基于动态箱法的北京延庆区牛粪堆放CH_4和N_2O排放量估算
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摘要
畜禽粪便堆放管理会造成甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)等温室气体的大量排放。通过联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)建议的排放系数等方法,可以实现对某一区域范围内畜禽粪便管理系统的温室气体排放总量的估算,但由于其排放受粪便管理、气候条件等因素的显著影响,直接套用IPCC的默认系数会产生较大的误差。为更加准确估算中国奶牛粪便管理所造成的CH_4、N_2O排放,该文在对北京延庆区奶牛生产与粪便管理模式进行了实地调研的基础上,采用动态箱法模拟了奶牛粪便不同季节短时自然堆放管理模式下的CH_4、N_2O排放过程,并对区域内的年温室气体排放总量进行了测算。研究结果表明,奶牛粪便在一个月的自然堆放管理模式下,每千克牛粪挥发性固体在春、夏、秋季的CH_4排放量分别为223.97、4 603.31、351.38 mg,每千克牛粪N_2O排放量分别为5.86、9.43、0.81 mg。2016年北京延庆区全年奶牛粪便CH_4、N_2O排放总量分别为13 342.50、347.87 kg。延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程的CH_4排放因子为1.50kg/(头·a),小于IPCC指南中的1.78 kg/(头·a);受堆放时间较短的影响,N_2O的排放因子则显著小于IPCC的推荐值。若直接使用IPCC默认参数估算延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程中的CH_4和N_2O排放量,会造成排放量的高估。
Greenhouse gases,such as methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) caused by manure storage inside the dairy farms are important contributors of global emissions to atmosphere,which is considered as the primary factor driving global warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) guideline(Tier 2 for example) released in 2006 is treated as an authoritative method in estimating CH_4 and N_2O emissions from the animal manure management of a region,while its accuracy highly depends on the reliabilities of the parameters,including the CH_4 and N_2O emission factor(EF).While,different manure management modes and climatic conditions will lead to huge difference of the factors,and the estimation based on default factor of IPCC may result in a big deviation in the emissions from the manure management for a country or an area.Using the IPCC method,this paper simulated CH_4 and N_2O emissions from short-term stacked dairy manures in spring,summer and autumn by the dynamic chamber technique in the laboratory,and the annual emissions of CH_4 and N_2O from the manure management in Yanqing dairy farms was estimated based on the simulation results,as well as the field investigation on dairy management method and manure production.Finally,CH_4 and N_2O emission factor of the dairy manure management were calculated and compared with the defaults of IPCC.Results showed that CH_4 emissions from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 223.97,4 603.31 and 351.38 mg in spring,summer and autumn,respectively.The total CH_4 emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing,Beijing was 13 342.50 kg in 2016,or 373.59 t CO2 equivalent.CH_4 emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 1.50 kg/(head·yr),which was statistically less than 1.78 kg/(head·yr) calculated from the default values of the relevant parameters in the IPCC guidelines.N_2O emission from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 5.86,9.43 and 0.81 mg/kg in spring,summer and autumn,respectively.Total N_2O emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing,Beijing was 347.87 kg in 2016,or 92.19 t CO2 equivalent.N_2O emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 0.0004 kg/kg,which was significantly less than the defaulted value of 0.005 kg/kg in the IPCC guidelines.The difference on the emission factors could be partially explained by the storage period of collected manures from the barns and the open lots of dairy farms in Yanqing,Beijing,which was general less than 4 weeks,and quite differed from the circumstance that the default EFs of CH_4 and N_2O in IPCC guidelines.Thus,estimating the CH_4 and N_2O emissions from Yanqing area of Beijing with the default values of CH_4 and N_2O emission factors in the IPCC guidelines,the flux will be highly overestimated.
Greenhouse gases,such as methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) caused by manure storage inside the dairy farms are important contributors of global emissions to atmosphere,which is considered as the primary factor driving global warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) guideline(Tier 2 for example) released in 2006 is treated as an authoritative method in estimating CH_4 and N_2O emissions from the animal manure management of a region,while its accuracy highly depends on the reliabilities of the parameters,including the CH_4 and N_2O emission factor(EF).While,different manure management modes and climatic conditions will lead to huge difference of the factors,and the estimation based on default factor of IPCC may result in a big deviation in the emissions from the manure management for a country or an area.Using the IPCC method,this paper simulated CH_4 and N_2O emissions from short-term stacked dairy manures in spring,summer and autumn by the dynamic chamber technique in the laboratory,and the annual emissions of CH_4 and N_2O from the manure management in Yanqing dairy farms was estimated based on the simulation results,as well as the field investigation on dairy management method and manure production.Finally,CH_4 and N_2O emission factor of the dairy manure management were calculated and compared with the defaults of IPCC.Results showed that CH_4 emissions from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 223.97,4 603.31 and 351.38 mg in spring,summer and autumn,respectively.The total CH_4 emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing,Beijing was 13 342.50 kg in 2016,or 373.59 t CO2 equivalent.CH_4 emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 1.50 kg/(head·yr),which was statistically less than 1.78 kg/(head·yr) calculated from the default values of the relevant parameters in the IPCC guidelines.N_2O emission from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 5.86,9.43 and 0.81 mg/kg in spring,summer and autumn,respectively.Total N_2O emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing,Beijing was 347.87 kg in 2016,or 92.19 t CO2 equivalent.N_2O emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 0.0004 kg/kg,which was significantly less than the defaulted value of 0.005 kg/kg in the IPCC guidelines.The difference on the emission factors could be partially explained by the storage period of collected manures from the barns and the open lots of dairy farms in Yanqing,Beijing,which was general less than 4 weeks,and quite differed from the circumstance that the default EFs of CH_4 and N_2O in IPCC guidelines.Thus,estimating the CH_4 and N_2O emissions from Yanqing area of Beijing with the default values of CH_4 and N_2O emission factors in the IPCC guidelines,the flux will be highly overestimated.
引文
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[9]第一次全国污染源普查资料编纂委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
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[12]Osada T,Kuroda K,Yonaga M.Determination of nitrous oxide,methane,and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process[J].Journal of Material Cycles&Waste Management,2000,2(1):51-56.
[13]Wolter M,Prayitno S,Schuchardt F.Greenhouse gas emission during storage of pig manure on a pilot scale[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,95(3):235-244.
[14]Kuroda K,Osada T,Yonaga M,et al.Emissions of malodorous compounds and greenhouse gases from composting swine feces[J].Bioresource Technology,1996,56(2):265-271.
[15]龚飞飞,孙斌,孟克巴特,等.春季、秋季荷斯坦泌乳牛牛粪自然发酵下CH4、CO2和NH3释放量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2013,49(11):79-82.
[16]安娟,赵晓川.反刍动物甲烷排放机制及其调控[J].饲料工业,2006,27(13):57-59.
[17]Amon B,Amon T,Boxberger J,et al.Emissions of NH3,N2O and CH4 from dairy cows housed in a farmyard manure tying stall(housing,manure storage,manure spreading)[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,60(1/2/3):103-113.
[18]MasséD I,Masse L,Claveau S,et al.Methane emissions from manure storages[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2008,51(5):1775-1781.
[19]龚飞飞,孙斌,孟克巴特,等.夏季荷斯坦泌乳牛牛粪自然发酵下CH4、CO2和NH3释放量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2013,49(13):64-66.
[20]吴伟祥,李丽劼,吕豪豪,等.畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程N2O排放机制[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(6):1704-1712.Wu Weixiang,Li Lijie,LüHaohao,et al.Mechanisms of nitrous oxide emission during livestock manure aerobic composting[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(6):1704-1712.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Yoshida N,Toyoda S.Constraining the atmospheric N2Obudget from intramolecularsite preference in N2O isotopomers[J].Nature,2000,405(6784):330-334.
[22]Maeda K,Toyoda S,Shimojima R,et al.Source of nitrous oxide emissions during the cow manure composting process as revealed by isotopomer analysis of and amoA abundance in betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(5):1555-1562.
[23]Sneath R W,Beline F,Hilhorst M A,et al.Monitoring GHGfrom manure stores on organic and conventional dairy farms[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112(2/3):122-128.
[24]Borhan M S,Capareda S C,Mukhtar S,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in dairy and cattle feedyard operations[J].Atmosphere,2011,2(3):303-329.
[25]农业农村部信息中心.畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2018(1):18-20.
[26]王效琴,李文圣,王旭东,等.不同泌乳期奶牛粪便碳氮变化与温室气体排放特点研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(3):179-185.Wang Xiaoqin,Li Wensheng,Wang Xudong,et al.Greenhouse gases emissions and varies of carbon and nitrogen of manure from different lactating period cows[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(3):179-185.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Aguerre M J,Wattiaux M A,Powell J M.Emissions of ammonia,nitrous oxide,methane,and carbon dioxide during storage of dairy cow manure as affected by dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and crust formation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(12):7409-7416.
[28]Ahn H K,Mulbry W,White J W,et al.Pile Mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):2904-2909.
[2]IPCC Working Group I.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis:Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge University Press,2014.
[3]国家发展和改革委员会应对气候变化司.中华人民共和国气候变化第二次国家信息通报[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2013.
[4]Houghton J T.Climate Change 1994:Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC 1992 IS92Emission Scenarios[M].Cambridge University Press,1995.
[5]Kaharabata S,Schuepp P,Desjardins R.Methane emissions from above ground open manure slurry tanks[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1998,12(3):545-554.
[6]Li H,Xin H,Liang Y.Effects of stack surface to volume ratio and air exchange rate on ammonia emission of laying hen manure storage[C].AWMA 28th Annual Conference&Exhibition,2005.
[7]Berg W,Brunsch R,Pazsiczki I.Greenhouse gas emissions from covered slurry compared with uncovered during storage[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112(2-3):129-134.
[8]陆日东,李玉娥,万运帆,等.堆放奶牛粪便温室气体排放及影响因子研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(8):198-204.Lu Ridong,Li Yue,Wan Yunfan,et al.Emission of greenhouse gases from dairy manure and influence factors[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(8):198-204.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]第一次全国污染源普查资料编纂委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[10]Sommer S G,Petersen S O,M?ller H B.Algorithms for calculating methane and nitrous oxide emissions from manure management[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,69(2):143-154.
[11]Prusty S,Sontakke U,Kundu S S.Review:Methane and nitrous oxide emission from livestock manure[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2014,13(13):4200-4207.
[12]Osada T,Kuroda K,Yonaga M.Determination of nitrous oxide,methane,and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process[J].Journal of Material Cycles&Waste Management,2000,2(1):51-56.
[13]Wolter M,Prayitno S,Schuchardt F.Greenhouse gas emission during storage of pig manure on a pilot scale[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,95(3):235-244.
[14]Kuroda K,Osada T,Yonaga M,et al.Emissions of malodorous compounds and greenhouse gases from composting swine feces[J].Bioresource Technology,1996,56(2):265-271.
[15]龚飞飞,孙斌,孟克巴特,等.春季、秋季荷斯坦泌乳牛牛粪自然发酵下CH4、CO2和NH3释放量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2013,49(11):79-82.
[16]安娟,赵晓川.反刍动物甲烷排放机制及其调控[J].饲料工业,2006,27(13):57-59.
[17]Amon B,Amon T,Boxberger J,et al.Emissions of NH3,N2O and CH4 from dairy cows housed in a farmyard manure tying stall(housing,manure storage,manure spreading)[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,60(1/2/3):103-113.
[18]MasséD I,Masse L,Claveau S,et al.Methane emissions from manure storages[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2008,51(5):1775-1781.
[19]龚飞飞,孙斌,孟克巴特,等.夏季荷斯坦泌乳牛牛粪自然发酵下CH4、CO2和NH3释放量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2013,49(13):64-66.
[20]吴伟祥,李丽劼,吕豪豪,等.畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程N2O排放机制[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(6):1704-1712.Wu Weixiang,Li Lijie,LüHaohao,et al.Mechanisms of nitrous oxide emission during livestock manure aerobic composting[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(6):1704-1712.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Yoshida N,Toyoda S.Constraining the atmospheric N2Obudget from intramolecularsite preference in N2O isotopomers[J].Nature,2000,405(6784):330-334.
[22]Maeda K,Toyoda S,Shimojima R,et al.Source of nitrous oxide emissions during the cow manure composting process as revealed by isotopomer analysis of and amoA abundance in betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(5):1555-1562.
[23]Sneath R W,Beline F,Hilhorst M A,et al.Monitoring GHGfrom manure stores on organic and conventional dairy farms[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112(2/3):122-128.
[24]Borhan M S,Capareda S C,Mukhtar S,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in dairy and cattle feedyard operations[J].Atmosphere,2011,2(3):303-329.
[25]农业农村部信息中心.畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2018(1):18-20.
[26]王效琴,李文圣,王旭东,等.不同泌乳期奶牛粪便碳氮变化与温室气体排放特点研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(3):179-185.Wang Xiaoqin,Li Wensheng,Wang Xudong,et al.Greenhouse gases emissions and varies of carbon and nitrogen of manure from different lactating period cows[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(3):179-185.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Aguerre M J,Wattiaux M A,Powell J M.Emissions of ammonia,nitrous oxide,methane,and carbon dioxide during storage of dairy cow manure as affected by dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and crust formation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(12):7409-7416.
[28]Ahn H K,Mulbry W,White J W,et al.Pile Mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):2904-2909.