我国生猪养殖业生产效率的影响因素研究——基于自繁自养型养猪场户的调研数据
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摘要
为识别生猪生产效率提升的有效路径,在厘清生产效率影响因素作用机理的基础上,以河北、辽宁、北京自繁自养型养猪场户调研数据为依据,采用稳健OLS回归对我国生猪养殖业生产效率的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:1)提高场主受教育水平、加强养殖技术培训、推进专业化和规模化养殖、重视养殖环境控制和疫病防控能显著促进生猪生产效率提升,而自配饲料、自繁母猪的要素投入方式和养殖雇工会产生效率损失;2)目前生猪养殖组织化程度普遍偏低,且合作组织因社会化服务体系构建尚不健全还无法有效发挥作用;3)与北京相比,河北和辽宁养猪场户在生产效率及种养结合方面均具有比较优势,但辽宁养猪场户在养殖规范性上仍有更大改进空间。据此提出应加快构建生猪产业职业教育体系、发展适度规模家庭农场、提高养殖标准化水平、推进生猪产业社会化服务体系建设、疏解约束发展区劣势生猪产能而着重发展重点发展区和潜力增长区等政策建议。
In order to identify an effective way to improve the pig production efficiency,based on clarifying the mechanism of the influencing factors of production efficiency,this study conducted an empirical analysis of farrow-tofinish pig farms in China using robust OLS regression and the survey data of Hebei,Liaoning and Beijing.The results showed that:Improving pig farmers' education,strengthening the technology training,promoting the specialization and scale,emphasizing the control of breeding environment and the epidemic disease would promote the pig production efficiency significantly.However,the way of self-made feed,self-produced sow and hire labor would cause loss of production efficiency.The organization level of pig breeding was generally low at present,and cooperative organizations couldn't play an effective role because the construction of social service system was still imperfect.Compared with Beijing,Hebei and Liaoning had comparative advantages in production efficiency and combination of planting and breeding,but Liaoning still has much room for improvement in standardization.In conclusion,it should speed up the construction of vocational education system of pig industry,develop family farms in appropriate scale,improve the standardization level,promote the construction of social service system of pig industry,reduce the disadvantages pig capacity in restricted development regions,and focus on the key development and potential growth regions.
In order to identify an effective way to improve the pig production efficiency,based on clarifying the mechanism of the influencing factors of production efficiency,this study conducted an empirical analysis of farrow-tofinish pig farms in China using robust OLS regression and the survey data of Hebei,Liaoning and Beijing.The results showed that:Improving pig farmers' education,strengthening the technology training,promoting the specialization and scale,emphasizing the control of breeding environment and the epidemic disease would promote the pig production efficiency significantly.However,the way of self-made feed,self-produced sow and hire labor would cause loss of production efficiency.The organization level of pig breeding was generally low at present,and cooperative organizations couldn't play an effective role because the construction of social service system was still imperfect.Compared with Beijing,Hebei and Liaoning had comparative advantages in production efficiency and combination of planting and breeding,but Liaoning still has much room for improvement in standardization.In conclusion,it should speed up the construction of vocational education system of pig industry,develop family farms in appropriate scale,improve the standardization level,promote the construction of social service system of pig industry,reduce the disadvantages pig capacity in restricted development regions,and focus on the key development and potential growth regions.
引文
[1]季柯辛,乔娟.中美生猪产业生产率比较分析[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(4):539-546Ji K X,Qiao J.Productivity comparison analysis between China's and US's live pig industries[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(4):539-546(in Chinese)
[2]陈诗波,王亚静,李崇光.中国生猪生产效率及影响因素分析[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(1):40-44Chen S B, Wang Y J,Li C G.Research on production efficiency and affecting factors of live pig in China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(1):40-44(in Chinese)
[3]王明利,李威夷.基于随机前沿函数的中国生猪生产效率研究[J].农业技术经济,2011(12):32-39Wang M L,Li W Y.Study on Chinese pig production efficiency based on stochastic frontier function[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2011(12):32-39(in Chinese)
[4]吴学兵,乔娟,李谷成.环境约束下的中国规模猪场生产率增长与分解研究[J].统计与决策,2013(20):118-120Wu X B,Qiao J,Li G C.Study on productivity growth and decomposition of Chinese scale pig farms under environmental constraints[J].Statistics and Decision,2013(20):118-120(in Chinese)
[5]赵连阁,钟搏.基于SFA的中国生猪养殖成本效率研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(4):31-36Zhao L G,Zhong B.Study of pig-breeding cost-efficiency in China based on SFA method[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2015,51(4):31-36(in Chinese)
[6]杜红梅,李孟蕊,王明春,胡梅梅.基于SE-DEA模型的中国生猪规模养殖环境效率时空差异研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(1):131-137Du H M,Li M R,Wang M C,Hu M M.Study on temporal and spatial difference of environmental efficiency of scale cultivation of hogs in China based on SE-DEA model[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2017,53(1):131-137(in Chinese)
[7]冷碧滨,付娆.不同规模间生猪养殖技术效率研究[J].农村经济,2017(11):51-56Leng B B,Fu R.Study on the technical efficiency of pig breeding between different scales[J].Rural Economy,2017(11):51-56(in Chinese)
[8]李欣蕊,齐振宏,曹丽红.我国养猪业环境全要素生产率测算与分解研究:基于SFA-Malmquist方法[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(4):272-280Li X R,Qi Z H,Cao L H.Research on measurement and decomposition of environmental TFP of China’s pig industry:Based on SFA-Malmquist method[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(4):272-280(in Chinese)
[9]李晓霞,曹平华,禹学礼.胎次和配种季节对PIC母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(6):40-43Li X X,Cao P H,Yu X L.Effects of different parities and mating seasons on the reproductive performance of PIC sows[J].Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,2013,34(6):40-43(in Chinese)
[10]于桂阳,张昊,袁孟琼.人工授精技术对长大二元杂母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2005,41(1):39-40Yu G Y, Zhang H, Yuan M Q.Effect of artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of LandraceYorkshire sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2005,41(1):39-40(in Chinese)
[11]祝倩,姬玉娇,李华伟,郭秋平,孔祥峰.高、低营养水平饲粮对妊娠环江香猪繁殖性能、体成分和血浆生化参数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(5):1534-1540Zhu Q,Ji Y J,Li H W,Guo Q P,Kong X F.High or low nutrient level diets affect reproductive performance,body composition and plasma biochemical parameters of pregnant Huanjiang Mini-Pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(5):1534-1540(in Chinese)
[12]曹暕,孙顶强,谭向勇.农户奶牛生产技术效率及影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(10):42-48Cao J,Sun D Q,Tan X Y.Analysis on the technical efficiency and influencing factors of dairy cow production[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2005(10):42-48(in Chinese)
[13]何忠伟,韩啸,余洁,刘芳.我国奶牛养殖户生产技术效率及影响因素分析:基于奶农微观层面[J].农业技术经济,2014(9):46-51He Z W,Han X,Yu J,Liu F.Analysis on the production efficiency and influencing factors of dairy farmers in China:Based on the micro level of dairy farmers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(9):46-51(in Chinese)
[14]孙致陆,肖海峰.农牧户羊毛生产技术效率及其影响因素研究:基于内蒙古、新疆等5省份农牧户调查数据的分析[J].农业技术经济,2013(2):86-94Sun Z L,Xiao H F.Study on the technical efficiency and influencing factors of wool farmer household:Based on Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other 5 provinces agricultural household survey data analysis[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013(2):86-94(in Chinese)
[15]朱宁,秦富.畜禽粪便清理对规模养殖场生产效率的影响分析:以蛋鸡规模养殖户为例[J].农业技术经济,2014(5):4-12Zhu N,Qin F.Analysis of the effect of livestock and poultry manure cleaning on the production efficiency of scale farms:A case of layer farmers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(5):4-12(in Chinese)
[16]金福良,王璐,李谷成,冯中朝.不同规模农户冬油菜生产技术效率及影响因素分析:基于随机前沿函数与1707个农户微观数据[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(1):210-217Jin F L,Wang L,Li G C,Feng Z C.Winter rapeseed’s technical efficiency and its influence factors:Based on the model of stochastic frontier production function and 1707micro-datas of farmers[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(1):210-217(in Chinese)
[17]赵书广.中国养猪大成[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2013Zhao S G.Chinese Pig Raising[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural Publishing House,2013(in Chinese)
[18]乔娟,季柯辛.我国生猪良种繁育体系:运行机理、发展困境与路径选择[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(2):64-74Qiao J,Ji K X.Pig Breeding system in China:Operational mechanism,development predicament and developmental path[J].Issues in agricultural Economy,2017,38(2):64-74(in Chinese)
[19]王琛,吴敬学.农户粮食种植技术选择意愿影响研究[J].华南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,15(1):45-53Wang C,Wu J X.Study on the influencing factors of grain farmers’technology choice[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University:Social Science Edition,2016,15(1):45-53(in Chinese)
[20]李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞.小农户真的更加具有效率吗?来自湖北省的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2009,9(1):95-124Li G C,Feng Z C,Fan L X.Is the small-sized rural household more efficient?The empirical evidence from Hubei Province[J].China Economic Quarterly,2009,9(1):95-124(in Chinese)
[21]钱龙,洪名勇.非农就业、土地流转与农业生产效率变化:基于CFPS的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2016(12):2-16Qian L,Hong M Y.Non-agricultural employment,land transfer and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical analysis based on CFPS[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016(12):2-16(in Chinese)
[22]闫之春.母猪群PSY的计算方法[J].今日养猪业,2015(3):44-45Yan Z C.Calculation method of sow group PSY[J].Pigs Today,2015(3):44-45(in Chinese)
(1)数据来源于UN Comtrade
(1)地区间生猪养殖分布不均匀,也不是每个地区都有,且受动物防疫的约束非猪场工作人员很难进入,因此需要畜牧部门的帮助。
(1)调研中给出3种强制免疫疫苗和12种可选择性疫苗供被调查养猪场户选择,其他种类自填。
(2)调研中给出饲料饲喂、种猪繁育、疫病防控、环境控制、粪污治理和经营管理6种培训内容供选择。
[2]陈诗波,王亚静,李崇光.中国生猪生产效率及影响因素分析[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(1):40-44Chen S B, Wang Y J,Li C G.Research on production efficiency and affecting factors of live pig in China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(1):40-44(in Chinese)
[3]王明利,李威夷.基于随机前沿函数的中国生猪生产效率研究[J].农业技术经济,2011(12):32-39Wang M L,Li W Y.Study on Chinese pig production efficiency based on stochastic frontier function[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2011(12):32-39(in Chinese)
[4]吴学兵,乔娟,李谷成.环境约束下的中国规模猪场生产率增长与分解研究[J].统计与决策,2013(20):118-120Wu X B,Qiao J,Li G C.Study on productivity growth and decomposition of Chinese scale pig farms under environmental constraints[J].Statistics and Decision,2013(20):118-120(in Chinese)
[5]赵连阁,钟搏.基于SFA的中国生猪养殖成本效率研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(4):31-36Zhao L G,Zhong B.Study of pig-breeding cost-efficiency in China based on SFA method[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2015,51(4):31-36(in Chinese)
[6]杜红梅,李孟蕊,王明春,胡梅梅.基于SE-DEA模型的中国生猪规模养殖环境效率时空差异研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(1):131-137Du H M,Li M R,Wang M C,Hu M M.Study on temporal and spatial difference of environmental efficiency of scale cultivation of hogs in China based on SE-DEA model[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2017,53(1):131-137(in Chinese)
[7]冷碧滨,付娆.不同规模间生猪养殖技术效率研究[J].农村经济,2017(11):51-56Leng B B,Fu R.Study on the technical efficiency of pig breeding between different scales[J].Rural Economy,2017(11):51-56(in Chinese)
[8]李欣蕊,齐振宏,曹丽红.我国养猪业环境全要素生产率测算与分解研究:基于SFA-Malmquist方法[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(4):272-280Li X R,Qi Z H,Cao L H.Research on measurement and decomposition of environmental TFP of China’s pig industry:Based on SFA-Malmquist method[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(4):272-280(in Chinese)
[9]李晓霞,曹平华,禹学礼.胎次和配种季节对PIC母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(6):40-43Li X X,Cao P H,Yu X L.Effects of different parities and mating seasons on the reproductive performance of PIC sows[J].Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,2013,34(6):40-43(in Chinese)
[10]于桂阳,张昊,袁孟琼.人工授精技术对长大二元杂母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2005,41(1):39-40Yu G Y, Zhang H, Yuan M Q.Effect of artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of LandraceYorkshire sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2005,41(1):39-40(in Chinese)
[11]祝倩,姬玉娇,李华伟,郭秋平,孔祥峰.高、低营养水平饲粮对妊娠环江香猪繁殖性能、体成分和血浆生化参数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(5):1534-1540Zhu Q,Ji Y J,Li H W,Guo Q P,Kong X F.High or low nutrient level diets affect reproductive performance,body composition and plasma biochemical parameters of pregnant Huanjiang Mini-Pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(5):1534-1540(in Chinese)
[12]曹暕,孙顶强,谭向勇.农户奶牛生产技术效率及影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(10):42-48Cao J,Sun D Q,Tan X Y.Analysis on the technical efficiency and influencing factors of dairy cow production[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2005(10):42-48(in Chinese)
[13]何忠伟,韩啸,余洁,刘芳.我国奶牛养殖户生产技术效率及影响因素分析:基于奶农微观层面[J].农业技术经济,2014(9):46-51He Z W,Han X,Yu J,Liu F.Analysis on the production efficiency and influencing factors of dairy farmers in China:Based on the micro level of dairy farmers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(9):46-51(in Chinese)
[14]孙致陆,肖海峰.农牧户羊毛生产技术效率及其影响因素研究:基于内蒙古、新疆等5省份农牧户调查数据的分析[J].农业技术经济,2013(2):86-94Sun Z L,Xiao H F.Study on the technical efficiency and influencing factors of wool farmer household:Based on Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other 5 provinces agricultural household survey data analysis[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013(2):86-94(in Chinese)
[15]朱宁,秦富.畜禽粪便清理对规模养殖场生产效率的影响分析:以蛋鸡规模养殖户为例[J].农业技术经济,2014(5):4-12Zhu N,Qin F.Analysis of the effect of livestock and poultry manure cleaning on the production efficiency of scale farms:A case of layer farmers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(5):4-12(in Chinese)
[16]金福良,王璐,李谷成,冯中朝.不同规模农户冬油菜生产技术效率及影响因素分析:基于随机前沿函数与1707个农户微观数据[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(1):210-217Jin F L,Wang L,Li G C,Feng Z C.Winter rapeseed’s technical efficiency and its influence factors:Based on the model of stochastic frontier production function and 1707micro-datas of farmers[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(1):210-217(in Chinese)
[17]赵书广.中国养猪大成[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2013Zhao S G.Chinese Pig Raising[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural Publishing House,2013(in Chinese)
[18]乔娟,季柯辛.我国生猪良种繁育体系:运行机理、发展困境与路径选择[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(2):64-74Qiao J,Ji K X.Pig Breeding system in China:Operational mechanism,development predicament and developmental path[J].Issues in agricultural Economy,2017,38(2):64-74(in Chinese)
[19]王琛,吴敬学.农户粮食种植技术选择意愿影响研究[J].华南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,15(1):45-53Wang C,Wu J X.Study on the influencing factors of grain farmers’technology choice[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University:Social Science Edition,2016,15(1):45-53(in Chinese)
[20]李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞.小农户真的更加具有效率吗?来自湖北省的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2009,9(1):95-124Li G C,Feng Z C,Fan L X.Is the small-sized rural household more efficient?The empirical evidence from Hubei Province[J].China Economic Quarterly,2009,9(1):95-124(in Chinese)
[21]钱龙,洪名勇.非农就业、土地流转与农业生产效率变化:基于CFPS的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2016(12):2-16Qian L,Hong M Y.Non-agricultural employment,land transfer and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical analysis based on CFPS[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016(12):2-16(in Chinese)
[22]闫之春.母猪群PSY的计算方法[J].今日养猪业,2015(3):44-45Yan Z C.Calculation method of sow group PSY[J].Pigs Today,2015(3):44-45(in Chinese)
(1)数据来源于UN Comtrade
(1)地区间生猪养殖分布不均匀,也不是每个地区都有,且受动物防疫的约束非猪场工作人员很难进入,因此需要畜牧部门的帮助。
(1)调研中给出3种强制免疫疫苗和12种可选择性疫苗供被调查养猪场户选择,其他种类自填。
(2)调研中给出饲料饲喂、种猪繁育、疫病防控、环境控制、粪污治理和经营管理6种培训内容供选择。