维生素A对吉富罗非鱼生长、血清生化指标和肌肉品质的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究饲料中维生素A不同水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉品质的影响,并确定体质量约为78g/尾左右的吉富罗非鱼对饲料中最适宜的维生素A需要量。【方法】选用初始体质量为(78.09±1.47)g/尾的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)315尾,随机分成7组,每组3个重复,每重复15尾鱼,分别饲喂维生素A水平为0(对照组),750,1 500,3 000,6 000,12 000,24 000IU/kg的7组饲料(粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别为31.00%和7.90%),饲养12周后测定吉富罗非鱼的生长指标、血清生化指标,并对其肌肉品质进行评价。【结果】试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率随着饲料维生素A的提高而显著增加(P<0.05)。随着饲料中维生素A添加水平的增加,吉富罗非鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性均先降低后升高,对照组吉富罗非鱼血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于维生素A添加组(P<0.05);血清中碱性磷酸酶活性先增大后趋于稳定,其中3 000,6 000,12 000和24 000IU/kg维生素A组碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于0,750IU/kg维生素A组(P<0.05)。不同处理组的全鱼粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗灰分和水分含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着饲料中维生素A水平的升高,鱼体粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均呈升高趋势。各处理组吉富罗非鱼的肌肉硬度、凝聚性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性和回复性均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,饲料中添加维生素A对肌肉品质的影响不显著,但可有效促进吉富罗非鱼的生长,降低血清转氨酶的活性。对罗非鱼增重率和饲料中维生素A含量进行折线回归分析,可知吉富罗非鱼对维生素A的适宜需要量为2 954.84IU/kg。
【Objective】The purpose of this study was to detect the effect of different vitamin A levels on growth,feed utilization,body composition some serum biochemical indices and meat quality,and to determine the suitable requirement of vitamin A of GIFT at the body weight of 78 g.【Method】A total of 315 fish with an average initial weight of(78.09±1.47)g were divided in 7 groups and fed on diets supplemented with 0(basal diet),750,1 500,3 000,6 000,12 000,and 24 000 IU/kg vitamin A.Each diet had threereplicate groups with 15 each for 12 weeks.Growth performance,partial serum biochemical indicators and the meat quality of GIFT were detected and analyzed.【Result】With the increase of dietary vitamin A,the weight gain rate,feed efficiency and special weight gain rate were significantly improved(P<0.05).The serum aspertate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were firstly decreased and then increased as the levels of dietary vitamin A increased,and aspertate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase in the control group were significantly higher than those in the vitamin A groups(P<0.05).The serum alkaline phosphatase was firstly increased and then remained unchanged as the dietary vitamin A increased.The activities of alkaline phosphatase in the 3 000,6 000,12 000 and 24 000 IU/kg groups were significantly higher than other groups(P<0.05).No significant differences existed in crude lipid,crude protein,ash and moisture of fish(P>0.05),but the crude lipid and crude protein contents showed an upward trend with the increase of dietary vitamin A.There were no significant differences in muscle hardness,cohesiveness,springiness,gumminess,chewiness and resilience in each group(P>0.05).【Conclusion】The addition of vitamin A had no significant effects on meat quality,but it promoted the growth of fish and decreased serum aminotransferase activities.Based on the relationships between weight gain rate and dietary vitamin A level,the proper dietary vitamin A level for GIFT was 2 954.84 IU/kg diet.
【Objective】The purpose of this study was to detect the effect of different vitamin A levels on growth,feed utilization,body composition some serum biochemical indices and meat quality,and to determine the suitable requirement of vitamin A of GIFT at the body weight of 78 g.【Method】A total of 315 fish with an average initial weight of(78.09±1.47)g were divided in 7 groups and fed on diets supplemented with 0(basal diet),750,1 500,3 000,6 000,12 000,and 24 000 IU/kg vitamin A.Each diet had threereplicate groups with 15 each for 12 weeks.Growth performance,partial serum biochemical indicators and the meat quality of GIFT were detected and analyzed.【Result】With the increase of dietary vitamin A,the weight gain rate,feed efficiency and special weight gain rate were significantly improved(P<0.05).The serum aspertate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were firstly decreased and then increased as the levels of dietary vitamin A increased,and aspertate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase in the control group were significantly higher than those in the vitamin A groups(P<0.05).The serum alkaline phosphatase was firstly increased and then remained unchanged as the dietary vitamin A increased.The activities of alkaline phosphatase in the 3 000,6 000,12 000 and 24 000 IU/kg groups were significantly higher than other groups(P<0.05).No significant differences existed in crude lipid,crude protein,ash and moisture of fish(P>0.05),but the crude lipid and crude protein contents showed an upward trend with the increase of dietary vitamin A.There were no significant differences in muscle hardness,cohesiveness,springiness,gumminess,chewiness and resilience in each group(P>0.05).【Conclusion】The addition of vitamin A had no significant effects on meat quality,but it promoted the growth of fish and decreased serum aminotransferase activities.Based on the relationships between weight gain rate and dietary vitamin A level,the proper dietary vitamin A level for GIFT was 2 954.84 IU/kg diet.
引文
[1]刘梦梅,陈娇娇,朱文欢,等.维生素A对养成期草鱼生长性能以及骨骼中钙磷含量变化的影响[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(1):101-107.Liu M M,Chen J J,Zhu W H,et al.Effects of dietary vitamin A on growth performance and calcium and phosphorus contents in bone of subadull grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(1):101-107.
[2]Guimaraes I G,Lim C,Yildirim-Aksoy M,et al.Effects of dietary levels of vitamin A on growth,hematology,immune response and resistance of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)to Streptococcus iniae[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2014,188(1):126-136.
[3]肖登元,梁萌青,王新星,等.饲料中不同水平维生素A对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响[J].渔业科学进展,2014,35(3):50-59.Xiao D Y,Liang M Q,Wang X X,et al.Effects of dietary vitamin A supplementation on the reproduction and offpring quality of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2014,35(3):50-59.
[4]蓝汉冰,陈翠英,黄永政,等.饲料中不同水平维生素A对加州鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响[J].饲料工业,2016,37(12):34-38.Lan H B,Chen C Y,Huang Y Z,et al.Effects of different dietary levels of vitamin A on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of Micropterus salmoides[J].Feed Industry,2016,37(12):34-38.
[5]张璐,李静,谭芳芳,等.饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(1):88-96.Zhang L,Li J,Tan F F,et al.Effects of different dietary vitamin A levels on growth and serum biochemical parameters for Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(1):88-96.
[6]Hu C J,Chen S M,Pan C H,et al.Effects of dietary vitamin Aorβ-carotene concentrations on growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1/2/3/4):602-607.
[7]Komo A,Saito T,Mimura T,et al.Requirement of young carp for vitamin A[J].Bull Japan Society Science Fish,1968,34(10):959-964.
[8]Moren M,Opstad I,Berntssen M H G,et al.An optimum level of vitamin A supplements for Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus.)juveniles[J].Aquaculture,2004,235(1):587-599.
[9]Hemre G I,Deng D F,Wilson R P,et al.Vitamin A metabolism and early biological responses in juvenile sunshine bass(Moronechrysops×M.saxatilis)fed graded levels of vitamin A[J].Aquaculture,2004,235(1/2/3/4):645-658.
[10]Mohamed J S,Sivaram V,Roy T S C,et al.Dietary vitamin Arequirement of juvenile greasy grouper(Epinephelus tauvina)[J].Aquaculture,2003,219(1):693-701.
[11]Kitamura S,Suwa T,Ohara S,et al.Studies on vitamin requirement of rainbow trout:Ⅲ.requirement for vitamin A and deficiency symptoms[J].The Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,1967,33(12):1126-1131.
[12]Shim K F,Tan C H.The dietary requirement of vitamin A in guppy(Poecilia reticulata Peters)[C]//The current status of fish nutrition in aquaculture.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition of Fish.Japan:Toba,1990:133-140.
[13]Hernandez L H H,Teshima S,Koshio S,et al.Effects of vitamin A on growth,serum anti-bacterialactivity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J].Aquaculture,2007,262(2/3/4):444-450.
[14]张德锋,袁伟,可小丽,等.中国罗非鱼主养区无乳链球菌的分子流行特征及其传播方式[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(3):606-614.Zhang D F,Yuan W,Ke X L,et al.Molecular characteristics and transmission of Streptococcus agalactiae in a major tilapia culturing area of China[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2017,24(3):606-614.
[15]Guimaraes I G,Pezzato L E,Santos V G,et al.Vitamin A affects haematology,growth and immune response of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus,L.),but has no protective effect against bacterial challenge or cold-induced stress[J].Aquaculture Research,2016,47(6):2004-2018.
[16]Harabawy A S A,Mosleh Y Y I.The role of vitamins A,C,E and selenium as antioxidants against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cadmium,copper,lead and zinc on erythrocytes of Niletilapia,Oreochromis niloticus[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,104(1):28-35.
[17]Campeche D F B,Catharino R R,Godoy H T,et al.Vitamin Ain diets for Nile tilapia[J].Scientia Agricola,2009,66(6):751-756.
[18]Saleh G,Eleraky W,Gropp J M.A short note on the effects of vitamin A hypervitaminosis and hypovitaminosis on health and growth of Tilapia nilotica(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,1995,11(3-4):382-385.
[19]任春,文华,黄凤,等.吉富罗非鱼对饲料中维生素B1的需要量[J].水产学报,2015,39(4):539-546.Ren C,Wen H,Huang F,et al.Dietary thiamin requirement of GIFT Oreochromis niloticus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(4):539-546.
[20]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料维生素C水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(1):79-87.Wu F,Wen H,Jiang M,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance,flesh quality and antioxidant function in genetically improved farmed tilapia[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(1):79-87.
[21]蒋明,文华,吴凡,等.维生素A对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和转氨酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(9):35-40.Jiang M,Wen H,Wu F,et al.Effects of vitamin A on growth performance,body composition and serum transaminase activities in the juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(9):35-40.
[22]Halver J E.The vitamins in fish nutrition[M].USA California:Academic Press,2002:61-141.
[23]Hilton J W.Hypervitaminosis A in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri):toxicity signs and maximum tolerable level[J].Journal of Nutrition,1983,113(9):1737-1745.
[24]张璐.鲈鱼和大黄鱼几种维生素的营养生理研究和蛋白源开发[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2006:69-89.Zhang L.Nutritional physiology of several vitamins and protein sources development for Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus C.and large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena crocea R.[D].Qingdao,Shandong:Ocean University of China,2006:69-89.
[25]周岐存,麦康森,谭北平.维生素A对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长、存活及体成分的影响[J].中国水产科学,2000,7(1):118-120.Zhou Q C,Mai K S,Tan B P,Effects of vitamin A on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile Haliotis discus hannai[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2000,7(1):118-120.
[26]Thompson I,Choubert G,Houlihan D F,et al.The effect of dietary vitamin A and astaxanthin on the immunocompetence of rainbow trout[J].Aquacuhure,1995,133(2):91-102.
[27]许丽文.维生素A在畜禽生产中的应用[J].饲料博览,2017(6):22-25.Xu L W.The application of vitamin A in livestock production[J].Feed Review,2017(6):22-25.
[28]张丽.维生素A对生长中期草鱼生产性能、肠道、机体和鳃健康以及肌肉品质的作用及作用机制[D].四川雅安:四川农业大学,2016:106-108.Zhang L.Effects of dietary vitamin A on growth performance,intestinal health,body health,gill health and muscle quality as well as the potential mechanisms in young grass carp[D].Ya’an,Sichuan:Sichuan Agricultural University,2016:106-108.
[29]Wang W J,Wang S P,Gong Y S,et al.Effects of vitamin Asupplementation on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality in Limosin&×&Luxi crossbreed steers fed a wheat straw-based diet[J].Meat Science,2007,77(4)450-458.
[30]Goroca-Buenfil M A,Fluhartyfl,Reynolds C K,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin A restriction on marbling and conjugated linoleic acid content in Holstein steers[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85(9):2243-2255.
[31]Arnett A M,Daniel M J,Dikeman M E.Restricting vitamin Ain cattle diets improves beef carcass marbling and USDA quality and yield grades[J].Kansas Agriculture Experiment Station Research Reports,2008(1):24-27.
[2]Guimaraes I G,Lim C,Yildirim-Aksoy M,et al.Effects of dietary levels of vitamin A on growth,hematology,immune response and resistance of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)to Streptococcus iniae[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2014,188(1):126-136.
[3]肖登元,梁萌青,王新星,等.饲料中不同水平维生素A对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响[J].渔业科学进展,2014,35(3):50-59.Xiao D Y,Liang M Q,Wang X X,et al.Effects of dietary vitamin A supplementation on the reproduction and offpring quality of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2014,35(3):50-59.
[4]蓝汉冰,陈翠英,黄永政,等.饲料中不同水平维生素A对加州鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响[J].饲料工业,2016,37(12):34-38.Lan H B,Chen C Y,Huang Y Z,et al.Effects of different dietary levels of vitamin A on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of Micropterus salmoides[J].Feed Industry,2016,37(12):34-38.
[5]张璐,李静,谭芳芳,等.饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(1):88-96.Zhang L,Li J,Tan F F,et al.Effects of different dietary vitamin A levels on growth and serum biochemical parameters for Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(1):88-96.
[6]Hu C J,Chen S M,Pan C H,et al.Effects of dietary vitamin Aorβ-carotene concentrations on growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1/2/3/4):602-607.
[7]Komo A,Saito T,Mimura T,et al.Requirement of young carp for vitamin A[J].Bull Japan Society Science Fish,1968,34(10):959-964.
[8]Moren M,Opstad I,Berntssen M H G,et al.An optimum level of vitamin A supplements for Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus.)juveniles[J].Aquaculture,2004,235(1):587-599.
[9]Hemre G I,Deng D F,Wilson R P,et al.Vitamin A metabolism and early biological responses in juvenile sunshine bass(Moronechrysops×M.saxatilis)fed graded levels of vitamin A[J].Aquaculture,2004,235(1/2/3/4):645-658.
[10]Mohamed J S,Sivaram V,Roy T S C,et al.Dietary vitamin Arequirement of juvenile greasy grouper(Epinephelus tauvina)[J].Aquaculture,2003,219(1):693-701.
[11]Kitamura S,Suwa T,Ohara S,et al.Studies on vitamin requirement of rainbow trout:Ⅲ.requirement for vitamin A and deficiency symptoms[J].The Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,1967,33(12):1126-1131.
[12]Shim K F,Tan C H.The dietary requirement of vitamin A in guppy(Poecilia reticulata Peters)[C]//The current status of fish nutrition in aquaculture.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition of Fish.Japan:Toba,1990:133-140.
[13]Hernandez L H H,Teshima S,Koshio S,et al.Effects of vitamin A on growth,serum anti-bacterialactivity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J].Aquaculture,2007,262(2/3/4):444-450.
[14]张德锋,袁伟,可小丽,等.中国罗非鱼主养区无乳链球菌的分子流行特征及其传播方式[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(3):606-614.Zhang D F,Yuan W,Ke X L,et al.Molecular characteristics and transmission of Streptococcus agalactiae in a major tilapia culturing area of China[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2017,24(3):606-614.
[15]Guimaraes I G,Pezzato L E,Santos V G,et al.Vitamin A affects haematology,growth and immune response of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus,L.),but has no protective effect against bacterial challenge or cold-induced stress[J].Aquaculture Research,2016,47(6):2004-2018.
[16]Harabawy A S A,Mosleh Y Y I.The role of vitamins A,C,E and selenium as antioxidants against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cadmium,copper,lead and zinc on erythrocytes of Niletilapia,Oreochromis niloticus[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,104(1):28-35.
[17]Campeche D F B,Catharino R R,Godoy H T,et al.Vitamin Ain diets for Nile tilapia[J].Scientia Agricola,2009,66(6):751-756.
[18]Saleh G,Eleraky W,Gropp J M.A short note on the effects of vitamin A hypervitaminosis and hypovitaminosis on health and growth of Tilapia nilotica(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,1995,11(3-4):382-385.
[19]任春,文华,黄凤,等.吉富罗非鱼对饲料中维生素B1的需要量[J].水产学报,2015,39(4):539-546.Ren C,Wen H,Huang F,et al.Dietary thiamin requirement of GIFT Oreochromis niloticus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(4):539-546.
[20]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料维生素C水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(1):79-87.Wu F,Wen H,Jiang M,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance,flesh quality and antioxidant function in genetically improved farmed tilapia[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(1):79-87.
[21]蒋明,文华,吴凡,等.维生素A对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和转氨酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(9):35-40.Jiang M,Wen H,Wu F,et al.Effects of vitamin A on growth performance,body composition and serum transaminase activities in the juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(9):35-40.
[22]Halver J E.The vitamins in fish nutrition[M].USA California:Academic Press,2002:61-141.
[23]Hilton J W.Hypervitaminosis A in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri):toxicity signs and maximum tolerable level[J].Journal of Nutrition,1983,113(9):1737-1745.
[24]张璐.鲈鱼和大黄鱼几种维生素的营养生理研究和蛋白源开发[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2006:69-89.Zhang L.Nutritional physiology of several vitamins and protein sources development for Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus C.and large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena crocea R.[D].Qingdao,Shandong:Ocean University of China,2006:69-89.
[25]周岐存,麦康森,谭北平.维生素A对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长、存活及体成分的影响[J].中国水产科学,2000,7(1):118-120.Zhou Q C,Mai K S,Tan B P,Effects of vitamin A on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile Haliotis discus hannai[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2000,7(1):118-120.
[26]Thompson I,Choubert G,Houlihan D F,et al.The effect of dietary vitamin A and astaxanthin on the immunocompetence of rainbow trout[J].Aquacuhure,1995,133(2):91-102.
[27]许丽文.维生素A在畜禽生产中的应用[J].饲料博览,2017(6):22-25.Xu L W.The application of vitamin A in livestock production[J].Feed Review,2017(6):22-25.
[28]张丽.维生素A对生长中期草鱼生产性能、肠道、机体和鳃健康以及肌肉品质的作用及作用机制[D].四川雅安:四川农业大学,2016:106-108.Zhang L.Effects of dietary vitamin A on growth performance,intestinal health,body health,gill health and muscle quality as well as the potential mechanisms in young grass carp[D].Ya’an,Sichuan:Sichuan Agricultural University,2016:106-108.
[29]Wang W J,Wang S P,Gong Y S,et al.Effects of vitamin Asupplementation on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality in Limosin&×&Luxi crossbreed steers fed a wheat straw-based diet[J].Meat Science,2007,77(4)450-458.
[30]Goroca-Buenfil M A,Fluhartyfl,Reynolds C K,et al.Effect of dietary vitamin A restriction on marbling and conjugated linoleic acid content in Holstein steers[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85(9):2243-2255.
[31]Arnett A M,Daniel M J,Dikeman M E.Restricting vitamin Ain cattle diets improves beef carcass marbling and USDA quality and yield grades[J].Kansas Agriculture Experiment Station Research Reports,2008(1):24-27.