基于水环境质量控制的高集约化农业景观格局优化研究
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摘要
农业非点源污染治理已经成为制约高集约化农业区可持续发展的瓶颈之一。本文以洞庭湖高集约化农业区金井镇为案例,在分析景观格局和水污染特点的基础上,采用多元回归法建立景观格局指数与水环境质量季节关系模型,基于模拟结果分别从景观格局优化、生活废水和固体废弃物处理、养殖业调控出发,提出农业景观格局优化模式。评价结果表明:优化后水环境质量提升,总氮浓度控制在地表水环境质量最低标准内,农业直接经济效益和生态系统服务价值均高于基准年。本文提出的模型构建方法不仅验证了景观格局与水环境质量关系,也为农业景观格局优化提供依据,其结果可为政府制定农业可持续发展、生态环境保护等提供科学依据。
Agricultural non-point source pollution control has become a bottleneck for sustainable development especially in high intensive agricultural areas in China. Therefore, maintaining economic growth along with water quality improvements is a great challenge for policymakers.Taking Jinjing Town as a case study, we first analyzed water quality dynamics at spatial and temporal scales based on pollution monitoring data. Then, three different width buffer areas along the river were drawn to analyze the correlation between landscape pattern and water quality pollutions according to Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis; catchment was chosen as the suitable scale, and four landscape types forest, tea garden, paddy land and residential were chosen as major landscape parameters. A multiple regression analysis model was adopted to build the relationship between landscape pattern characteristics and water quality pollution for NO3--N, NH4+-N and TN for each season. According to the results, we designed agricultural landscape pattern modes from three aspects, one is landscape pattern optimization by changing land use types, shape and area; another is raising sanitary wastewater and solid waste treatment rate; and the third is livestock industry adjustment by livestock amount control. The assessment results show that water quality improves effectively and nitrogen pollutant concentration meets level V of environmental quality standards for surface water in the new landscape scenario. Biodiversity benefits,agricultural economic value, ecosystem service value and household net agricultural income are higher than in 2010. The relationship model method proposed here not only verifies the relationship between landscape pattern and water quality, but supports landscape pattern design.These landscape pattern optimization results will assist agricultural sustainable development and environmental protection planning for decision-makers.
Agricultural non-point source pollution control has become a bottleneck for sustainable development especially in high intensive agricultural areas in China. Therefore, maintaining economic growth along with water quality improvements is a great challenge for policymakers.Taking Jinjing Town as a case study, we first analyzed water quality dynamics at spatial and temporal scales based on pollution monitoring data. Then, three different width buffer areas along the river were drawn to analyze the correlation between landscape pattern and water quality pollutions according to Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis; catchment was chosen as the suitable scale, and four landscape types forest, tea garden, paddy land and residential were chosen as major landscape parameters. A multiple regression analysis model was adopted to build the relationship between landscape pattern characteristics and water quality pollution for NO3--N, NH4+-N and TN for each season. According to the results, we designed agricultural landscape pattern modes from three aspects, one is landscape pattern optimization by changing land use types, shape and area; another is raising sanitary wastewater and solid waste treatment rate; and the third is livestock industry adjustment by livestock amount control. The assessment results show that water quality improves effectively and nitrogen pollutant concentration meets level V of environmental quality standards for surface water in the new landscape scenario. Biodiversity benefits,agricultural economic value, ecosystem service value and household net agricultural income are higher than in 2010. The relationship model method proposed here not only verifies the relationship between landscape pattern and water quality, but supports landscape pattern design.These landscape pattern optimization results will assist agricultural sustainable development and environmental protection planning for decision-makers.
引文
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[14]黄宁,王红映,吝涛,等.基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架-以厦门市马銮湾流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3325-3334.[Huang N,Wang H Y,Lin T,et al.Regulation framework of watershed landscape pattern for non-point source pollution control based on“source-sink”theory:a case study in the watershed of Maluan Bay,Xiamen City,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3325-3334.]
[15]Bu H M,Meng W,Zhang Y,et al.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,41(3):187-197.
[16]李明涛,王晓燕,刘文竹.潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2296-2306.[Li M T,Wang X Y,Liu W Z.Relationship between landscape pattern and non-point source pollution loads in the Chaohe River Watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2296-2306.]
[17]袁再健,孙倩.海河流域大清河土石山区不同空间尺度水沙关系分析[J].资源科学,2016,38(4):750-757.[Yuan Z J,Sun Q.Runoff-sediment relationship for various spatial scales in the Daqinghe rocky mountainous area[J].Resources Science,2016,38(4):750-757.]
[18]长沙县国土资源局.金井镇土地利用总体规划图(2006-2020)(2012年修改)[EB/OL].(2014-04-04)[2017-05-01].http://www.csx.gov.cn/gtzy/gtzyyw/ghjh/tdlygh/201404/t20140421_651394.html.[Changsha County Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources.Jinjing Town General Land Use Planning(2006-2020)(2012 edition)][EB/OL].(2014-04-04)[2017-05-01].http://www.csx.gov.cn/gtzy/gtzyyw/ghjh/tdlygh/201404/t20140421_651394.html.]
[19]杨姗姗.城郊区小流域水体氮磷输出特征及其影响因素[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.[Yang S S.Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Output in Suburban Area of Small Watershed[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.]
[20]宋立芳.长沙县金井镇流域氮磷养分输出特征以及影响因素[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.[Song L F.Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Export in the Jinjing Town in Changsha County[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.]
[21]郝芳华,程红光,杨胜天.非点源污染模型-理论方法与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.[Hao F H,Cheng H G,Yang S T.Non-Point Source Pollution Model-Theory and Apply[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006.]
[22]高学民,陈静生,王立新.BP网络应用于长江水质研究[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1):49-52.[Gao X M,Chen J S,Wang L X.Applying BP neutral network to study water quality of the Yangtze River[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2001,14(1):49-52.]
[23]钟振宇,陈灿,万斯.洞庭湖污染状况及防治对策[J].湖南有色金属,2011,27(4):64-67.[Zhong Z Y,Chen C,Wan S.The pollution status and control measures for Dongting Lake[J].Hunan Nonferrous Metals,2011,27(4):64-67.]
[24]Umass landscape ecology lab.Fragstats:spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps documentation[EB/OL].(2015-04-21)[2017-05-01].http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/faq/fragstats_faq.
[25]张树楠,肖润林,余红兵,等.水生植物刈割对生态沟渠中氮、磷拦截的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(8):1066-1071.[Zhang S N,Xiao R L,Yu H B,et al.Effects of cutting aquatic plants on nitrogen and phosphorus interception in ecological ditches[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture,2012,20(8):1066-1071.]
[26]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.[Yu H B,Xiao R L,Yang Z J,et al.Study on the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus transportation through ecological ditch during irrigation and rainfall[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.]
[27]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.[Zhang S N,Xiao R L,Liu F,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522.]
[28]孟岑,李裕元,徐晓光,等.亚热带流域氮磷排放与养殖业环境承载力实例研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):635-643.[Meng C,Li Y Y,Xu X G,et al.A case study on non-point source pollution and environmental carrying capacity of animal raising industry in subtropical watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(2):635-643.]
[2]陈永高,张瑞斌.太湖流域河网水体生态修复工程及其效果[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(6):192-195.[Chen Y G,Zhang R B.Ecological restoration engineering and its effects of river network in Taihu Lake Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(6):192-195.]
[3]Zhao T,Xu H,He Y,et al.Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of different vegetation types in riparian wetlands:a case study in the Yellow River wetland in China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(7):933-939.
[4]万博阳,王全金,戚晓波.多级人工湿地-塘组合系统去除污染物研究[J].长江科学院院报,2017,34(3):25-29.[Wan B Y,Wang Q J,Qi X B.Multi-stage constructed wetland-pond system to remove contaminants[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2017,34(3):25-29.]
[5]何秋虹,杨知建,肖润林.农田生态控草技术研究进展[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(1):59-63.[He Q H,Yang Z J,Xiao R L.Review of studies on weed ecological control of farmland[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Science),2009,35(1):59-63.]
[6]Lou Y G,Zhang G R,Zhang W Q,et al.Reprint of:biological control of rice insect pests in China[J].Biological Control,2014,68(1):103-116.
[7]Haas M B,Guse B,Fohrer N.Assessing the impacts of best management practices on nitrate pollution in an agricultural dominated lowland catchment considering environmental protection versus economic development[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,196:347-364.
[8]孙平,周源伟,华新,等.三峡库区面源污染防控BMPs框架体系研究[J].水生态学杂志,2017,38(1):54-60.[Sun P,Zhou Y W,Hua X,et al.BMP framework for nonpoint source pollution control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2017,38(1):54-60.]
[9]Mariola M J.Farmers,trust,and the market solution to water pollution:The role of social embeddedness in water quality trading[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2012,28(4):577-589.
[10]胡蓉,吴会磊,张一心,等.湖北大冶镉污染稻田种植模式调整的生态补偿研究[J].土壤通报,2017,48(1):214-220.[Hu R,Wu H L,Zhang Y X,et al.Ecological compensation research on plantation structure adjustment for paddy fields contaminated by Cadmium in Daye,Hubei Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(1):214-220.]
[11]蔡银莺,余亮亮.重点开发区域农田生态补偿的农户受偿意愿分析-武汉市的例证[J].资源科学,2014,36(8):1660-1669.[Cai Y Y,Yu L L.Ecological compensation for agricultural land in the key development area of Wuhan based on the willingness of farmers[J].Resources Science,2014,36(8):1660-1669.]
[12]陈利顶,傅伯杰,徐建英,等.基于“源-汇”生态过程的景观格局识别方法-景观空间负荷对比指数[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2406-2413.[Chen L D,Fu B J,Xu J Y,et al.Locationweighted landscape contrast index:a scale independent approach for landscape pattern evaluation based on“source-sink”ecological processes[J].Actaecologicasinica,2003,23(11):2406-2413.]
[13]孙然好,陈利顶,王伟,等.基于“源”“汇”景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1784-1788.[Sun R H,Chen L D,Wang W,et al.Correlating landscape pattern with total nitrogen concentration using a location-weighted sinksource landscape index in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1784-1788.]
[14]黄宁,王红映,吝涛,等.基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架-以厦门市马銮湾流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3325-3334.[Huang N,Wang H Y,Lin T,et al.Regulation framework of watershed landscape pattern for non-point source pollution control based on“source-sink”theory:a case study in the watershed of Maluan Bay,Xiamen City,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3325-3334.]
[15]Bu H M,Meng W,Zhang Y,et al.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,41(3):187-197.
[16]李明涛,王晓燕,刘文竹.潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2296-2306.[Li M T,Wang X Y,Liu W Z.Relationship between landscape pattern and non-point source pollution loads in the Chaohe River Watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2296-2306.]
[17]袁再健,孙倩.海河流域大清河土石山区不同空间尺度水沙关系分析[J].资源科学,2016,38(4):750-757.[Yuan Z J,Sun Q.Runoff-sediment relationship for various spatial scales in the Daqinghe rocky mountainous area[J].Resources Science,2016,38(4):750-757.]
[18]长沙县国土资源局.金井镇土地利用总体规划图(2006-2020)(2012年修改)[EB/OL].(2014-04-04)[2017-05-01].http://www.csx.gov.cn/gtzy/gtzyyw/ghjh/tdlygh/201404/t20140421_651394.html.[Changsha County Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources.Jinjing Town General Land Use Planning(2006-2020)(2012 edition)][EB/OL].(2014-04-04)[2017-05-01].http://www.csx.gov.cn/gtzy/gtzyyw/ghjh/tdlygh/201404/t20140421_651394.html.]
[19]杨姗姗.城郊区小流域水体氮磷输出特征及其影响因素[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.[Yang S S.Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Output in Suburban Area of Small Watershed[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.]
[20]宋立芳.长沙县金井镇流域氮磷养分输出特征以及影响因素[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.[Song L F.Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Export in the Jinjing Town in Changsha County[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.]
[21]郝芳华,程红光,杨胜天.非点源污染模型-理论方法与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.[Hao F H,Cheng H G,Yang S T.Non-Point Source Pollution Model-Theory and Apply[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006.]
[22]高学民,陈静生,王立新.BP网络应用于长江水质研究[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1):49-52.[Gao X M,Chen J S,Wang L X.Applying BP neutral network to study water quality of the Yangtze River[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2001,14(1):49-52.]
[23]钟振宇,陈灿,万斯.洞庭湖污染状况及防治对策[J].湖南有色金属,2011,27(4):64-67.[Zhong Z Y,Chen C,Wan S.The pollution status and control measures for Dongting Lake[J].Hunan Nonferrous Metals,2011,27(4):64-67.]
[24]Umass landscape ecology lab.Fragstats:spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps documentation[EB/OL].(2015-04-21)[2017-05-01].http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/faq/fragstats_faq.
[25]张树楠,肖润林,余红兵,等.水生植物刈割对生态沟渠中氮、磷拦截的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(8):1066-1071.[Zhang S N,Xiao R L,Yu H B,et al.Effects of cutting aquatic plants on nitrogen and phosphorus interception in ecological ditches[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture,2012,20(8):1066-1071.]
[26]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.[Yu H B,Xiao R L,Yang Z J,et al.Study on the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus transportation through ecological ditch during irrigation and rainfall[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.]
[27]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.[Zhang S N,Xiao R L,Liu F,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522.]
[28]孟岑,李裕元,徐晓光,等.亚热带流域氮磷排放与养殖业环境承载力实例研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):635-643.[Meng C,Li Y Y,Xu X G,et al.A case study on non-point source pollution and environmental carrying capacity of animal raising industry in subtropical watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(2):635-643.]