“东突”势力活动的新特点、内在逻辑及其应对
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摘要
近年来,随着国际恐怖主义的复兴,"东突"势力的活动趋向综合化、国际化、周边化,逐渐形成了一条国内、周边、国际三个层次明暗结合、内外联动、互为支持的发展脉络。从社会运动理论的视角看,"东突"势力活动的内在逻辑主要包括两种动员、三种框架建构及四种手段。"东突"势力进行共识动员和行动动员,以获取国内外支持为主要目标。诊断式框构、预后式框构、促动式框构构成"东突"势力进行动员的完整过程。东突"势力还将桥接、渲染、扩展、转变等四种手段融合进诊断式框构、预后式框构、促动式框构的过程中,编织出一整套以"分裂""独立"为主框架的谎言,借此歪曲新疆的历史与现实。针对"东突"势力活动的新变化,应准确认识"东突"势力的双重本质,有效应对"东突"势力的共识动员和行动动员,着力开展针对"东突"势力的反叙事框构,大力压缩"东突"势力的国际生存空间。
引文
[1]许建英.“东突”问题的历史与现状述论[J].新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(6):1-10+12.
[2]许建英.“东突”势力“迁徙圣战”及其背后的国际角逐[J].统一战线学研究,2018(3):55-60.
[3]李舟顺.“东突”恐怖主义威胁及其对策研究[J].管理观察,2018(36):56-58.
[4]潘光,赵国军.“9·11”以来“东突”势力的新变化及其动因[J].现代国际关系,2008(10):47-54.
[5]Xinjiang riot hits regional anti-terror nerve(Xinhua)[N/OL].(2009-07-18)[2018-10-05].http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8445811.htm.
[6]Uran Botobekov.China’s Nightmare:Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-10-17].https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas-nightmare-xinjiang-jihadists-go-global/.
[7]Human Rights Watch Assails Chinese Treatment of Muslim Uyghur Minority[EB/OL].(2018-09-10)[2018-11-01].https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-assails-chinese-treatment-of-muslimuyghur-minority/29481221.html.
[8]Fred Hiatt.International academics push back against China human-rights abuses[EB/OL].(2018-09-23)[2018-10-23].https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/international-academics-push-backagainst-china-human-rights-abuses/.
[9]新疆颁布地方性反恐法规明确要求全民参与[EB/OL].(2016-08-06)[2018-10-13].https://www.guancha.cn/society/2016_08_06_370230.shtml.
[10]JACK MOORE.ISIS FIGHTERS FROM CHINA'S UIGHUR MINORITY VOW TO'SHED BLOOD'AT HOME[EB/OL].(2017-03-02)[2018-10-26].https://www.newsweek.com/isis-fighters-chinas-uighur-minorityvow-shed-blood-home-562948.
[11]Bert Klandermans.Mobilization and Participation:Social-Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory[J].American Sociological Review,49(5):583-600.
[12]冯仕政.西方社会运动理论研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:209-210.
[13]David A.Snow,E.Burke Rochford,Jr.,Steven K.Worden,Robert D.Benford.Frame Alignment Processes,Micromoblization,and Movement Participation[J].American Sociological Review,1986(4):464-466.
[14]Gerry Shih.Ethnic Uighurs Protest Chinese Security Crackdown[EB/OL].(2018-03-16)[2018-9-26].https://www.apnews.com/7817b44ef57641d8a36cd1fe17a1e379.
[15]East Turkestan:Canada and the United States Calls Out China for Treatment of Uyghur’s[EB/OL].(2018-09-26)[2019-04-01].https://unpo.org/article/21117?id=21117.
[16]Bert Klandermans.The Demand and Supply of Participation:Social-Psychological Correlates of Participation in Social Movements.2004:360-379,The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements[C].D.A.Snow,S.A.Soule and H.Kriesi Malden,MA:Blackwell Pub,2004.
[17]Bassem Moroue and Gerry Shih.Chinese jihadis’rise in Syria raises concerns at home[EB/OL].(2017-04-22)[2019-04-01].https://www.apnews.com/591f9b238c84477b87cfac68bfe169fc.
[18]Gerry Shih.Rising Uighur militancy changes security landscape for China[EB/OL].(2016-09-09)[2019-04-01].http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-rising-uighur-militancy-changessecurity-2016sep09-story.html.
[19]Haber Merkezi.Interview with Uyghur Activist:Situation in East Turkistan[EB/OL].(2018-06-14)[2019-04-01].https://www.mepanews.com/interview-with-uyghur-activist-situation-in-eastturkistan-16655h.htm.
[20]Kenneth George Pereire.Jihad in China?Rise of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement(ETIM)[J/OL].(2006-06-22)[2019-04-01].https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CO06056.pdf.
[21]Lauren McMah.Human Rights Groups Hold Fears for Chinese Uighurs Accused of Trying to Fight with Jihads the Middle East[EB/OL].(2015-07-15)[2019-04-01].https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/human-rights-groups-hold-fears-for-chinese-uighurs-accused-of-trying-to-fightwith-jihadis-the-middle-east/news-story/f72eef3480c66f2fe267e102d6ebb905.
[22]Peter Harris.Where Is America’s Outrage over China’s Treatment of the Uighurs?[EB/OL].(2018-09-30)[2019-04-01].https://nationalinterest.org/feature/where-americas-outrage-over-chinastreatment-uighurs-32182.
[23]Robert D.Benford and David A.Snow.Framing Processes and Social Movements:An Overview and Assessment[J].Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26:611-639.
[24]马大正,许建英.“东突厥斯坦国”迷梦的幻灭[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2006:38.
[25]East Turkestann[EB/OL].[2019-04-01].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan.
[26]“East Turkistan”Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity[EB/OL].(2002-01-21)[2019-04-01].http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm.
[27]赵国军.“东突”恐怖活动常态化及其治理[J].国际展望,2015(1):104-117.
[28]Giancarlo Elia Valori.The Future Strategy of the World Uyghur Congress[EB/OL].Israel Defense.(2017-06-06)[2019-04-01].https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/29884.
[29]熊坤新,张培青.《新疆工程》与美国的涉疆政策[N].中国民族报,2013-08-02(8).
[30]2018年10月24日外交部发言人华春莹主持例行记者会[EB/OL].(2018-10-24)[2019-04-01].https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1606756.shtml.
[31]新疆维吾尔自治区中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心.正确认识新疆历史问题[EB/OL].(2018-10-28)[2019-04-01].http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1028/c1003-30366679.html.
[32]艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜.正确认识维吾尔族历史[N/OL].(2018-11-06)[2019-04-01].http://xj.cnr.cn/2014xjfw/2014xjfw_1/20181106/t20181106_524406654.shtml.
[33]孙微.英将“东突”列入恐怖组织名单支持该组织者也涉刑事犯罪[EB/OL].(2016-07-20)[2019-04-01].http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2016-07/9198178.html.
[34]Metin Gurcan.Ankara oddly quiet on China's alleged torture of Uighurs[EB/OL].(2018-09-14)[2019-04-01].https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/09/turkey-why-ankara-is-muteabout-chinas-uighur-policies.html.
(1)为行文方便,下文把诊断式框架建构、预后式框架建构、促动式框架建构分别简称为诊断式框构、预后式框构、促动式框构。
[2]许建英.“东突”势力“迁徙圣战”及其背后的国际角逐[J].统一战线学研究,2018(3):55-60.
[3]李舟顺.“东突”恐怖主义威胁及其对策研究[J].管理观察,2018(36):56-58.
[4]潘光,赵国军.“9·11”以来“东突”势力的新变化及其动因[J].现代国际关系,2008(10):47-54.
[5]Xinjiang riot hits regional anti-terror nerve(Xinhua)[N/OL].(2009-07-18)[2018-10-05].http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8445811.htm.
[6]Uran Botobekov.China’s Nightmare:Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-10-17].https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas-nightmare-xinjiang-jihadists-go-global/.
[7]Human Rights Watch Assails Chinese Treatment of Muslim Uyghur Minority[EB/OL].(2018-09-10)[2018-11-01].https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-assails-chinese-treatment-of-muslimuyghur-minority/29481221.html.
[8]Fred Hiatt.International academics push back against China human-rights abuses[EB/OL].(2018-09-23)[2018-10-23].https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/international-academics-push-backagainst-china-human-rights-abuses/.
[9]新疆颁布地方性反恐法规明确要求全民参与[EB/OL].(2016-08-06)[2018-10-13].https://www.guancha.cn/society/2016_08_06_370230.shtml.
[10]JACK MOORE.ISIS FIGHTERS FROM CHINA'S UIGHUR MINORITY VOW TO'SHED BLOOD'AT HOME[EB/OL].(2017-03-02)[2018-10-26].https://www.newsweek.com/isis-fighters-chinas-uighur-minorityvow-shed-blood-home-562948.
[11]Bert Klandermans.Mobilization and Participation:Social-Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory[J].American Sociological Review,49(5):583-600.
[12]冯仕政.西方社会运动理论研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:209-210.
[13]David A.Snow,E.Burke Rochford,Jr.,Steven K.Worden,Robert D.Benford.Frame Alignment Processes,Micromoblization,and Movement Participation[J].American Sociological Review,1986(4):464-466.
[14]Gerry Shih.Ethnic Uighurs Protest Chinese Security Crackdown[EB/OL].(2018-03-16)[2018-9-26].https://www.apnews.com/7817b44ef57641d8a36cd1fe17a1e379.
[15]East Turkestan:Canada and the United States Calls Out China for Treatment of Uyghur’s[EB/OL].(2018-09-26)[2019-04-01].https://unpo.org/article/21117?id=21117.
[16]Bert Klandermans.The Demand and Supply of Participation:Social-Psychological Correlates of Participation in Social Movements.2004:360-379,The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements[C].D.A.Snow,S.A.Soule and H.Kriesi Malden,MA:Blackwell Pub,2004.
[17]Bassem Moroue and Gerry Shih.Chinese jihadis’rise in Syria raises concerns at home[EB/OL].(2017-04-22)[2019-04-01].https://www.apnews.com/591f9b238c84477b87cfac68bfe169fc.
[18]Gerry Shih.Rising Uighur militancy changes security landscape for China[EB/OL].(2016-09-09)[2019-04-01].http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-rising-uighur-militancy-changessecurity-2016sep09-story.html.
[19]Haber Merkezi.Interview with Uyghur Activist:Situation in East Turkistan[EB/OL].(2018-06-14)[2019-04-01].https://www.mepanews.com/interview-with-uyghur-activist-situation-in-eastturkistan-16655h.htm.
[20]Kenneth George Pereire.Jihad in China?Rise of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement(ETIM)[J/OL].(2006-06-22)[2019-04-01].https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CO06056.pdf.
[21]Lauren McMah.Human Rights Groups Hold Fears for Chinese Uighurs Accused of Trying to Fight with Jihads the Middle East[EB/OL].(2015-07-15)[2019-04-01].https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/human-rights-groups-hold-fears-for-chinese-uighurs-accused-of-trying-to-fightwith-jihadis-the-middle-east/news-story/f72eef3480c66f2fe267e102d6ebb905.
[22]Peter Harris.Where Is America’s Outrage over China’s Treatment of the Uighurs?[EB/OL].(2018-09-30)[2019-04-01].https://nationalinterest.org/feature/where-americas-outrage-over-chinastreatment-uighurs-32182.
[23]Robert D.Benford and David A.Snow.Framing Processes and Social Movements:An Overview and Assessment[J].Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26:611-639.
[24]马大正,许建英.“东突厥斯坦国”迷梦的幻灭[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2006:38.
[25]East Turkestann[EB/OL].[2019-04-01].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan.
[26]“East Turkistan”Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity[EB/OL].(2002-01-21)[2019-04-01].http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm.
[27]赵国军.“东突”恐怖活动常态化及其治理[J].国际展望,2015(1):104-117.
[28]Giancarlo Elia Valori.The Future Strategy of the World Uyghur Congress[EB/OL].Israel Defense.(2017-06-06)[2019-04-01].https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/29884.
[29]熊坤新,张培青.《新疆工程》与美国的涉疆政策[N].中国民族报,2013-08-02(8).
[30]2018年10月24日外交部发言人华春莹主持例行记者会[EB/OL].(2018-10-24)[2019-04-01].https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1606756.shtml.
[31]新疆维吾尔自治区中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心.正确认识新疆历史问题[EB/OL].(2018-10-28)[2019-04-01].http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1028/c1003-30366679.html.
[32]艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜.正确认识维吾尔族历史[N/OL].(2018-11-06)[2019-04-01].http://xj.cnr.cn/2014xjfw/2014xjfw_1/20181106/t20181106_524406654.shtml.
[33]孙微.英将“东突”列入恐怖组织名单支持该组织者也涉刑事犯罪[EB/OL].(2016-07-20)[2019-04-01].http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2016-07/9198178.html.
[34]Metin Gurcan.Ankara oddly quiet on China's alleged torture of Uighurs[EB/OL].(2018-09-14)[2019-04-01].https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/09/turkey-why-ankara-is-muteabout-chinas-uighur-policies.html.
(1)为行文方便,下文把诊断式框架建构、预后式框架建构、促动式框架建构分别简称为诊断式框构、预后式框构、促动式框构。