硫对酵母生物富铬过程中铬胁迫的缓解作用
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摘要
【目的】探讨酿酒酵母YSI-3.7在富集Cr(Ⅲ)形成葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)过程中自身抗氧化机制以及硫在该过程中发挥的作用,以期揭示硫对降低铬胁迫,进而提高生物富铬的作用机理。【方法】以高产GTF酿酒酵母YSI-3.7为目的菌株,通过设置不同浓度的Cr(Ⅲ)、硫组合进行生物富铬,测定不同条件下YSI-3.7菌株的生物富铬量以及相应氧化应激指标(如丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等)的变化,分析硫对酵母菌体在Cr(Ⅲ)胁迫下的改善作用。【结果】低浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(200μg·mL~(-1))会刺激酵母YSI-3.7生长,使其生物量增加;而高浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(>500μg·mL~(-1))对酵母生长有抑制作用。Cr(Ⅲ)浓度为500μg·mL~(-1)时,酵母中有机铬含量为(725.55±55.08)μg·g~(-1) DCW,总铬含量达(1 255.53±43.75)μg·g~(-1) DCW;Cr(Ⅲ)浓度为800μg·mL~(-1)时,有机铬为(536.25±36.89)μg·g~(-1) DCW,其中,总铬含量达(1 812.22±38.24)μg·g~(-1) DCW。随Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的增加(0—800μg·mL~(-1)),菌体中MDA含量从11.83 nmol·mL~(-1)升高到18.04 nmol·mL~(-1)。SOD和CAT活力随Cr(Ⅲ)浓度升高而降低。在较低Cr(Ⅲ)浓度(≤500μg·mL~(-1))下,谷胱甘肽(GSH)、总巯基、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量均升高,但在高浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(800μg·mL~(-1))下会降低。1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3可以缓解Cr(Ⅲ)的胁迫作用,此时,酵母中蛋白质含量上升,MDA含量降低12.83%,CAT活力基本无影响,SOD活力提高4.41%,GSH、T-AOC、GSH-Px含量分别增加28.83%、14.29%和18.80%。【结论】酵母富铬过程中,Cr(Ⅲ)胁迫作用可造成酵母膜脂过氧化程度加重。在较低铬浓度时(≤500μg·mL~(-1)),酵母可以通过自身抗氧化酶系统缓解该胁迫作用,其中发挥重要作用的是谷胱甘肽及其相关酶。高浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(800μg·mL~(-1))下,膜脂过氧化程度进一步加重,酵母自身抗氧化能力不足以抵御Cr(Ⅲ)胁迫。硫(1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3)可以通过提高酵母中SOD活力、GSH、T-AOC、GSH-Px含量,减轻Cr(Ⅲ)造成的膜脂过氧化程度,提高酵母自身抗氧化能力,进而提高酵母生物富铬效率。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative mechanism and role of sulphur during chromium(Ⅲ) enrichment by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mechanisms of alleviation chromium(Ⅲ) toxicity against yeast by sulphur were revealed. 【Method】Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was used in this study. Various incubation conditions were investigated, such as various concentrations Cr(Ⅲ) and sulfate. And the corresponding biomass, total chromium content, organic chromium content and oxidative stress markers(including malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT)and so on), were measured and analyzed. 【Result】 Low Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-200 μg·mL~(-1)) could stimulate the growth of yeast,while high Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(>500 μg·mL~(-1)) inhibited its growth. After Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was incubated with500 μg·mL~(-1) Cr(Ⅲ) for 44 h, the content of organic Cr in yeast was found to be 725.55±55.08 μg·g~(-1) DCW and that of total Cr was1255.53±43.75 μg·g~(-1) DCW. After Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was incubated with 800 μg·mL~(-1) Cr(Ⅲ) for 44 h, the content of organic Cr in yeast was found to be 536.25±36.89 μg·g~(-1) DCW and that of total Cr was 1812.22±38.24 μg·g~(-1) DCW. The content of MDA increased(from 11.83 nmol·mL~(-1) to 18.04 nmol·mL~(-1)) with the increasement of Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-800 μg·mL~(-1)), while the activity of SOD and CAT decreased. The content of GSH, total sulfhydryl and T-AOC increased at lower Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(≤500 μg·mL~(-1)), and decreased at the high concentration(800 μg·mL~(-1)). The supplementation of 1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3 during incubation could alleviate the stress of Cr(Ⅲ) against yeast. The protein content increased and MDA content decreased(12.83%)with the addition of 1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3 during incubation. The activity of CAT was almost unaffected. The activity of SOD was increased to 4.41%. GSH, T-AOC and GSH-Px content increased to 28.83%, 14.29% and 18.80%, respectively. 【Conclusion】During the Cr(Ⅲ) bio-enrichment process by yeast, Cr(Ⅲ) stress could aggravate the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane. At low Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-500 μg·mL~(-1)), yeast could protect itself from this stress by its own antioxidant enzymes, among which glutathione and its related enzymes played an important role. At high concentration of Cr(Ⅲ)(800 μg·mL~(-1)), the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was aggravated and the yeast's own antioxidant capacity was not enough to protect itself from Cr(Ⅲ)stress. Supplementation of S(1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3) could mitigate membrane lipid peroxidation caused by Cr(Ⅲ)by improving SOD activity, GSH, T-AOC and GSH-Px content in yeast, improving the antioxidant capacity of yeast itself and Cr(Ⅲ) bio-enrichment by yeast.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative mechanism and role of sulphur during chromium(Ⅲ) enrichment by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mechanisms of alleviation chromium(Ⅲ) toxicity against yeast by sulphur were revealed. 【Method】Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was used in this study. Various incubation conditions were investigated, such as various concentrations Cr(Ⅲ) and sulfate. And the corresponding biomass, total chromium content, organic chromium content and oxidative stress markers(including malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT)and so on), were measured and analyzed. 【Result】 Low Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-200 μg·mL~(-1)) could stimulate the growth of yeast,while high Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(>500 μg·mL~(-1)) inhibited its growth. After Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was incubated with500 μg·mL~(-1) Cr(Ⅲ) for 44 h, the content of organic Cr in yeast was found to be 725.55±55.08 μg·g~(-1) DCW and that of total Cr was1255.53±43.75 μg·g~(-1) DCW. After Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSI-3.7 was incubated with 800 μg·mL~(-1) Cr(Ⅲ) for 44 h, the content of organic Cr in yeast was found to be 536.25±36.89 μg·g~(-1) DCW and that of total Cr was 1812.22±38.24 μg·g~(-1) DCW. The content of MDA increased(from 11.83 nmol·mL~(-1) to 18.04 nmol·mL~(-1)) with the increasement of Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-800 μg·mL~(-1)), while the activity of SOD and CAT decreased. The content of GSH, total sulfhydryl and T-AOC increased at lower Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(≤500 μg·mL~(-1)), and decreased at the high concentration(800 μg·mL~(-1)). The supplementation of 1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3 during incubation could alleviate the stress of Cr(Ⅲ) against yeast. The protein content increased and MDA content decreased(12.83%)with the addition of 1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3 during incubation. The activity of CAT was almost unaffected. The activity of SOD was increased to 4.41%. GSH, T-AOC and GSH-Px content increased to 28.83%, 14.29% and 18.80%, respectively. 【Conclusion】During the Cr(Ⅲ) bio-enrichment process by yeast, Cr(Ⅲ) stress could aggravate the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane. At low Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(0-500 μg·mL~(-1)), yeast could protect itself from this stress by its own antioxidant enzymes, among which glutathione and its related enzymes played an important role. At high concentration of Cr(Ⅲ)(800 μg·mL~(-1)), the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was aggravated and the yeast's own antioxidant capacity was not enough to protect itself from Cr(Ⅲ)stress. Supplementation of S(1 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_3) could mitigate membrane lipid peroxidation caused by Cr(Ⅲ)by improving SOD activity, GSH, T-AOC and GSH-Px content in yeast, improving the antioxidant capacity of yeast itself and Cr(Ⅲ) bio-enrichment by yeast.
引文
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