中非裂谷盆地构造演化差异性与构造动力学机制
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摘要
分析了不同空间位置盆地的构造演化差异性,并结合区域构造事件探讨了中非裂谷盆地的构造动力学成因机制。中非裂谷盆地包括两个分支体系:西非裂谷系主要呈左旋走滑双断式结构;中非裂谷系主要表现为单断式右旋走滑结构。研究区内有走滑盆地和伸展盆地两种类型:前者位于走滑断裂带内部,近似平行于走滑断裂带展布,走滑作用强,构造反转明显;后者位于走滑断裂带端部,与走滑断裂带斜交,伸展作用强,构造反转较弱。中非裂谷盆地发育3期裂陷—拗陷构造旋回:早白垩世,中非盆地同时发生强烈的裂陷作用;晚白垩世,不同空间位置盆地的裂谷作用强度差异明显并且经历构造反转;古近纪,只有近NW-SE向盆地发生第三期裂谷作用,而其他盆地处于拗陷期。中非裂谷盆地是非洲陆缘板块构造运动在非洲陆内3个块体差异应力作用的陆内响应,3期裂谷作用的构造动力来源不同:早白垩世中大西洋扩张、晚白垩世南大西洋快速扩张和印度洋扩张双重作用、古近纪非洲板块与欧洲板块主要碰撞及西北印度洋中脊扩张影响。
In this study, differences in tectonic evolution of basins in various locations are analyzed. Based on these results and regional tectonic events, mechanisms for tectonic dynamics of rift basins in Central Africa are discussed. Rift basins in Central Africa include two systems: West African systems are dominated by dextral strike-slip double faults, whereas those in Central Africa are mainly single sinistral strike-slip faults. In the study area, there are two types of basins: strike-slip basins and extensional basins. The former is located within the strike-slip fault belt, and is roughly parallel to the fault belt. It shows strong strike-slip movement and tectonic inversion. The latter is located at the ends of the strike-slip fault belt and intersects obliquely with the fault belt. It has strong extensional movement but relatively weak tectonic inversion. Rift basins in Central Africa experienced three episodes of rifting-depression tectonic cycles. In the Early Cretaceous, basins in Central Africa all underwent intense rifting. In the Late Cretaceous, basins at different locations experienced rifting of varying intensities and tectonic inversion. In the Paleogene, only roughly NW-SE striking basins underwent the third rifting episode, while other basins were subjected to depression. Rift basins in Central Africa resulted from terrestrial responses to stress differences between the three blocks in mainland Africa during tectonic movements of the African continental plate. The dynamic tectonic sources were different for the three rifting episodes, the expansion of the Mid-Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous, the rapid expansion of the South Atlantic Ocean and expansion of the Indian Ocean in the Late Cretaceous, and the major collision between the African and Eurasian Plates and spreading of the mid-ocean ridge in the Northwest Indian Ocean in the Paleogene.
In this study, differences in tectonic evolution of basins in various locations are analyzed. Based on these results and regional tectonic events, mechanisms for tectonic dynamics of rift basins in Central Africa are discussed. Rift basins in Central Africa include two systems: West African systems are dominated by dextral strike-slip double faults, whereas those in Central Africa are mainly single sinistral strike-slip faults. In the study area, there are two types of basins: strike-slip basins and extensional basins. The former is located within the strike-slip fault belt, and is roughly parallel to the fault belt. It shows strong strike-slip movement and tectonic inversion. The latter is located at the ends of the strike-slip fault belt and intersects obliquely with the fault belt. It has strong extensional movement but relatively weak tectonic inversion. Rift basins in Central Africa experienced three episodes of rifting-depression tectonic cycles. In the Early Cretaceous, basins in Central Africa all underwent intense rifting. In the Late Cretaceous, basins at different locations experienced rifting of varying intensities and tectonic inversion. In the Paleogene, only roughly NW-SE striking basins underwent the third rifting episode, while other basins were subjected to depression. Rift basins in Central Africa resulted from terrestrial responses to stress differences between the three blocks in mainland Africa during tectonic movements of the African continental plate. The dynamic tectonic sources were different for the three rifting episodes, the expansion of the Mid-Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous, the rapid expansion of the South Atlantic Ocean and expansion of the Indian Ocean in the Late Cretaceous, and the major collision between the African and Eurasian Plates and spreading of the mid-ocean ridge in the Northwest Indian Ocean in the Paleogene.
引文
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[10]张艺琼,何登发,童晓光.中非剪切带含油气盆地成因机制与构造类型[J].石油学报,2015, 36(10):1234-1247. doi:10.7623/syxb201510006ZHANG Yiqiong, HE Dengfa, TONG Xiaoguang. Genetic mechanisms and tectonic types of petroliferous basins in the Central Africa shear zone[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015.36(10):1234-1247. doi:10.7623/syxb201510006
[11] MOULIN M, ASLANIAN D, UNTERNEHR P. A newstarting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2010,98(1-2):1-37. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.08.001
[12] CHATTERJEE S,GOSWAMI A,SCOTESE C R. The longest voyage:Tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia[J]. Gondwana Research, 2013,23(1):238-267. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.001
[13] GENIK G J. Petroleum geology of Cretaceous-Tertiary rift basins in Niger,Chad,and Central African Republic[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993, 77(8):1405-1434.
[14] FAIRHEAD J D,GREEN C M, MASTERTON S M,et al.The role that plate tectonics, inferred stress changes and stratigraphic unconformities have on the evolution of the West and Central African Rift System and the Atlantic continental margins[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013, 594:118-127.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.021
[15]席怡,何登发,孙衍鹏,等.克拉通演化的超大陆背景与克拉通盆地的成因机制[J].地质科学,2014, 49(4):1093-1112. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0563-5020.2014.04.005XI Yi, HE Dengfa, SUN Yanpeng, et al. Supercontinent background of the evolution of cratons and the genetic mechanism of the cratonic basins[J]. Chinese Journal of Gcology,2014.49(4):1093-1112. doi:10.3969/j.issn.-0563-5020.2014.04.005
[16]童晓光,窦立荣,田作綦,等.苏丹穆格莱特盆地的地质模式和成藏模式[J].石油学报,2004, 25(1):19-24.doi:10.7623/syxb200401004TONG Xiaoguang, DOU Lirong, TIAN Zuoji, et al. Geological mode and hydrocarbon accumulation mode in Muglad passive rift basin of Sudan[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2004.25(1):19-24. doi:10.7623/syxb200411004
[17] BINKS R M, FAIRHEAD J D. A plate tectonic setting for Mesozoic rifts of West and Central Africa[J]. Tectono-physics, 1992, 213(1-2):141-151. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90255-5
[18] MAURIN J C, GUIRAUD R. Early Cretaceous rifts of Western and Central Africa:An overview[J]. Tectonophysics, 1992, 213(1-2):153-168. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90256-6
[19] MAURIN J C, GUIRAUD R. Basement control in the development of the early cretaceous West and Central African rift system[J]. Tectonophysics, 1993, 228(1-2):81-95. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90215-6
[20] GUIRAUD R, BOS WORTH W, THIERRY J, et al.Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa:An overview[J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences,2005,43(1-3):83-143. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.-017
[2] ZHANG Yamin, QI Jiafu. Structural geological characteristics and hydrocarbon enrichment of the Muglad Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology, 2007, 28(5):669-674. doi:10.3321/-j.issn:0253-9985.2007.05.019
[3]赵健,肖坤叶,童晓光,等.乍得Bongor盆地构造反转的油气地质意义[J].地质科技情报,2013, 32(2):105-111.ZHAO Jian, XIAO Kunye, TONG Xiaoguang, et al. Tectonic inversion and its significances to the petroleum geology of Bongor Basin, Chad[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2013, 32(2):105-111.
[4]窦立荣,肖坤叶,胡勇,等.乍得Bongor盆地石油地质特征及成藏模式[J].石油学报,2011.32(3):379-386.doi:10.7623/syxb201103002DOU Lirong,XIAO Kunye,TU Yong,et al. Petroleum geology and a model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Bongor Basin, the Republic of Chad[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2011, 32(3):379-386. doi:10.7623/syxb201103002
[5]肖坤叶,赵健,余朝华,等.中非裂谷系Bongor盆地强反转裂谷构造特征及其对油气成藏的影响[J].地学前缘,2014,21(3):172—180.doi:10.13745/j.esf.2014.-03.020XIAO Kunye, ZHAO Jian, YU Zhaohua, et al. Structural characteristics of intensively inversed Bongor Basin in CARS and their impacts on hydrcarbon accumulation[J].Earth Science Frontiers, 2014, 21(3):172-180. doi:10.-13745/j.esf.2014.03.020
[6]叶浩,BOUYO M H,赵越,等.中非造山带:喀麦隆北部地质构造与河流沉积物重矿物分析[J].地质力学学报,2014, 20(2):103-113. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2014.02.001YE Hao, BOUYO M H, ZHAO Yue, et al. Pan-african central african fold belt, with emphasis on bedrocks and heavy mineral analysis of river alluvium in the northern cameroon[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2014, 20(2):103-113. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2014.02.001
[7]吕明胜,薛良清,万仑坤,等.西非裂谷系Termit盆地古近系油气成藏主控因素分析[J].地学前缘,2015,22(6):207-216. doi:10.13745/j.esf.2015.06.016LU Mingsheng, XUE Liangqing, WAN Lunkun, et al.Main controlling factors of Paleogene hydrocarbon accumulation of Termit Basin, West African rift system[J].Earth Science Frontiers, 2015, 22(6):207-216. doi:10.-13745/j.esf.2015.06.016
[8]魏永佩,刘池阳.位于巨型走滑断裂端部盆地演化的地质模型:以苏丹穆格莱德盆地为例[J].石油实验地质,2003, 25(2):129-142. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2003.02.005WEI Yongpei, LIU Chiyang. Geological model of the mugland basin:An identical example of basin evolution at the end of giant strike-slip faults[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment, 2003, 25(2):129-142. doi:10.3969/j.issn.-1001-6112.2003.02.005
[9]李江海,王洪浩,李维波,等.显生宙全球古板块再造及构造演化[J].石油学报,2014, 35(2):207-218. doi:10.7623/syxb201402001LI Jianghai, WANG Honghao, LI Wei bo, et al. Discussion on global tectonics evolution from plate reconstruction in Phanerozoic[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2014. 35(2):207-218. doi:10.7623/syxb201402001
[10]张艺琼,何登发,童晓光.中非剪切带含油气盆地成因机制与构造类型[J].石油学报,2015, 36(10):1234-1247. doi:10.7623/syxb201510006ZHANG Yiqiong, HE Dengfa, TONG Xiaoguang. Genetic mechanisms and tectonic types of petroliferous basins in the Central Africa shear zone[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015.36(10):1234-1247. doi:10.7623/syxb201510006
[11] MOULIN M, ASLANIAN D, UNTERNEHR P. A newstarting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2010,98(1-2):1-37. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.08.001
[12] CHATTERJEE S,GOSWAMI A,SCOTESE C R. The longest voyage:Tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia[J]. Gondwana Research, 2013,23(1):238-267. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.001
[13] GENIK G J. Petroleum geology of Cretaceous-Tertiary rift basins in Niger,Chad,and Central African Republic[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993, 77(8):1405-1434.
[14] FAIRHEAD J D,GREEN C M, MASTERTON S M,et al.The role that plate tectonics, inferred stress changes and stratigraphic unconformities have on the evolution of the West and Central African Rift System and the Atlantic continental margins[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013, 594:118-127.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.021
[15]席怡,何登发,孙衍鹏,等.克拉通演化的超大陆背景与克拉通盆地的成因机制[J].地质科学,2014, 49(4):1093-1112. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0563-5020.2014.04.005XI Yi, HE Dengfa, SUN Yanpeng, et al. Supercontinent background of the evolution of cratons and the genetic mechanism of the cratonic basins[J]. Chinese Journal of Gcology,2014.49(4):1093-1112. doi:10.3969/j.issn.-0563-5020.2014.04.005
[16]童晓光,窦立荣,田作綦,等.苏丹穆格莱特盆地的地质模式和成藏模式[J].石油学报,2004, 25(1):19-24.doi:10.7623/syxb200401004TONG Xiaoguang, DOU Lirong, TIAN Zuoji, et al. Geological mode and hydrocarbon accumulation mode in Muglad passive rift basin of Sudan[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2004.25(1):19-24. doi:10.7623/syxb200411004
[17] BINKS R M, FAIRHEAD J D. A plate tectonic setting for Mesozoic rifts of West and Central Africa[J]. Tectono-physics, 1992, 213(1-2):141-151. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90255-5
[18] MAURIN J C, GUIRAUD R. Early Cretaceous rifts of Western and Central Africa:An overview[J]. Tectonophysics, 1992, 213(1-2):153-168. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90256-6
[19] MAURIN J C, GUIRAUD R. Basement control in the development of the early cretaceous West and Central African rift system[J]. Tectonophysics, 1993, 228(1-2):81-95. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90215-6
[20] GUIRAUD R, BOS WORTH W, THIERRY J, et al.Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa:An overview[J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences,2005,43(1-3):83-143. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.-017