马克思主义空间正义与环境美学话语批判
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摘要
环境美学作为建立在"自然美"基础上并且融合主体对环境审美感性体验的理论学科,伴随启蒙现代性的自我反思和审美现代性的话语批判而不断延展。根据马克思主义的观点,环境问题的出现源自主体实践能力的"异化"以及资产阶级建立在"利益论"基础上的人类中心主义。在此语境中,空间正义思想成为分析环境问题的良好策略,并在空间区隔、空间失衡等维度表征出环境正义话语,围绕主体形成环境、空间、审美等众多元素融合的"空间场"。从"空间场"中凸显出来的审美经验和美学知识构成当代环境美学的重要组成部分,它一方面涵盖了主体对自然空间的审美感知,另一方面构建了从"身体"感性经验,再到"空间"环境伦理的理论谱系,恢复了美学作为一门研究主体感性之学的"原初"意义。与此同时,"空间场"塑造了具有公共性意义和批判价值的美学形态,并表征呈现为城市空间的环境反思、民族与边缘群体的环境理念以及另类空间中的自然环境3个维度,推动环境美学延展出一条从边缘到核心、从异质到共生的理论谱系。环境美学将在后现代文化空间中继续焕发理论活力。
Environmental aesthetics as a theory relies on"natural beauty"and the subjective perception of environmental aesthetic experience and develops along with the self-reflection of enlightened modernity and the critique of the discourse of aesthetic modernity.According to the view of Marxism,the environmental problems derive from the alienation of the subject's practical ability and anthropocentrism based on the theory of interest from the bourgeoisie.In this context,the theory of spatial justice which becomes a good strategy for analyzing environmental problems gives expression to environmental justice contained in the dimensions of spatial segregation and imbalance,and constructs a spatial domain composed of the environment,space,aesthetic experience centering on the subject.The aesthetic experience and knowledge obtained from the spatial domain constitutes an important part of contemporary environmental aesthetics;on the one hand,it reveals the subject's aesthetic perception of the natural space;on the other hand it constructs the perceptual experience from the body to the spatial spectrum of environmental ethics,rendering aesthetics its original meaning as a research subject of perceptual learning.At the same time,the spatial domain constructs an aesthetic form with shared significance and critical value characteristic of three dimensions of the environmental reflections in the urban space,the environmental concepts of ethnic groups and especially marginalized groups as well as the natural environment of the Other,which promotes environmental aesthetics to construct a theoretical spectrum which stretches out from the edge to the core,and from heterogeneity to symbiosis.Environmental aesthetics will continue getting much theoretical vitality in the postmodern culture.
Environmental aesthetics as a theory relies on"natural beauty"and the subjective perception of environmental aesthetic experience and develops along with the self-reflection of enlightened modernity and the critique of the discourse of aesthetic modernity.According to the view of Marxism,the environmental problems derive from the alienation of the subject's practical ability and anthropocentrism based on the theory of interest from the bourgeoisie.In this context,the theory of spatial justice which becomes a good strategy for analyzing environmental problems gives expression to environmental justice contained in the dimensions of spatial segregation and imbalance,and constructs a spatial domain composed of the environment,space,aesthetic experience centering on the subject.The aesthetic experience and knowledge obtained from the spatial domain constitutes an important part of contemporary environmental aesthetics;on the one hand,it reveals the subject's aesthetic perception of the natural space;on the other hand it constructs the perceptual experience from the body to the spatial spectrum of environmental ethics,rendering aesthetics its original meaning as a research subject of perceptual learning.At the same time,the spatial domain constructs an aesthetic form with shared significance and critical value characteristic of three dimensions of the environmental reflections in the urban space,the environmental concepts of ethnic groups and especially marginalized groups as well as the natural environment of the Other,which promotes environmental aesthetics to construct a theoretical spectrum which stretches out from the edge to the core,and from heterogeneity to symbiosis.Environmental aesthetics will continue getting much theoretical vitality in the postmodern culture.
引文
(1)艾伦·卡尔松.环境美学---自然、艺术与建筑的鉴赏[M].杨平译.成都:四川人民出版社,2006:109.
(2)威廉·莱斯.自然的控制[M].岳长龄等译.重庆:重庆出版社,1993:143.
(3)陈望衡.环境美学的兴起[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(3).
(1)阿多诺.美学理论[M].王柯平译.成都:四川人民出版社,1998:109.
(2)马克思.1844年经济学哲学手稿[M].刘丕坤译.北京:人民出版社,1979:51.
(3)马克思.资本论[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第46卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:875.
(4)菲利普·克莱顿,贾斯廷·海因泽克.有机马克思主义[M].孟献丽等译.北京:人民出版社,2015:186.
(1)马克思.资本论[A].马克思恩格斯选集(第2卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:573.
(2)恩格斯.英国工人阶级状况[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第2卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1957:328.
(3)大卫·哈维(戴维·哈维).希望的空间[M].胡大平译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:95.
(4)戴维·哈维.后现代的状况:对文化变迁之缘起的探究[M].阎嘉译.北京:商务印书馆,2013:396.
(5)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:168.
(1)王伟光.利益论[M].北京:人民出版社,2001:74.
(2)彼得·S·温茨.环境正义论[M].朱丹琼等译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:2.
(3)岩佐茂.环境的思想:环境保护与马克思主义的结合处[M].韩立新等译.北京:中央编译出版社,2006:93~94.
(4)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:213.
(5)John Muir.My First Summer in the Sierra[M].New York:Penguin Books,1997:6.
(1)安妮·谢泼德.美学:艺术哲学引论[M].艾彦译.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1998:83.
(2)莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉译.北京:商务印书馆,2001:82.
(3)庄子·逍遥游[A].庄子集释[M].郭庆藩编撰,王孝鱼点校.北京:中华书局,2012:19.
(4)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:137.
(5)阿诺德·伯林特.美学与环境---一个主题的多重变奏[M].程相占等译.郑州:河南大学出版社,2013:11.
(1)张箭飞,林翠云.风景与文学:概貌、路径及案例[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(3).
(2)哈贝马斯.在事实与规范之间:关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论[M].童世骏译.北京:三联书店,2003:452.
(3)柯尔律治.论诗或艺术[A].西方古今文论选[C].伍蠡甫编译.上海:复旦大学出版社,1984:128.
(1)阿诺德·伯林特.生活在景观中:走向一种环境美学[M].陈盼译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:83~84.
(2)林恩·马古利斯、多里昂·萨根.倾斜的真理:论盖娅、共生和进化[M].李建会等译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1999:4~5.
(3)苏轼.饮湖上初晴雨后二首·其二[A].苏轼诗集(卷九)[M].王文诰辑注.北京,中华书局,1982:430.
(4)爱默生.论自然[A].爱默生集(上集,论文及讲演录)[M].赵一凡等译.北京:三联书店,1993:601~602.
(5)J-.M.费里.现代化与协商一致[J].江小平译.国外社会科学,1987,(6).
(1)海德格尔.筑·居·思[A].海德格尔选集[M].孙周兴编译.北京:三联书店,1996:1193.
(2)海德格尔.诗·语言·思[M].彭富春译.北京:文化艺术出版社,1991:133.
(3)爱德华·索亚.第三空间[M].陆扬等译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005:376.
(4)童明.《拼贴城市》译者前言[A].柯林·罗,弗瑞德·科特.拼贴城市[M].童明译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
(5)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:1.
(6)福柯.另类空间[J].王喆译.世界哲学,2006,(6).
(1)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:352.
(2)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:66.
(3)马克思.1844年经济学哲学手稿[M].刘丕坤译.北京:人民出版社,1979:51.
(4)《梦境黄姚》编委会.梦境黄姚[M].广州:广东旅游出版社,2006:35.
(5)黑格尔.美学(第1卷)[M].朱光潜译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:160.
(1)Edward O.Wilson.On Human Nature[M].Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1978:17.
(2)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:21.
(3)约翰·缪尔.夏日走过山间[M].陈雅云译.北京:三联书店,1999:29.
(4)威廉·福克纳.去吧,摩西[M].李文俊译.上海:上海译文出版社,2004:209.
(5)奥尔多·利奥波德.沙乡的沉思[M].侯文蕙译.北京:经济科学出版社,1992:2.
(6)霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].刘耳等译.长春:吉林人民出版社,2000:333.
(1)王勃.秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序[A].王子安集注[M].蒋清翊注.上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:231.
(2)雪莱.西风颂[A].江枫译.外国诗歌经典100篇[M].北京:人民文学出版社,2003:52.
(2)威廉·莱斯.自然的控制[M].岳长龄等译.重庆:重庆出版社,1993:143.
(3)陈望衡.环境美学的兴起[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(3).
(1)阿多诺.美学理论[M].王柯平译.成都:四川人民出版社,1998:109.
(2)马克思.1844年经济学哲学手稿[M].刘丕坤译.北京:人民出版社,1979:51.
(3)马克思.资本论[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第46卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:875.
(4)菲利普·克莱顿,贾斯廷·海因泽克.有机马克思主义[M].孟献丽等译.北京:人民出版社,2015:186.
(1)马克思.资本论[A].马克思恩格斯选集(第2卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:573.
(2)恩格斯.英国工人阶级状况[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第2卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1957:328.
(3)大卫·哈维(戴维·哈维).希望的空间[M].胡大平译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:95.
(4)戴维·哈维.后现代的状况:对文化变迁之缘起的探究[M].阎嘉译.北京:商务印书馆,2013:396.
(5)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:168.
(1)王伟光.利益论[M].北京:人民出版社,2001:74.
(2)彼得·S·温茨.环境正义论[M].朱丹琼等译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:2.
(3)岩佐茂.环境的思想:环境保护与马克思主义的结合处[M].韩立新等译.北京:中央编译出版社,2006:93~94.
(4)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:213.
(5)John Muir.My First Summer in the Sierra[M].New York:Penguin Books,1997:6.
(1)安妮·谢泼德.美学:艺术哲学引论[M].艾彦译.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1998:83.
(2)莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉译.北京:商务印书馆,2001:82.
(3)庄子·逍遥游[A].庄子集释[M].郭庆藩编撰,王孝鱼点校.北京:中华书局,2012:19.
(4)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:137.
(5)阿诺德·伯林特.美学与环境---一个主题的多重变奏[M].程相占等译.郑州:河南大学出版社,2013:11.
(1)张箭飞,林翠云.风景与文学:概貌、路径及案例[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(3).
(2)哈贝马斯.在事实与规范之间:关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论[M].童世骏译.北京:三联书店,2003:452.
(3)柯尔律治.论诗或艺术[A].西方古今文论选[C].伍蠡甫编译.上海:复旦大学出版社,1984:128.
(1)阿诺德·伯林特.生活在景观中:走向一种环境美学[M].陈盼译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:83~84.
(2)林恩·马古利斯、多里昂·萨根.倾斜的真理:论盖娅、共生和进化[M].李建会等译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1999:4~5.
(3)苏轼.饮湖上初晴雨后二首·其二[A].苏轼诗集(卷九)[M].王文诰辑注.北京,中华书局,1982:430.
(4)爱默生.论自然[A].爱默生集(上集,论文及讲演录)[M].赵一凡等译.北京:三联书店,1993:601~602.
(5)J-.M.费里.现代化与协商一致[J].江小平译.国外社会科学,1987,(6).
(1)海德格尔.筑·居·思[A].海德格尔选集[M].孙周兴编译.北京:三联书店,1996:1193.
(2)海德格尔.诗·语言·思[M].彭富春译.北京:文化艺术出版社,1991:133.
(3)爱德华·索亚.第三空间[M].陆扬等译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005:376.
(4)童明.《拼贴城市》译者前言[A].柯林·罗,弗瑞德·科特.拼贴城市[M].童明译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
(5)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:1.
(6)福柯.另类空间[J].王喆译.世界哲学,2006,(6).
(1)戴维·哈维.正义、自然和差异地理学[M].胡大平译.上海:上海人民出版社,2010:352.
(2)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:66.
(3)马克思.1844年经济学哲学手稿[M].刘丕坤译.北京:人民出版社,1979:51.
(4)《梦境黄姚》编委会.梦境黄姚[M].广州:广东旅游出版社,2006:35.
(5)黑格尔.美学(第1卷)[M].朱光潜译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:160.
(1)Edward O.Wilson.On Human Nature[M].Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1978:17.
(2)阿诺德·伯林特.环境美学[M].张敏等译.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2006:21.
(3)约翰·缪尔.夏日走过山间[M].陈雅云译.北京:三联书店,1999:29.
(4)威廉·福克纳.去吧,摩西[M].李文俊译.上海:上海译文出版社,2004:209.
(5)奥尔多·利奥波德.沙乡的沉思[M].侯文蕙译.北京:经济科学出版社,1992:2.
(6)霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].刘耳等译.长春:吉林人民出版社,2000:333.
(1)王勃.秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序[A].王子安集注[M].蒋清翊注.上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:231.
(2)雪莱.西风颂[A].江枫译.外国诗歌经典100篇[M].北京:人民文学出版社,2003:52.