手提式挖坑机开合螺母式自动进给机构的设计与试验
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摘要
挖坑机钻头进给量是影响其扭矩和工作效率的重要因素,研究挖坑机进给量与其动态力学参数之间的变化规律对开发挖坑机具有重要意义。该文首先根据开合螺母的工作原理,利用解析法分析了开合螺母机构的运动特性,确定出了其动销轨道角为105°,进而设计出了一种开合螺母式自动进给机构的手提式挖坑机,不仅实现了挖坑作业的自动化,又能迅速完成回程运动。然后基于挖坑机升土理论,分析了挖坑机钻头进给量与其升土效果之间的影响关系,并通过试验进行了验证,从而为挖坑机进给量的设计提供了参考。研究表明,开合螺母螺距为5 mm时,挖坑机扭矩及其波动幅度均较小、工作效率最高。
Digging machine is a kind of digging and tillage machine. Because its structure is simple and it can be operated conveniently, it is widely used as a hole digger. There are mainly 4 types of digging machines, i.e. suspension type, portable type, traction type and self-propelled type. On the mountains, hills, ravines and other complex terrain conditions, portable type of digging machine is popularly used to dig a hole so as to plant or transplant trees. Hence, this paper designed a new portable digging machine with a half-nut mechanism to keep the feed rate stable and decrease the torque of the drilling bit as far as possible when drilling the hole. In addition, the support structure was also designed for the digging machine for the sake of guaranteeing the verticality of the hole and ensuring the reliability and stability of the digging machine, as well as making the structure more secure. The feed rate of the digging machine was an important factor, which affected the torque and work efficiency of the drilling bit greatly. Research on the effect of the feed rate on the dynamic mechanical parameters of digging machine was of great significance for developing a new model of digging machine. However, the power of the digging machine was gasoline engine, so the power output shaft could not reversely rotate, and it could not be used for actual digging. Thus there was a great need to design a new structure that could solve the gasoline engine's problem of rotating only in one direction. Accordingly, the half-nut mechanism was designed. According to the working principle of the half-nut, the motion characteristics of half-nut mechanism were analyzed by using the analytic method. The straight track angle of half-nut picks was decided as 105°, and thus a portable digging machine with half-nut mechanism was designed. The new designed digging machine could not only realize the digging operation automatically, but also complete the return movement rapidly. Then based on the working principle of digging machine, the relationship between the feed rate and the effect of lifting soil was studied. In order to verify the result, the experiment of testing the torque and rotational speed during the process of drilling a hole was conducted by using the torque measuring device JN338-100 A made by Beijing Xinyuhang Century Science and Technology Co., Ltd. to collect the data afterward. Therefore it successfully provided a theoretical basis for the determination of feed rate of a new type of digging machine. It showed that when the pitch of half nut was taken as 3 or 5 mm, the torque and its fluctuation both were small. However when the pitch of half nut was taken as 8 mm, for it did not satisfy the working principle of digging machine, the torque and its fluctuation varied greatly, and the digging machine could not lift soil smoothly. In order to improve the work efficiency, the pitch of half nut was taken as 5 mm for this new designed digging mechanism finally. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of automatic feed mechanism of a new portable digging machine.
Digging machine is a kind of digging and tillage machine. Because its structure is simple and it can be operated conveniently, it is widely used as a hole digger. There are mainly 4 types of digging machines, i.e. suspension type, portable type, traction type and self-propelled type. On the mountains, hills, ravines and other complex terrain conditions, portable type of digging machine is popularly used to dig a hole so as to plant or transplant trees. Hence, this paper designed a new portable digging machine with a half-nut mechanism to keep the feed rate stable and decrease the torque of the drilling bit as far as possible when drilling the hole. In addition, the support structure was also designed for the digging machine for the sake of guaranteeing the verticality of the hole and ensuring the reliability and stability of the digging machine, as well as making the structure more secure. The feed rate of the digging machine was an important factor, which affected the torque and work efficiency of the drilling bit greatly. Research on the effect of the feed rate on the dynamic mechanical parameters of digging machine was of great significance for developing a new model of digging machine. However, the power of the digging machine was gasoline engine, so the power output shaft could not reversely rotate, and it could not be used for actual digging. Thus there was a great need to design a new structure that could solve the gasoline engine's problem of rotating only in one direction. Accordingly, the half-nut mechanism was designed. According to the working principle of the half-nut, the motion characteristics of half-nut mechanism were analyzed by using the analytic method. The straight track angle of half-nut picks was decided as 105°, and thus a portable digging machine with half-nut mechanism was designed. The new designed digging machine could not only realize the digging operation automatically, but also complete the return movement rapidly. Then based on the working principle of digging machine, the relationship between the feed rate and the effect of lifting soil was studied. In order to verify the result, the experiment of testing the torque and rotational speed during the process of drilling a hole was conducted by using the torque measuring device JN338-100 A made by Beijing Xinyuhang Century Science and Technology Co., Ltd. to collect the data afterward. Therefore it successfully provided a theoretical basis for the determination of feed rate of a new type of digging machine. It showed that when the pitch of half nut was taken as 3 or 5 mm, the torque and its fluctuation both were small. However when the pitch of half nut was taken as 8 mm, for it did not satisfy the working principle of digging machine, the torque and its fluctuation varied greatly, and the digging machine could not lift soil smoothly. In order to improve the work efficiency, the pitch of half nut was taken as 5 mm for this new designed digging mechanism finally. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of automatic feed mechanism of a new portable digging machine.
引文
[1]于建国,屈锦卫.国内外挖坑机的研究现状及发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2006(12):38-41.Yu Jianguo,Qu Jinwei.Research situation and development trend of earth auger in home and abroad[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2006(12):38-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]王乃康,刘会敏,茅也冰.作业参数对挖坑机动态力学参数影响的试验研究(I):挖坑机动态力学参数的测试与研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):195-199.Wang Naikang,Liu Huimin,Mao Yebing.Effects of working parameters on dynamic mechanical parameters for digging machine(I):Test and study of dynamic mechanical parameters for digging machine[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5/6):195-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]郭贵生,高梦祥,郭康权,等.基于MATLAB挖坑机螺旋钻头参数的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(3):179-182.Guo Guisheng,Gao Mengxiang,Guo Kangquan,et al.Study of screw auger parameters of mounted hole digger on the basis of MATLAB[J].Jour.of Northwest Sci-Tech Univ.of Agri.and For.:Nat.Sci.Ed.,2003,31(3):179-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]高梦祥,郭贵生,郭康权.基于MATLAB的挖坑机钻头转矩分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(1):131-134.Gao Mengxiang,Guo Guisheng,Guo Kangquan.Analysis of screw auger’s torque of digging pit machine by using MATLAB[J].Jour.of Northwest Sci-Tech Univ.of Agri.and For.:Nat.Sci.Ed.,2003,31(1):131-134.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]刘少刚.挖坑机钻头转速及进给量的优化选择[J].林业机械,1989(3):27-31.
[6]王警梁.自动进给挖坑机设计与参数化研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.Wang Jingliang.Design and Parametric Research of Automatic Feed Hole Digger[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]李耀明,徐立章,陈航.4YS-600型树木移栽机铲刀臂的改进设计[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):60-63.Li Yaoming,Xu Lizhang,Chen Hang.Improved design of spade arm in 4YS-600 tree transplanter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(3):60-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王保帅,杨永发,高延杰,等.摆杆式烟苗移栽挖穴机的设计与优化分析[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(8):23-27.Wang Baoshuai,Yang Yongfa,Gao Yanjie,et al.Design and optimization analysis of the transplanting and digging machine for the tobacco seedling transplanting[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(8):23-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]杨有刚,刘迎春,吕新民.挖坑机扭转振动特征对的动力学分析[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(6):53-55.Yang Yougang,Liu Yingxin,LüXinmin.Dynamic analysis of torsional vibration for a hole digger[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2005,36(6):53-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]孟庆华.深植挖坑机钻头动态过程数学描述与仿真研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.Meng Qinghua.Research on Simulation and Mathematical Interpretation of Dynamic Process to Earth Auger for Tree Deep Planting[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]赵忠松.挖坑机钻头有限元分析和悬挂机构运动仿真[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.Zhao Zhongsong.FEA of the Auger and the Hitch Motion Simulation of Hole Digger[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]屈锦卫.挖坑机主轴的有限元分析及其悬挂机构的动力学仿真[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.Qu Jinwei.Finite Element Analysis of the Principal Axis of Earth Auger and Dynamic Simulation of Hanging Machine[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Macpherson J D,Jogi P N,Kingman J E E.Application and analysis of simultaneous near bit and surface dynamics measurements[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2001,16(4):230-238.
[14]Macpherson J D,Jogi P N,Kingman J E E.Application and analysis of simultaneous near bit and surface dynamics measurements[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2001,16(4):230-238.
[15]Vosniak J,Lopes E D S,Fiedler N C,et al.Demanded physical effort and posture in semi mechanical hole-digging activity at forestry plantation[J].Scientia Forestalis/Forest Sciences,2010(88):589-598.
[16]Silva E P D,Minette L J,Souza A P D.Evaluation an ergonomic of the activity of semi mechanized pit for the planting of eucalyptus[J].Scientia Forestalis/Forest Sciences,2007(76):77-83.
[17]李肖婷.3WY-40多功能液压微型挖坑机设计分析及研究[J].农业技术与装备,2016(323):68-71.Li Xiaoting.Design research and analysis on 3WY-40multi-function hydraulic micro hole digger[J].Agricultural Technology and Equipment,2016(323):68-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]陆建,缪明,卢少颖,等.车载植树挖坑机研究设计与试验[J].中国农机化学报,2014,35(6):44-47,60.Lu Jian,Miao Ming,Lu Shaoying,et al.Design and test research of digging machine for vehicle planting[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2014,35(6):44-47,60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wangyuan Z,Jingliang W,Xiaomao H,et al.Development of a mobile powered hole digger for orchard tree cultivation using a slider-crank feed mechanism[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(3):48-56.
[20]宗望远,王警梁.高效轻便挖坑机:CN205017820U[P].2016-02-10.
[21]渠聚鑫.新型自走式植树挖坑机的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.Qu Juxin.Research on New Self-Propelled Tree Planting Earth Auger[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]姜长笑.可移动挖坑机:CN105165183A[P].2015-12-23.
[23]赵彩华.手提式植树挖坑机:CN105474833A[P].2016-04-13.
[24]符翔.一种农业挖坑机械装置:CN205284090U[P].2016-06-08.
[25]吕有界,王玉兴,唐艳芹,等.仿生曲面在螺旋桩螺旋叶片上的应用研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(4):134-137.Lu Youjie,Wang Yuxing,Tang Yanqin,et al.Application of bionic surface on blades of screw pile[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(4):134-137.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Du Danfeng,Ma Yan,Guo Xiurong,et al.Research on a forestation hole digging robot[C]//2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation,2010:1073-1076.
[27]黄亚光.挖坑机执行机构动力学分析及参数研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2012.Huang Yaguang.Dynamics Analysis and Parameters Research on Digging Machine Actuator[D].Changsha:Central South University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Haga M,Hiroshi W,Fujishima K.Digging control system for hydraulic excavator[J].Mechatronics,2001,11(6):665-676.
[29]吴立国,郭克君,满大为,等.自行式挖坑机液压系统的设计与选型[J].林业机械与木工设备,2016,44(5):24-28.Wu Liguo,Guo Kejun,Man Dawei,et al.Design and model selection of hydraulic systems for a self-propelled hole digger[J].Forestry Machinery and Woodworking Equipment,2016,44(5):24-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]王有刚.新型全液压连续式挖坑机研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.Wang Yougang.The Design of New Continuous Digging Machine with All-Hydraulic Drive[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]卓凤英.挖坑机[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989.
[32]张居敏,贺小伟,夏俊芳,等.高茬秸秆还田耕整机功耗检测系统设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(18):38-46.Zhang Jumin,He Xiaowei,Xia Junfang,et al.Design and field experiment of power consumption measurement system for high stubble returning and tillage machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(18):38-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]陈度,王书茂,康峰,等.联合收割机喂入量与收获过程损失模型[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):18-21.Chen Du,Wang Shumao,Kang Feng,et al.Mathematical model of feeding rate and processing loss for combine harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(9):18-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]王乃康,刘会敏,茅也冰.作业参数对挖坑机动态力学参数影响的试验研究(I):挖坑机动态力学参数的测试与研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):195-199.Wang Naikang,Liu Huimin,Mao Yebing.Effects of working parameters on dynamic mechanical parameters for digging machine(I):Test and study of dynamic mechanical parameters for digging machine[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5/6):195-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]郭贵生,高梦祥,郭康权,等.基于MATLAB挖坑机螺旋钻头参数的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(3):179-182.Guo Guisheng,Gao Mengxiang,Guo Kangquan,et al.Study of screw auger parameters of mounted hole digger on the basis of MATLAB[J].Jour.of Northwest Sci-Tech Univ.of Agri.and For.:Nat.Sci.Ed.,2003,31(3):179-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]高梦祥,郭贵生,郭康权.基于MATLAB的挖坑机钻头转矩分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(1):131-134.Gao Mengxiang,Guo Guisheng,Guo Kangquan.Analysis of screw auger’s torque of digging pit machine by using MATLAB[J].Jour.of Northwest Sci-Tech Univ.of Agri.and For.:Nat.Sci.Ed.,2003,31(1):131-134.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]刘少刚.挖坑机钻头转速及进给量的优化选择[J].林业机械,1989(3):27-31.
[6]王警梁.自动进给挖坑机设计与参数化研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.Wang Jingliang.Design and Parametric Research of Automatic Feed Hole Digger[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]李耀明,徐立章,陈航.4YS-600型树木移栽机铲刀臂的改进设计[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):60-63.Li Yaoming,Xu Lizhang,Chen Hang.Improved design of spade arm in 4YS-600 tree transplanter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(3):60-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王保帅,杨永发,高延杰,等.摆杆式烟苗移栽挖穴机的设计与优化分析[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(8):23-27.Wang Baoshuai,Yang Yongfa,Gao Yanjie,et al.Design and optimization analysis of the transplanting and digging machine for the tobacco seedling transplanting[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(8):23-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]杨有刚,刘迎春,吕新民.挖坑机扭转振动特征对的动力学分析[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(6):53-55.Yang Yougang,Liu Yingxin,LüXinmin.Dynamic analysis of torsional vibration for a hole digger[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2005,36(6):53-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]孟庆华.深植挖坑机钻头动态过程数学描述与仿真研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.Meng Qinghua.Research on Simulation and Mathematical Interpretation of Dynamic Process to Earth Auger for Tree Deep Planting[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]赵忠松.挖坑机钻头有限元分析和悬挂机构运动仿真[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.Zhao Zhongsong.FEA of the Auger and the Hitch Motion Simulation of Hole Digger[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]屈锦卫.挖坑机主轴的有限元分析及其悬挂机构的动力学仿真[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.Qu Jinwei.Finite Element Analysis of the Principal Axis of Earth Auger and Dynamic Simulation of Hanging Machine[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Macpherson J D,Jogi P N,Kingman J E E.Application and analysis of simultaneous near bit and surface dynamics measurements[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2001,16(4):230-238.
[14]Macpherson J D,Jogi P N,Kingman J E E.Application and analysis of simultaneous near bit and surface dynamics measurements[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2001,16(4):230-238.
[15]Vosniak J,Lopes E D S,Fiedler N C,et al.Demanded physical effort and posture in semi mechanical hole-digging activity at forestry plantation[J].Scientia Forestalis/Forest Sciences,2010(88):589-598.
[16]Silva E P D,Minette L J,Souza A P D.Evaluation an ergonomic of the activity of semi mechanized pit for the planting of eucalyptus[J].Scientia Forestalis/Forest Sciences,2007(76):77-83.
[17]李肖婷.3WY-40多功能液压微型挖坑机设计分析及研究[J].农业技术与装备,2016(323):68-71.Li Xiaoting.Design research and analysis on 3WY-40multi-function hydraulic micro hole digger[J].Agricultural Technology and Equipment,2016(323):68-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]陆建,缪明,卢少颖,等.车载植树挖坑机研究设计与试验[J].中国农机化学报,2014,35(6):44-47,60.Lu Jian,Miao Ming,Lu Shaoying,et al.Design and test research of digging machine for vehicle planting[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2014,35(6):44-47,60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wangyuan Z,Jingliang W,Xiaomao H,et al.Development of a mobile powered hole digger for orchard tree cultivation using a slider-crank feed mechanism[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(3):48-56.
[20]宗望远,王警梁.高效轻便挖坑机:CN205017820U[P].2016-02-10.
[21]渠聚鑫.新型自走式植树挖坑机的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.Qu Juxin.Research on New Self-Propelled Tree Planting Earth Auger[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]姜长笑.可移动挖坑机:CN105165183A[P].2015-12-23.
[23]赵彩华.手提式植树挖坑机:CN105474833A[P].2016-04-13.
[24]符翔.一种农业挖坑机械装置:CN205284090U[P].2016-06-08.
[25]吕有界,王玉兴,唐艳芹,等.仿生曲面在螺旋桩螺旋叶片上的应用研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(4):134-137.Lu Youjie,Wang Yuxing,Tang Yanqin,et al.Application of bionic surface on blades of screw pile[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(4):134-137.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Du Danfeng,Ma Yan,Guo Xiurong,et al.Research on a forestation hole digging robot[C]//2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation,2010:1073-1076.
[27]黄亚光.挖坑机执行机构动力学分析及参数研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2012.Huang Yaguang.Dynamics Analysis and Parameters Research on Digging Machine Actuator[D].Changsha:Central South University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Haga M,Hiroshi W,Fujishima K.Digging control system for hydraulic excavator[J].Mechatronics,2001,11(6):665-676.
[29]吴立国,郭克君,满大为,等.自行式挖坑机液压系统的设计与选型[J].林业机械与木工设备,2016,44(5):24-28.Wu Liguo,Guo Kejun,Man Dawei,et al.Design and model selection of hydraulic systems for a self-propelled hole digger[J].Forestry Machinery and Woodworking Equipment,2016,44(5):24-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]王有刚.新型全液压连续式挖坑机研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.Wang Yougang.The Design of New Continuous Digging Machine with All-Hydraulic Drive[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]卓凤英.挖坑机[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989.
[32]张居敏,贺小伟,夏俊芳,等.高茬秸秆还田耕整机功耗检测系统设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(18):38-46.Zhang Jumin,He Xiaowei,Xia Junfang,et al.Design and field experiment of power consumption measurement system for high stubble returning and tillage machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(18):38-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]陈度,王书茂,康峰,等.联合收割机喂入量与收获过程损失模型[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):18-21.Chen Du,Wang Shumao,Kang Feng,et al.Mathematical model of feeding rate and processing loss for combine harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(9):18-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)