神木北部采煤塌陷区土壤与植被损害过程及机理分析
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摘要
通过对神木北部矿区塌陷1,2,5,10 a和未塌陷区植物群落调查和土壤因子的测试,采用因子分析法评价不同塌陷年限下土壤质量和植被群落结构优劣,同时利用冗余和聚类分析研究植物与土壤之间的相互关系及其演变过程,并基于植被—土壤耦合模型判定不同塌陷年限土壤因子与植物群落耦合协调性。结果表明:1采煤塌陷导致土壤质量与植被群落结构退化,随塌陷时间的推移呈自然恢复趋势,但10 a后植物群落结构和土壤因子仍不能恢复至塌陷前水平;2塌陷区土壤有机质、水分和微生物是决定土壤质量和植物群落特征的关键因素,土壤硬度、速效养分和酶类是影响植物群落生产力和多样性的主要因子,而全效养分影响力相对较小;3塌陷区植物群落和土壤质量大体经过退化、改善和初步恢复3个不同的演化阶段;4植被与土壤的耦合协调性塌陷2 a后逐渐恢复,但至塌陷10 a仍未达到未塌陷地良好的耦合协调水平。神木北部矿区采煤对生态环境损害具有一定延续性,且生态系统自修复能力较弱,因此减少采动损害、实行自然与人工修复相结合应作为该区生态环境保护的指导原则。
The quality of soil and plant community structure were analyzed using factor analysis based on the investigation of plant community characteristics and the examination of soil properties in different years of coal mining subsidence( 1,2,5,10 a,and un-subsidence area) at northern Shenmu mining area. Meanwhile,redundancy analysis and cluster analysis were used to study the relationship and succession process between plants and soil.The vegetation-soil coupling model was used to determine the coordination of soil properties and plant community in five periods of coal mining subsidence.The results show that: 1 Disturbance of the subsidence was an important reason for the degradation of the soil quality and the vegetation structure in the subsided area.There was a natural restoration trend of plant-soil ecosystem with the passage of subsidence time. Unfortunately,the plant community structure and soil properties could hardly be restored to the pre-collapse level after even 10 years of natural succession.2 Soil organic matter,water,and microbes were the core of soil nutrient cycling process and the key factors to determine plant community characteris-tics.And soil hardness,available nutrients and enzymes were the major influence factors of plant community productivity and diversity. However,the total nutrient was proved to be not so important factors for plant community. 3 Plant communities and soil properties at subsidence area under natural restoration could be divided into three stages,namely the degradation,improvement,and initial recovery stage.4 There was a trend of recovery for the coordination of vegetation and soil after two years of subsidence.However,it could hardly be well-coordinated ecotype in even 10 years of coal mining subsidence.The results indicated that coal mining had continuity damage to the ecological environment,and the self-healing of ecosystem was weak at northern Shenmu mining area.Therefore reducing the mining damage and achieving the combination of natural and artificial restoration should be the guiding principle of the ecological environment protection in this area.
The quality of soil and plant community structure were analyzed using factor analysis based on the investigation of plant community characteristics and the examination of soil properties in different years of coal mining subsidence( 1,2,5,10 a,and un-subsidence area) at northern Shenmu mining area. Meanwhile,redundancy analysis and cluster analysis were used to study the relationship and succession process between plants and soil.The vegetation-soil coupling model was used to determine the coordination of soil properties and plant community in five periods of coal mining subsidence.The results show that: 1 Disturbance of the subsidence was an important reason for the degradation of the soil quality and the vegetation structure in the subsided area.There was a natural restoration trend of plant-soil ecosystem with the passage of subsidence time. Unfortunately,the plant community structure and soil properties could hardly be restored to the pre-collapse level after even 10 years of natural succession.2 Soil organic matter,water,and microbes were the core of soil nutrient cycling process and the key factors to determine plant community characteris-tics.And soil hardness,available nutrients and enzymes were the major influence factors of plant community productivity and diversity. However,the total nutrient was proved to be not so important factors for plant community. 3 Plant communities and soil properties at subsidence area under natural restoration could be divided into three stages,namely the degradation,improvement,and initial recovery stage.4 There was a trend of recovery for the coordination of vegetation and soil after two years of subsidence.However,it could hardly be well-coordinated ecotype in even 10 years of coal mining subsidence.The results indicated that coal mining had continuity damage to the ecological environment,and the self-healing of ecosystem was weak at northern Shenmu mining area.Therefore reducing the mining damage and achieving the combination of natural and artificial restoration should be the guiding principle of the ecological environment protection in this area.
引文
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[3]胡振琪,王新静,贺安民.风积沙区采煤沉陷地裂缝分布特征与发生发育规律[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(1):11-18.Hu Zhenqi,Wang Xinjing,He Anmin.Distribution characteristic and development rules of ground fissures due to coal mining in windy and sandy region[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(1):11-18.
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[5]Gilland K E,Mc Carthy B C.Microtopography influences early successional plant communities on experimental coal surface mine land reclamation[J].Restoration Ecology,2014,22(2):232-239.
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[8]杨选民,丁长印.神府东胜矿区生态环境问题及对策[J].煤矿环境保护,2000,14(1):69-72.Yang Xuanmin,Ding Changyin.Ecological environmental problems and countermeasures in Shenfu-Dongsheng mining area[J].Coal Mining Environmental Protection,2000,14(1):69-72.
[9]臧荫桐,汪季,丁国栋,等.采煤沉陷后风沙土理化性质变化及其评价研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(2):262-269.Zang Yintong,Wang Ji,Ding Guodong,et al.Variation of physico-chemical properties of aeolian sandy soil at coal mining subsidence and its evaluation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(2):262-269.
[10]张发旺,侯新伟,韩占涛.煤炭开发引起水土环境演化及其调控技术[J].地球学报,2000,22(4):345-350.Zhang Fawang,Hou Xinwei,Han Zhantao.Water-soil environmental evolution induced by coal mining and its regulating and controlling techniques[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2000,22(4):345-350.
[11]雷少刚.荒漠矿区关键环境要素的监测与采动影响规律研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(9):1587-1588.Lei Shaogang.Monitoring and analyzing the mining impacts on key environmental elements in desert area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(9):1587-1588.
[12]周莹,贺晓,徐军,等.半干旱区采煤沉陷对地表植被组成及多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4517-4525.Zhou Ying,He Xiao,Xu Jun,et al.Effects of coal mining subsidence on vegetation composition and plant diversity in semi-arid region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4517-4525.
[13]Li M.Ecological restoration of mineland with particular reference to the metalliferous mine wasteland in China:A review of research and practice[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,357(1):38-53.
[14]Putten W H,Bardgett R D,Bever J D,et al.Plant-soil feedbacks:the past,the present and future challenges[J].Journal of Ecology,2013,101(2):265-276.
[15]王健,高永,魏江生,等.采煤塌陷对风沙区土壤理化性质影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):52-55.Wang Jian,Gao Yong,Wei Jiangsheng,et al.Influence of mining subsidence on physical and chemical properties of soil in windy desert area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(5):52-55.
[16]王琦,全占军,韩煜,等.风沙区采煤塌陷不同恢复年限土壤理化性质变化[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):118-122.Wang Qi,Quan Zhanjun,Han Yu,et al.change of soil physical and chemical properties under different coal mining subsidence years in windy desert area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):118-122.
[17]侯庆春,汪有科,杨光.神府─东胜煤田开发区建设对植被影响的调查[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(4):127-137.Hou Qingchun,Wang Youke,Yang Guang.Influence of coal mining on the vegetation in the Shenfu-Dongsheng coal field[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,1(4):127-137.
[18]吕晶洁,胡春元,贺晓.采煤塌陷对固定沙丘土壤水分动态的影响研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(7):152-156.LüJingjie,Hu Chunyuan,He Xiao.Studied on the influences of coal mining collapse on the soil water dynamics of fixed dune[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(7):152-156.
[19]徐友宁,吴贤,陈华清.大柳塔煤矿地面塌陷区的生态地质环境效应分析[J].中国矿业,2008,17(3):38-40.Xu Youning,Wu Xian,Chen Huaqing.Effect analysis on ecological geo-environment in the bound of Daliuta coal mining subsidence area[J].China Mining Magazine,2008,17(3):38-40.
[20]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.Zhang Jintun.Quantitative plant ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[21]尚浩博.资源环境常规分析方法[M].杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社,2010.
[22]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[23]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[24]陈琳,赵陟峰,赵廷宇,等.基于因子与聚类分析的不同林分土壤理化性质评价[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(5):191-196.Chen Lin,Zhao Xifeng,Zhao Tingyu,et al.Evaluation of soil physical and chemical properties quality under different forest based on factor and cluster analysis[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):191-196.
[25]彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地退耕还林还草工程的植被土壤耦合协调度模型[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):305-310.Peng Wanxia,Song Tongqing,Zeng Fuping,et al.Models of vegetation and soil coupling coordinative degree in grain for green project in depressions between Karst hills[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(9):305-310.
[26]刘宏.综合评价中指标权重确定方法的研究[J].河北工业大学学报,1996,25(4):75-80.Liu Hong.A study on the determination of the weigth of index in synthesive assessment[J].Journal of Hebei University of Technology,1996,25(4):75-80.
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