016.Optimized volume models of earthquake-triggered landslides[J].Scientific Reports,6:29797.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2014.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan MW7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,11(3):441-461.
Zhang A L,Yang Z T,Zhong J,et al.1995.Characteristics of late Quaternary activity along the southern border fault zone of Weihe graben basin[J].Quaternary International,25:25-31.
FENG Xi-jie,SONG Li-sheng,LLian.2003.Site correction for Ronghe,an ancient county city and Huaxian earthquake in 1556[J].Earthquake,23(4):104-108(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.
The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Orods Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active Fault System around Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭增建.1957.1556年1月23日关中大地震[J].地球物理学报,6(1):59-68.
GUO Zeng-jian.1957.On the Shensi earthquake of January 23,1556[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,6(1):59-68(in Chinese).
侯建军.1985.1556年陕西省华县大震的地震地质条件[J].西北地震学报,7(1):66-74.
HOU Jian-jun.1985.The seismic and geologic conditions of the earthquake in Huaxian,Shanxi(M=8.0,Jan 23,1556)[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,7(1):66-74(in Chinese).
李祥根,冉勇康.1983.华山北坡及渭南塬前活断层[J].华北地震科学,1(2):10-18,9.
LI Xiang-gen,RAN Yong-kang.1983.Active faults in the north slope of Huashan Mountain and the front of the Weinantableland[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1(2):10-18,9(in Chinese).
李永善,耿大玉,韩许恒,等.1992.西安地裂及渭河盆地活断层研究[M].北京:地震出版社.
LI Yong-shan,GENG Da-yu,HAN Xu-heng,et al.1992.Research on Ground Fissures in Xi'an Region and Active Faults in Weihe Basin[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李昭淑,崔鹏.2007.1556年华县大地震的次生灾害[J].山地学报,25(4):425-430.
LI Zhao-shu,CUI Peng.2007.The secondary disasters of great Huaxian earthquake in 1556[J].Journal of Mountain Science,25(4):425-430(in Chinese).
吕艳,董颖,冯希杰,等.2014.1556年陕西关中华县特大地震地质灾害遗迹发育特征[J].工程地质学报,22(2):300-308.
LYan,DONG Ying,FENG Xi-jie,et al.2014.Characteristics of geological relics due to 1556 Huaxian great earthquake in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,22(2):300-308(in Chinese).
马冀,冯希杰,李高阳,等.2016.1556年华县地震地表破裂带同震垂直位移[J].地震地质,38(1):22-30.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.01.002.
MA Ji,FENG Xi-jie,LI Gao-yang,et al.2016.The coseismic vertical displacements of surface rupture zone of the1556 Huaxian earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,38(1):22-30(in Chinese).
山西省地震工程勘察研究院.2009.山西地震等震线图集[M].北京:地震出版社.
Shanxi Province Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Investigation.2009.Atlas of Shanxi Earthquakes Isoseismals[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
陕西师范大学地理系,西安市地震局.1990.华县地震灾害研究[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社.
Department of Geography,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an Seismological Bureau.1990.Research on Disasters of Huaxian Earthquake[M].Shaanxi People's Education Press,Xi'an(in Chinese).
宋治平,张国民,刘杰,等.2011.全球地震目录[M].北京:地震出版社.
SONG Zhi-ping,ZHANG Guo-min,LIU Jie,et al.2011.Global Earthquake Catalog[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
万景林,李齐,王瑜.2000.华山岩体中、新生代抬升的裂变径迹证据[J].地震地质,22(1):53-58.doi:10.3969/j.isss.0253-4967.2000.01.007.
WAN Jing-lin,LI Qi,WANG Yu.2000.The fission track evidence of Huashan batholith uplifting in MesozoicCenozoic[J].Seismology and Geology,22(1):53-58(in Chinese).
王景明.1980.1556年陕西华县大地震的地面破裂[J].地震学报,2(4):430-437.
WANG Jing-ming.1980.Ground ruptures during the large earthquake of 1556,Huaxian County,Shaanxi[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2(4):430-437(in Chinese).
谢毓寿.1992.1556年关中大地震的震级[J].灾害学,7(1):10-13.
XIE Yu-shou.1992.On magnitude of 1556 Guanzhong great earthquake[J].Journal of Catastrophology,7(1):10-13(in Chinese).
徐伟,杨源源,袁兆德,等.2017.华山山前断裂断错地貌及晚第四纪活动性[J].地震地质,39(3):587-604.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.03.011.
XU Wei,YANG Yuan-yuan,YUAN Zhao-de,et al.2017.Late Quaternary faulted landforms and fault activity of the Huashan piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,39(3):587-604(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,张宏卫,邓起东.1988.渭河盆地华山山前断裂带古地震遗迹及其重复间隔[J].地震地质,10(4):206.
XU Xi-wei,ZHANG Hong-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1988.The paleoearthquake traces on Huashan front fault zone in Weihe Basin and its earthquake intervals[J].Seismology and Geology,10(4):206(in Chinese).
杨源源,高战武,徐伟.2012.华山山前断裂中段晚第四纪活动的地貌表现及响应[J].震灾防御技术,7(4):335-347.
YANG Yuan-yuan,GAO Zhan-wu,XU Wei.2012.Geomorphic expression and response of the activity along the middle section of Huashan front fault in the late Quaternary period[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,7(4):335-347(in Chinese).
尹功明,卢演俦,赵华,等.2001.华山新生代构造抬升[J].科学通报,46(13):1121-1123.
YIN Gong-ming,LU Yan-chou,ZHAO Hua,et al.2001.The tectonic uplift of the Hua Shan in the Cenozoic[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,46(19):1665-1668.
原廷宏,冯希杰.2010.一五五六年华县特大地震[M].北京:地震出版社.
YUAN Ting-hong,FENG Xi-jie.2010.The 1556 Great Huaxian Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张安良,米丰收,种瑾.1989.1556年陕西华县大地震形变遗迹及华山山前断裂古地震研究[J].地震地质,11(3):73-81.
ZHANG An-liang,MI Feng-shou,ZHONG Jin.1989.Deformation relics of the 1556 Huaxian(Shaanxi,China)great earthquake and the study of palaeoseismicity on the frontal fault zone of the Huashan Mts[J].Seismology and Geology,11(3):73-81(in Chinese).
Du J J,Li D P,Wang Y F,et al.2017.Late Quaternary activity of the Huashan piedmont fault and associated hazards in the southeastern Weihe graben,central China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):76-92.
Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,et al.2009.Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria,central Italy[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,279(3-4):222-229.
Larsen I J,Montgomery D R,Korup O.2010.Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material[J].Nature Geoscience,3(4):247-251.
Li G,West A J,Densmore A L,et al.2014.Seismic mountain building:Landslides associated with the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the context of a generalized model for earthquake volume balance[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(4):833-844.
Lin A M,Rao G,Yan B.2015.Flexural fold structures and active faults in the northern-western Weihe graben,central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,114:226-241.
LS H,Li Y L,Wang Y R,et al.2014b.The Holocene paleoseismicity of the North Zhongtiaoshan Faults in Shanxi Province,China[J].Tectonophysics,623:67-82.
LY,Peng J B,Wang G L.2014a.Characteristics and genetic mechanism of the Cuihua rock avalanche triggered by a paleo-earthquake in Northwest China[J].Engineering Geology,182:88-96.
Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,et al.2011.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth[J].Nature Geoscience,4(7):449-452.
Rao G,Lin A M,Yan B,et al.2014.Tectonic activity and structural features of active intracontinental normal faults in the Weihe graben,central China[J].Tectonophysics,636:270-285.
Rao G,Lin A M,Yan B.2015.Paleoseismic study on active normal faults in the southeastern Weihe graben,central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,114:212-225.
Xu C,Xu X W,Shen L L,et al.2016.Optimized volume models of earthquake-triggered landslides[J].Scientific Reports,6:29797.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2014.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan MW7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,11(3):441-461.
Zhang A L,Yang Z T,Zhong J,et al.1995.Characteristics of late Quaternary activity along the southern border fault zone of Weihe graben basin[J].Quaternary International,25:25-31.