传统国语的分化与百年汉语的发展
|
摘要
文章在现代汉语史的框架下,从公文语言、文学作品语言、报刊语言3个角度,考察国、共两党统治区域语言的共时差异,二者在文言与白话、庄典与通俗以及欧化程度方面差异明显,这些都是传统国语分化的重要表现。传统国语分化是百年汉语发展历程中一个非常重要的节点,是后来的普通话的源头,同时也在很大程度上决定了后者的精神与走向。无论着眼于普通话还是立足于现代汉语史,这一时期的一系列语言实践,对百年汉语的发展路径、方向及其研究都有着重要的意义和价值。
From the perspective of the history of modern Chinese,this paper investigates the synchronic differences of the Chinese language in the regions under the control of CPC and GMD respectively in terms of official language,literary language and newspaper language.It concludes that the differences are obvious in the two regions in the aspects of vernacular and classical Chinese,elegant and vulgar Chinese as well as the level of Europeanization.The differentiation of the traditional Chinese language is a key turning point in the development of the Chinese language in the past 100 years,and to a great extent is also the source and the key factor for the development directions of later Putonghua.Whether the study of mandarin or the history of modern Chinese,a series of language practices in this period have much significance and value to the development directions and research of Chinese in the past 100 years.
From the perspective of the history of modern Chinese,this paper investigates the synchronic differences of the Chinese language in the regions under the control of CPC and GMD respectively in terms of official language,literary language and newspaper language.It concludes that the differences are obvious in the two regions in the aspects of vernacular and classical Chinese,elegant and vulgar Chinese as well as the level of Europeanization.The differentiation of the traditional Chinese language is a key turning point in the development of the Chinese language in the past 100 years,and to a great extent is also the source and the key factor for the development directions of later Putonghua.Whether the study of mandarin or the history of modern Chinese,a series of language practices in this period have much significance and value to the development directions and research of Chinese in the past 100 years.
引文
(1)讨论之前,我们需要明确研究对象的称名。近些年来,在已有的研究中,学者使用不同形式来指称“五四”时期至中华人民共和国成立初期的现代汉语,以此来区别于台湾的“国语”。目前,具有一定使用频率、适用范围与知晓程度的相关表述形式主要有两种:一是“老国语”,二是“传统国语”。在既有的认识中,“老”与“新”二者语义对立,用“老国语”似乎更合适,但是着眼于全球华人共同语,从源流演变的历时发展与内部的差异情况来看,台湾的“国语”并不“新”,甚至相较普通话而言,它更具有历史的传承性及特征的稳固性,因此基于所指明确性的考虑,我们更倾向于采用“传统国语”。
(1)中国第二历史档案馆.民国时期文书工作和档案工作资料选编[G].北京:档案出版社,1987:264~265,276.
(2)李昌远.中国公文发展简史[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007:276~281.
(3)潘嘉.中国文书工作史纲要[M].北京:档案出版社,1985:140~146.
(4)吴亮.国语分化研究(1919~1949)[D].北京师范大学博士学位论文,2014.
(1)王力.中国语法理论[M].北京:中华书局,1954:234.
(1)吴亮.丁玲解放前小说语言变化研究[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2016,(3).
(2)龚明德.《太阳照在桑干河上》修改笺评[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社出版,1984:27~29.
(3)陕西师范大学《古汉语虚词用法词典》编写组.常用文言虚词词典[Z].西安:陕西人民出版社,1983:676.
(4)王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,2011:347.
(1)杨义.中国现代小说史(中)[M].北京:人民出版社,1998:336.
(2)白振有.论欧阳山《高干大》对延安方言的运用[J].延安大学学报(社会科学版),2015,(1).
(1)郭熙.中国社会语言学(增订本)[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999:113~114.
(1)苏马.跟着毛泽东学习如何写公文[EB/OL].http://history.m4.cn/2015-06/1277730.shtml.2015-06-15.
(2)徐訏.论文言文的好处[J].论语,1933,(26).
(3)李行健,仇志群.一语两话:现代汉语通用语的共时状态[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,(2).
(4)荆学民,李海涛.论中国特色政治传播中的政治话语[J].青海社会科学,2014,(1).
(1)张奚若.大力推广以北京语音为标准音的普通话[J].中国语文,1955,(12).
(2)韩立群.中国语文革命---现代语文观及其实践[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2003:9.
(1)中国第二历史档案馆.民国时期文书工作和档案工作资料选编[G].北京:档案出版社,1987:264~265,276.
(2)李昌远.中国公文发展简史[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007:276~281.
(3)潘嘉.中国文书工作史纲要[M].北京:档案出版社,1985:140~146.
(4)吴亮.国语分化研究(1919~1949)[D].北京师范大学博士学位论文,2014.
(1)王力.中国语法理论[M].北京:中华书局,1954:234.
(1)吴亮.丁玲解放前小说语言变化研究[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2016,(3).
(2)龚明德.《太阳照在桑干河上》修改笺评[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社出版,1984:27~29.
(3)陕西师范大学《古汉语虚词用法词典》编写组.常用文言虚词词典[Z].西安:陕西人民出版社,1983:676.
(4)王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,2011:347.
(1)杨义.中国现代小说史(中)[M].北京:人民出版社,1998:336.
(2)白振有.论欧阳山《高干大》对延安方言的运用[J].延安大学学报(社会科学版),2015,(1).
(1)郭熙.中国社会语言学(增订本)[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999:113~114.
(1)苏马.跟着毛泽东学习如何写公文[EB/OL].http://history.m4.cn/2015-06/1277730.shtml.2015-06-15.
(2)徐訏.论文言文的好处[J].论语,1933,(26).
(3)李行健,仇志群.一语两话:现代汉语通用语的共时状态[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,(2).
(4)荆学民,李海涛.论中国特色政治传播中的政治话语[J].青海社会科学,2014,(1).
(1)张奚若.大力推广以北京语音为标准音的普通话[J].中国语文,1955,(12).
(2)韩立群.中国语文革命---现代语文观及其实践[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2003:9.