Emancipatory reflection on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients
|
摘要
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.
引文
1. Finlay L. Reflecting on"reflective practice". PBPL paper 52. 2008.
2. Gardner F. Creating a climate for change:critical reflection and organisations. Organ Collect.2007;7:73-80.
3. Cody WK. Paternalism in nursing and healthcare:central issues and their relation to theory. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16:288-296.
4. Taylor BJ. Reflective Practice. New York:Two Penn Plaza. 2006.
5. Young ME, Stuenkel DL, Bawel-Brinkley K. Strategies for easing the role transformation of graduate nurses. J Nurses Staff Dev. 2008;24:105-110; quiz111-112.
6. Fook J, Gardner F. Practising Critical Reflection:A Resource Handbook. Berkshire:Open University Press. 2007.
7. Alm TG. Power in nursing. JAdvNurs. 1991;16:503.
8. Gordon NS, Wimpenny P. A critical reflection on the personal impact of managerial hegemony within nurse education. J Adv Nurs. 1996;23:479-486.
9. Forgacs D. ed. An Antonio Gramsci Reader:Selected Writings 1916-1935. New York:Schocken Books. 1988.
10. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 2001.
11. Rodriguez-Osorio CA, Dominguez-Cherit G. Medical decision making:paternalism versus patientcentered(autonomous)care. Curr Opin Crit Care.2008;14:708-713.
12. Capezuti E, Maislin G, Strumpf N, Evans LK. Side rail use and bed-related fall outcomes among nursing home residents. J Am GeriatrSoc. 2002;50:90-96.
13. Mosley A, Galindo-Ciocon D, Peak N, West MJ. Initiation and evaluation of a research-based fall prevention program. J Nurs Care Qual. 1998;13:38-44.
14. Chun AHW, Chan SHC, Lam GPS, Tsang FMF,Wong J, Yeung DWM. Nurse rostering at the hospital authority of Hong Kong. Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Twelfth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press. 2000:951-956.
15. Rajendra KS, Rachana S. Social Psychology. Delhi:Mehra Offset Press. 1997.
16. Zhou Y. Research on medical paternalism of Chinese tradition. Hunan Normal University. 2013(in Chinese).
17. Bruffee KA. Collaborative Learning:Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. New York:Johns Hopkins University Press.1999.
18. Li CY, Jin JZ, Cui RS. Research on nursing ethics education status in 35 nursing college and university in China. Chin Nurs Manage. 2006;6:64(in Chinese).
19. Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind:A Medical History of Humanity(The Norton History of Science). London:WW Norton&Company. 1999.
20. Smith KV, Godfrey NS. Being a good nurse and doing the right thing:a qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2002;9:301-312.
21. Fealy GM.'The good nurse':visions and values in images of the nurse. J Adv Nurs. 2004;46:649-656.
22. Chen L, Liu J, Liu Y, Sun W. Problems and relevant solutions of medical inform obligation fulfillment in our country. Chin Med Record. 2013;14:15-17(in Chinese).
23. Hawes C, Morris JN, Phillips CD, Mor V, Fries BE,Nonemaker S. Reliability estimates for the Minimum Data Set for nursing home resident assessment and care screening(MDS). Gerontologist.1995;35:172-178.
24. Timmins F, de Vries JM. Nurses are not bystanders:a response to Paley. Nurse Educ Today.2014;34:1269.
25. Steier F. ed. Research and Reflexivity. London:Sage. 1991.
26. Fook J. Reflexivity as method. Annu Rev Health Soc Sci. 1999;9:11-20.
27. White SJ. Unsettling Reflections:The Reflexive Practitioner as'Trickster'in Inter-Professional Work.Maidenhead:Open University Press. 2006.
28. Wang JW, Ma C, Zhang Q, Ji YF, Liang L. Respect and distort:the view on the harmonious doctorpatient relationship from the perspectives of autonomy, medical paternity and their relationship. Med Philos. 2012;12:46-48(in Chinese).
29. Appelbaum PS, Lidz CW, Meisel A. Informed Consent:Legal Theory and Clinical Practice. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 1987.
30. Chiovitti RF. Theory of protective empowering for balancing patient safety and choices. Nurs Ethics.2011;18:88-101.
31. Epstein RM, Street RL Jr. The values and value of patient-centered care. Ann Fam Med,2011;9:100-103.
32. Choi SP, Cheung K, Pang SM. Attributes of nursing work environment as predictors of registered nurses'job satisfaction and intention to leave. J Nurs Manage. 2013;21:429-439.
33. Peplau HE. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing.NewYork:G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1952.
34. Lindholm C. Culture and identity:The History, Theory, and Practice of Psychological Anthropology.New York:Oneworld Publications Limited. 2007.
35. Thompson N. The Critically Reflective Practitioner.Palgrave:Macmillan. 2008.
36. Charles CA, Whelan T, Gafni A, Willan A, Farrell S. Shared treatment decision making:what does it mean to physicians? J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:932-936.
37. Murray E, Pollack L, White M, Lo B. Clinical decision-making:physicians'preferences and experiences. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:10.
38. Levinson W, Kao A, Kuby A, Thisted RA. Not all patients want to participate in decision making. A national study of public preferences. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:531-535.
39. Butow PN, Maclean M, Dunn SM, Tattersall MH,Boyer MJ. The dynamics of change:cancer patients'preferences for information, involvement and support. Ann Oncol. 1997;8:857-863.
40. Mazur DJ, Hickam DH. Patients'preferences for risk disclosure and role in decision making for invasive medical procedures. J Gen Intern Med.1997;12:114-117.
41. Schattner A. What do patients really want to know?QJM. 2002;95:135-136.
42. Sekimoto M, Asai A, Ohnishi M, et al. Patients'preferences for involvement in treatment decision making in Japan. BMC Fam Pract. 2004;5:1.
43. Tai MC, Tsai TP. Who makes the decision? Patient's autonomy vs paternalism in a Confucian society.Croat Med J. 2003;44:558-561.
44. Sepasi RR, Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Rafiei H.Nurses'perceptions of the concept of power in nursing:a qualitative research. J Clin Diagn Res.2016;10:LC10-LC15.
45. Du Plat-Jones J. Power and representation in nursing:a literature review. Nurs Stand. 1999;13:39-42.
46. Chandler GE. The source and process of empowerment. Nurs Adm Q. 1992;16:65-71.
47. Hawks JH. Empowerment in nursing education:concept analysis and application to philosophy, learning and instruction. J Adv Nurs. 1992;17:609-618.
48. Hofmann B. Technological paternalism:on how medicine has reformed ethics and how technology can refine moral theory. Sci Eng Ethics.2003;9:343-352.
49. Kettunen T, Poskiparta M, Gerlander M. Nursepatient power relationship:preliminary evidence of patients'power messages. Patient Educ Couns.2002;47:101-113.
50. Katriina P, Sari V, Anja R, Christina S, Paula A, Tarja S. Nursing power as viewed by nursing professionals. Scand J Caring Sci. 2013;27:580-588.
51. Adib Hagbaghery M, Salsali M, Ahmadi F. A qualitative study of Iranian nurses'understanding and experiences of professional power. Hum Resour Health. 2004;2:9.
52. Cong Y. Doctor-family-patient relationship:the Chinese Paradigm of informed consent. J Med Philos.2004;29:149-178.
53. Kuokkanen L, Leino-Kilpi H. The qualities of an empowered nurse and the factors involved. J Nurs Manage. 2001;9:273-280.
54. Porter S. A participant observation study of power relations between nurses and doctors in a general hospital. J Adv Nurs. 1991;16:728-735.
55. Dolores D, McCarthy J. Nursing Ethics:Irish Cases and Concerns. Dublin:Gill&Macmillan. 2005.
56. Heineken J. Patient silence is not necessarily client satisfaction:communication problems in home care nursing. Home Healthc Nurse. 1998;16:115-120;quiz 120-121.
57. Keddy B, Gillis MJ, Jacobs P, Burton H, Rogers M.The doctor-nurse relationship:an historical perspective. J Adv Nurs. 1986;11:745-753.
58. Reeves S, Nelson S, Zwarenstein M. The doctornurse game in the age of interprofessional care:a view from Canada. Nurs Inq. 2008;15:1-2.
59. Manojlovich M. Promoting nurses'self-efficacy:a leadership strategy to improve practice. J Nurs Admin. 2005;35:271-278.
60. Antrobus S, Kitson A. Nursing leadership:influencing and shaping health policy and nursing practice.J Adv Nurs. 1999;29:746-753.
61. Fook J. Social Work Critical Theory and Practice.London:Sage, 2002.
62. Agger B. Critical Social Theories, Boulder/Oxford:Westview Press. 1998.
63. Oudshoorn A. Power and empowerment:critical concepts in the nurse-client relationship. Contemp Nurse. 2005;20:57-66.
64. Tomey AM. Nursing Management and Leadership.London:Sage. 2009.
65. Keister LA. Adapting to radical change:strategy and environment in piece-rate adoption during China's transition. Organ Sci. 2016;13:459-474.
66. Zhang LD, Yang G. The management of nursing human resource. Health Nutr China. 2013;6:1517-1518(in Chinese).
67. Lewis FM, Batey MV. Clarifying autonomy and accountability in nursing service:part 2. J Nurs Adm. 1982;12:10-15.
68. Aycan Z. Indigenous and Cultural Psychology.Istanbul:Springer US. 2006.
69. Coulter A. Paternalism or partnership? Patients have grown up-and there's no going back. BMJ.1999;319:719-720.
70. Cunliffe P. Dangerous duties:power, paternalism and the"responsibility to protect". Rev Int Stud.2010;36:79-96.
71. Hart HC. Anarchy, paternalism, or collective responsibility under the canals? Economic Political Weekly.1978;13:A125-A134.
72. Mckeown M. Alliances in action:opportunities and threats to solidarity between workers and service users in health and social care disputes. Soc Theory Health. 2009;7:148-169.
73. Chiovitti RF. Nurses'meaning of caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings:a grounded theory study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45:203-223.
2. Gardner F. Creating a climate for change:critical reflection and organisations. Organ Collect.2007;7:73-80.
3. Cody WK. Paternalism in nursing and healthcare:central issues and their relation to theory. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16:288-296.
4. Taylor BJ. Reflective Practice. New York:Two Penn Plaza. 2006.
5. Young ME, Stuenkel DL, Bawel-Brinkley K. Strategies for easing the role transformation of graduate nurses. J Nurses Staff Dev. 2008;24:105-110; quiz111-112.
6. Fook J, Gardner F. Practising Critical Reflection:A Resource Handbook. Berkshire:Open University Press. 2007.
7. Alm TG. Power in nursing. JAdvNurs. 1991;16:503.
8. Gordon NS, Wimpenny P. A critical reflection on the personal impact of managerial hegemony within nurse education. J Adv Nurs. 1996;23:479-486.
9. Forgacs D. ed. An Antonio Gramsci Reader:Selected Writings 1916-1935. New York:Schocken Books. 1988.
10. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 2001.
11. Rodriguez-Osorio CA, Dominguez-Cherit G. Medical decision making:paternalism versus patientcentered(autonomous)care. Curr Opin Crit Care.2008;14:708-713.
12. Capezuti E, Maislin G, Strumpf N, Evans LK. Side rail use and bed-related fall outcomes among nursing home residents. J Am GeriatrSoc. 2002;50:90-96.
13. Mosley A, Galindo-Ciocon D, Peak N, West MJ. Initiation and evaluation of a research-based fall prevention program. J Nurs Care Qual. 1998;13:38-44.
14. Chun AHW, Chan SHC, Lam GPS, Tsang FMF,Wong J, Yeung DWM. Nurse rostering at the hospital authority of Hong Kong. Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Twelfth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press. 2000:951-956.
15. Rajendra KS, Rachana S. Social Psychology. Delhi:Mehra Offset Press. 1997.
16. Zhou Y. Research on medical paternalism of Chinese tradition. Hunan Normal University. 2013(in Chinese).
17. Bruffee KA. Collaborative Learning:Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. New York:Johns Hopkins University Press.1999.
18. Li CY, Jin JZ, Cui RS. Research on nursing ethics education status in 35 nursing college and university in China. Chin Nurs Manage. 2006;6:64(in Chinese).
19. Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind:A Medical History of Humanity(The Norton History of Science). London:WW Norton&Company. 1999.
20. Smith KV, Godfrey NS. Being a good nurse and doing the right thing:a qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2002;9:301-312.
21. Fealy GM.'The good nurse':visions and values in images of the nurse. J Adv Nurs. 2004;46:649-656.
22. Chen L, Liu J, Liu Y, Sun W. Problems and relevant solutions of medical inform obligation fulfillment in our country. Chin Med Record. 2013;14:15-17(in Chinese).
23. Hawes C, Morris JN, Phillips CD, Mor V, Fries BE,Nonemaker S. Reliability estimates for the Minimum Data Set for nursing home resident assessment and care screening(MDS). Gerontologist.1995;35:172-178.
24. Timmins F, de Vries JM. Nurses are not bystanders:a response to Paley. Nurse Educ Today.2014;34:1269.
25. Steier F. ed. Research and Reflexivity. London:Sage. 1991.
26. Fook J. Reflexivity as method. Annu Rev Health Soc Sci. 1999;9:11-20.
27. White SJ. Unsettling Reflections:The Reflexive Practitioner as'Trickster'in Inter-Professional Work.Maidenhead:Open University Press. 2006.
28. Wang JW, Ma C, Zhang Q, Ji YF, Liang L. Respect and distort:the view on the harmonious doctorpatient relationship from the perspectives of autonomy, medical paternity and their relationship. Med Philos. 2012;12:46-48(in Chinese).
29. Appelbaum PS, Lidz CW, Meisel A. Informed Consent:Legal Theory and Clinical Practice. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 1987.
30. Chiovitti RF. Theory of protective empowering for balancing patient safety and choices. Nurs Ethics.2011;18:88-101.
31. Epstein RM, Street RL Jr. The values and value of patient-centered care. Ann Fam Med,2011;9:100-103.
32. Choi SP, Cheung K, Pang SM. Attributes of nursing work environment as predictors of registered nurses'job satisfaction and intention to leave. J Nurs Manage. 2013;21:429-439.
33. Peplau HE. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing.NewYork:G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1952.
34. Lindholm C. Culture and identity:The History, Theory, and Practice of Psychological Anthropology.New York:Oneworld Publications Limited. 2007.
35. Thompson N. The Critically Reflective Practitioner.Palgrave:Macmillan. 2008.
36. Charles CA, Whelan T, Gafni A, Willan A, Farrell S. Shared treatment decision making:what does it mean to physicians? J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:932-936.
37. Murray E, Pollack L, White M, Lo B. Clinical decision-making:physicians'preferences and experiences. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:10.
38. Levinson W, Kao A, Kuby A, Thisted RA. Not all patients want to participate in decision making. A national study of public preferences. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:531-535.
39. Butow PN, Maclean M, Dunn SM, Tattersall MH,Boyer MJ. The dynamics of change:cancer patients'preferences for information, involvement and support. Ann Oncol. 1997;8:857-863.
40. Mazur DJ, Hickam DH. Patients'preferences for risk disclosure and role in decision making for invasive medical procedures. J Gen Intern Med.1997;12:114-117.
41. Schattner A. What do patients really want to know?QJM. 2002;95:135-136.
42. Sekimoto M, Asai A, Ohnishi M, et al. Patients'preferences for involvement in treatment decision making in Japan. BMC Fam Pract. 2004;5:1.
43. Tai MC, Tsai TP. Who makes the decision? Patient's autonomy vs paternalism in a Confucian society.Croat Med J. 2003;44:558-561.
44. Sepasi RR, Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Rafiei H.Nurses'perceptions of the concept of power in nursing:a qualitative research. J Clin Diagn Res.2016;10:LC10-LC15.
45. Du Plat-Jones J. Power and representation in nursing:a literature review. Nurs Stand. 1999;13:39-42.
46. Chandler GE. The source and process of empowerment. Nurs Adm Q. 1992;16:65-71.
47. Hawks JH. Empowerment in nursing education:concept analysis and application to philosophy, learning and instruction. J Adv Nurs. 1992;17:609-618.
48. Hofmann B. Technological paternalism:on how medicine has reformed ethics and how technology can refine moral theory. Sci Eng Ethics.2003;9:343-352.
49. Kettunen T, Poskiparta M, Gerlander M. Nursepatient power relationship:preliminary evidence of patients'power messages. Patient Educ Couns.2002;47:101-113.
50. Katriina P, Sari V, Anja R, Christina S, Paula A, Tarja S. Nursing power as viewed by nursing professionals. Scand J Caring Sci. 2013;27:580-588.
51. Adib Hagbaghery M, Salsali M, Ahmadi F. A qualitative study of Iranian nurses'understanding and experiences of professional power. Hum Resour Health. 2004;2:9.
52. Cong Y. Doctor-family-patient relationship:the Chinese Paradigm of informed consent. J Med Philos.2004;29:149-178.
53. Kuokkanen L, Leino-Kilpi H. The qualities of an empowered nurse and the factors involved. J Nurs Manage. 2001;9:273-280.
54. Porter S. A participant observation study of power relations between nurses and doctors in a general hospital. J Adv Nurs. 1991;16:728-735.
55. Dolores D, McCarthy J. Nursing Ethics:Irish Cases and Concerns. Dublin:Gill&Macmillan. 2005.
56. Heineken J. Patient silence is not necessarily client satisfaction:communication problems in home care nursing. Home Healthc Nurse. 1998;16:115-120;quiz 120-121.
57. Keddy B, Gillis MJ, Jacobs P, Burton H, Rogers M.The doctor-nurse relationship:an historical perspective. J Adv Nurs. 1986;11:745-753.
58. Reeves S, Nelson S, Zwarenstein M. The doctornurse game in the age of interprofessional care:a view from Canada. Nurs Inq. 2008;15:1-2.
59. Manojlovich M. Promoting nurses'self-efficacy:a leadership strategy to improve practice. J Nurs Admin. 2005;35:271-278.
60. Antrobus S, Kitson A. Nursing leadership:influencing and shaping health policy and nursing practice.J Adv Nurs. 1999;29:746-753.
61. Fook J. Social Work Critical Theory and Practice.London:Sage, 2002.
62. Agger B. Critical Social Theories, Boulder/Oxford:Westview Press. 1998.
63. Oudshoorn A. Power and empowerment:critical concepts in the nurse-client relationship. Contemp Nurse. 2005;20:57-66.
64. Tomey AM. Nursing Management and Leadership.London:Sage. 2009.
65. Keister LA. Adapting to radical change:strategy and environment in piece-rate adoption during China's transition. Organ Sci. 2016;13:459-474.
66. Zhang LD, Yang G. The management of nursing human resource. Health Nutr China. 2013;6:1517-1518(in Chinese).
67. Lewis FM, Batey MV. Clarifying autonomy and accountability in nursing service:part 2. J Nurs Adm. 1982;12:10-15.
68. Aycan Z. Indigenous and Cultural Psychology.Istanbul:Springer US. 2006.
69. Coulter A. Paternalism or partnership? Patients have grown up-and there's no going back. BMJ.1999;319:719-720.
70. Cunliffe P. Dangerous duties:power, paternalism and the"responsibility to protect". Rev Int Stud.2010;36:79-96.
71. Hart HC. Anarchy, paternalism, or collective responsibility under the canals? Economic Political Weekly.1978;13:A125-A134.
72. Mckeown M. Alliances in action:opportunities and threats to solidarity between workers and service users in health and social care disputes. Soc Theory Health. 2009;7:148-169.
73. Chiovitti RF. Nurses'meaning of caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings:a grounded theory study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45:203-223.