费托合成Fe基催化剂失活研究进展
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摘要
Fe基催化剂是具有工业化应用潜力的一种费托合成催化剂,但在反应中易因积炭、相变和烧结等原因失活,从而影响Fe基催化剂的实际应用。主要综述围绕上述3个引起铁基费托合成催化剂失活的主要原因所取得的研究进展。在此基础上,进一步探讨催化剂组成和预处理条件对Fe基催化剂的影响以及提高Fe基催化剂性能领域所取得的研究进展。
Fe-based catalyst is one of important Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts with industrial application potential. However,Fe-based catalyst deactivates during the reaction owing to the carbon deposition,phase transformation and sintering,which influences the application of Fe-based catalysy. This paper reviewed the progress of above-mentioned deactivation reasons related to Fe-based catalyst. It also discussed effects of pretreatment conditions and chemical compositions of catalysts on the performances of Fe-based catalysts as well as the progress about how to improve Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst.
Fe-based catalyst is one of important Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts with industrial application potential. However,Fe-based catalyst deactivates during the reaction owing to the carbon deposition,phase transformation and sintering,which influences the application of Fe-based catalysy. This paper reviewed the progress of above-mentioned deactivation reasons related to Fe-based catalyst. It also discussed effects of pretreatment conditions and chemical compositions of catalysts on the performances of Fe-based catalysts as well as the progress about how to improve Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst.
引文
[1]Zhang Zhengpai,Zhang Jun,Wang Xu,et al. Promotional effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch to olefins[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2018,365:71-85.
[2]Pham T H,Qi Yanying,Yang Jia,et al. Insights into hgg iron-carbide-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:suppression of CH4formation and enhancement of C C coupling onχ-Fe5C2[J]. ACS Catalysis,2015,5:2203-2208.
[3]张妍,徐润,牛传峰.高温费托合成技术的研究进展[J].化工进展,2017,36(1):142-148.Zhang Yan,Xu Run,Niu Chuanfeng. Research process in the high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2017,36(1):142-148.
[4]Xie Jingxiu,Torres Galvis H M,Koeken A C J,et al. Size and promoter effects on stability of carbon-nanofiber supported iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. ACS Catalysis,2016,6:4017-4024.
[5]张睿,潘喜强,潘蕊娟,等. Co/Al2O3催化剂制备及其合成重质烃的反应性能[J].工业催化,2018,26(9):41-45.Zhang Rui,Pan Xiqiang,Pan Ruijuan,et al. Preparation and catalytic performance of Co/Al2O3catalyst for synthesis of heavy hudrocarbons[J]. Industrial catalysis,2018,26(9):41-45.
[6]Santos V P,Wezendonk T A,Jaén J J D,et al. Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. Nature Communications,2015,6:6451.
[7]Casavola M,Hermannsdorfer J,Jonge N D,et al. Fabrication of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts by deposition of iron nanocrystals on carbon nanotubes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25:5309-5319.
[8]Pendyala V R R,Graham U M,Jacobs G,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:morphology,phase transformation,and carbon-layer growth of iron-based catalyst[J]. ChemCat Chem,2014,6:1952-1960.
[9]Torres Galvis H M,de Jong K P. Catalysts for production of lower olefins from synthesis gas:a review[J]. ACS Catalysis,2013,3(9):2130-2149.
[10]段建国,王亚雄,刘全生,等.费托合成铁基催化剂关键影响因素研究进展[J].无机盐工业,2017,49(11):1-7.Duan Jianguo,Wang Yaxiong,Liu Quansheng,et al.Research advance in key influencing factors of iron-based catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry,2017,49(11):1-7.
[11]Subramanian V,Ordomsky V V,Legras B,et al. Design of iron catalysts supported on carbon-silica composites with enhanced catalytic performance in high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2016,6:4953-4961.
[12]Cano L A,Garcia Blanco A A,Leneret G,et al. Effect of the support and promoters in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using supported Fe catalysts[J]. Catalysis Today,2017,282:204-213.
[13]Liu Renjie,Xu Yan,Qiao Yu,et al. Factors influencing the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performance of iron-based catalystiron oxide dispersion,distribution and reducibility[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2015,139:25-32.
[14]李娟,吴梁鹏,邱勇,等.费托合成催化剂的研究进展[J].化工进展,2013,32(s1):100-109.Li Juan,Wu Liangpeng,Qiu Yong,et al. Research advances in catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2013,32(s1):100-109.
[15]Chang Jie,Bai Liang,Teng Botao,et al. Kinetic modeling of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K-Si O2catalyst in slurry phase reactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2007,62(18):4983-4991.
[16]Argyle M D,Bartholomew C H. Heterogeneous catalyst deact ivation and regeneration:a review[J]. Catalysts,2015,5:145-269.
[17]Jiang Feng,Liu Bing,Li Wenping,et al. Two-dimensional graphene-directed formation of cylindrical iron carbide nanocapsules for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2017,7:4609-4621.
[18]Dry M E,Shingles T,Boshoff L J,et al. Factors influencing the formation of carbon on iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:Ⅱ. The effect of temperature and of gases and vapors present during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Journal of Catalysis,1970,17(3):347-354.
[19]Pour A N,Housaindokht M R,Tayyari S F,et al. Deactivation studies of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on nano-structured iron catalyst[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2010,330:112-120.
[20]Gao Fangfang,Wang Hong,Qing Ming,et al. Controlling the phase transformations and performance of iron-based catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis,2013,34:1312-1325.
[21]Bukur D B,Okabe K,Rosynek M P,et al. Activation studies with a precipitated iron catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.Ⅰ. Characterization studies[J]. Journal of Catalysis,1995,155:353-365.
[22]Ding Mingyue,Yang Yong,Wu Baoshan,et al. Study on reduction and carburization behaviors of iron phases for ironbased Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Applied Energy,2015,160:982-989.
[23]Bukur D B,Koranne M,Lang Xiaohu,et al. Pretreatment effect studies with a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst[J]. Applied Catalysis A,1995,126:85-113.
[24]朱加清,程萌,常海,等.还原工艺对费托合成铁基催化剂反应性能的影响[J].洁净煤技术,2016,22(5):79-84.Zhu Jiaqing,Cheng Meng,Chang Hai,et al. Effect of reduction process on iron-based catalyst reaction performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Clean Coal Technology,2016,22(5):79-84.
[25]王建华,杨勇,常杰,等.还原参数对F-T合成Fe-Mn催化剂物相结构的影响[J].天然气化工,2006,31(4):32-37.Wang Jianhua,Yang Yong,Chang Jie,et al. Effect of reduction parameters on the structure of Fe-Mn catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Natural Gas Chemical Industry,2006,31(4):32-37.
[26]Ding Mingyue,Yang Yong,Li Yongwang,et al. Impact of H2/CO ratios on phase and performance of Mn-modified Fe-based Fischer Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Applied Energy,2013,112:1241-1246.
[27]Ma Wenping,Kugler E L,Dadyburjor D B. Potassium effects on activated-carbon-supported iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Energy&Fuels,2007,21(4):1832-1842.
[28]Bukur D B,Mukesh D,Patel S A. Promoter effects on precipitated iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,1990,29(2):194-204.
[29]Pendyala V R R,Graham U M,Jacobs G,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:deactivation as a function of potassium promoter loading for precipitated iron catalyst[J]. Catalysis Letters,2014,144:1704-1716.
[30]Jiang Feng,Zhang Min,Liu Bing,et al. Insights into the influence of support and potassium or sulfur promoter on iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:understanding the control of catalytic activity,selectivity to lower olefins,and catalyst deactivation[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2017,7:1245-1265.
[31]Ngantsoue-Hoc W,Zhang Yongqing,O’Brien R J,et al.Fischer-Tropsch syntesis:activity and selectivity for Group I alkali promoted iron-based catalysts[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2002,236(1/2):77-89.
[32]Luo Mingsheng,Davis B H. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:groupⅡalkali-earth metal promoted catalysts[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2003,246(1):171-181.
[33]Li Jifan,Cheng Xiaofan,Zhang Chenghua,et al. Effect of alkalis on iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts:alkali-Fe Oxinteraction,reduction,and catalytic performance[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2016,528:131-141.
[34]Torres Galvis H M,Koeken A C J,Bitter J H,et al. Effects of sodium and sulfur on catalytic performance of supported iron catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of lower olefins[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2013,303:22-30
[35]Yang Ce,Zhao Huabo,Hou Yanglong,et al. Fe5C2Nanoparticles:a facile bromide-induced synthesis and as an active phase for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134:15814-15821.
[36]Shroff M D,Kalakkad D S,Coulter K E,et al. Activation of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts[J].Journal Catalysis,1995,156(2):185-207.
[37]Bian Guozhu,Oonuki A,Koizuni N,et al. Studies with a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst reduced by H2or CO[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2002,186(1):203-213.
[38]Eilason S A,Bartholomew C H. Catalyst Deactivation[M]//Bartholomew C H,Fuentes G A. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1997.
[39]de Smit E,Cinquini F,Beale A M,et al. Stability and reactivity ofε-χ-θiron carbide catalyst phases in FischerTropsch synthesis:controllingμc[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2010,132(42):14928-14941.
[40]Sarkar A,Seth D,Dozier A K,et al. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:morphology,phase transformation and particle size growth of nano-scale particles[J]. Catalysis Letters,2007,117(1/2):1-17.
[41]Ning Wensheng,Koizumi N,Chang Hai,et al. Phase transformation of unpromoted and promoted Fe catalysts and the formation of carbonaceous compounds during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2006,312:35-44.
[42]Torres Galvis H M,Bitter J H,Khare C B,et al. Supported iron nanoparticles as catalysts for sustainable production of lower olefins[J]. Science,2012,335:835-838.
[43]Park J Y,Lee Y J,Khanna P K,et al. Alumina-supported iron oxide nanoparticles as Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:effect of particle size of iron oxide[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2010,323(1):84-90.
[44]Suo Haiyun,Wang Shengguang,Zhang Chenghua,et al.Chemical and structural effects of silica in iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2012,286:111-123.
[45]Mogorosi R P,Fischer N,Claeys M,et al. Strong-metalsupport interaction by molecular design:Fe-silicate interactions in Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2012,289:140-150.
[46]Torres Galvis H M,Bitter J H,Davidian T,et al. Iron particle size effects for direct production of lower olefins from synthesis gas[J]. Journal of American Chemical Society,2012,134:16207-16215.
[47]Cheng K,Ordomsky V V,Virginie M,et al. Support effects in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on iron catalysts[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2014,488:66-77.
[48]Xiong Haifeng,Moyo M,Motchelaho M A,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:iron catalysts supported on N-doped carbon spheres prepared by chemical vapor deposition and hydrothermal approaches[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2014,311:80-87.
[49]An Bing,Cheng Kang,Wang Cheng,et al. Pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks to Fe3O4@Fe5C2core-shell nanoparticles for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. ACS Catalysis,2016,6:3610-3618.
[50]de Smit E,Weckhuysen B M. The renaissance of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:on the multifaceted catalyst deactivation behaviour[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2008,37(12):2758-2781.
[51]Xu Ke,Sun Bo,Wen Wen,et al.ε-Iron carbide as a lowtemperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Nature Communications,2014,5:5783.
[52]de Smit E,Beale A W,Nikitenko S,et al. Local and long range order in promoted iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:a combined in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy/wide angle X-ray scattering study[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2009,262(2):244-256.
[53]Duvenhage D J,Coville N J. Deactivation of a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst-A pilot plant study[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2006,298:211-216.
[54]Mansker L D,Jin Y M,Bukur D B,et al. Characterization of slurry phase iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,1999,186:277-296.
[2]Pham T H,Qi Yanying,Yang Jia,et al. Insights into hgg iron-carbide-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:suppression of CH4formation and enhancement of C C coupling onχ-Fe5C2[J]. ACS Catalysis,2015,5:2203-2208.
[3]张妍,徐润,牛传峰.高温费托合成技术的研究进展[J].化工进展,2017,36(1):142-148.Zhang Yan,Xu Run,Niu Chuanfeng. Research process in the high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2017,36(1):142-148.
[4]Xie Jingxiu,Torres Galvis H M,Koeken A C J,et al. Size and promoter effects on stability of carbon-nanofiber supported iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. ACS Catalysis,2016,6:4017-4024.
[5]张睿,潘喜强,潘蕊娟,等. Co/Al2O3催化剂制备及其合成重质烃的反应性能[J].工业催化,2018,26(9):41-45.Zhang Rui,Pan Xiqiang,Pan Ruijuan,et al. Preparation and catalytic performance of Co/Al2O3catalyst for synthesis of heavy hudrocarbons[J]. Industrial catalysis,2018,26(9):41-45.
[6]Santos V P,Wezendonk T A,Jaén J J D,et al. Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. Nature Communications,2015,6:6451.
[7]Casavola M,Hermannsdorfer J,Jonge N D,et al. Fabrication of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts by deposition of iron nanocrystals on carbon nanotubes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25:5309-5319.
[8]Pendyala V R R,Graham U M,Jacobs G,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:morphology,phase transformation,and carbon-layer growth of iron-based catalyst[J]. ChemCat Chem,2014,6:1952-1960.
[9]Torres Galvis H M,de Jong K P. Catalysts for production of lower olefins from synthesis gas:a review[J]. ACS Catalysis,2013,3(9):2130-2149.
[10]段建国,王亚雄,刘全生,等.费托合成铁基催化剂关键影响因素研究进展[J].无机盐工业,2017,49(11):1-7.Duan Jianguo,Wang Yaxiong,Liu Quansheng,et al.Research advance in key influencing factors of iron-based catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry,2017,49(11):1-7.
[11]Subramanian V,Ordomsky V V,Legras B,et al. Design of iron catalysts supported on carbon-silica composites with enhanced catalytic performance in high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2016,6:4953-4961.
[12]Cano L A,Garcia Blanco A A,Leneret G,et al. Effect of the support and promoters in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using supported Fe catalysts[J]. Catalysis Today,2017,282:204-213.
[13]Liu Renjie,Xu Yan,Qiao Yu,et al. Factors influencing the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performance of iron-based catalystiron oxide dispersion,distribution and reducibility[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2015,139:25-32.
[14]李娟,吴梁鹏,邱勇,等.费托合成催化剂的研究进展[J].化工进展,2013,32(s1):100-109.Li Juan,Wu Liangpeng,Qiu Yong,et al. Research advances in catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2013,32(s1):100-109.
[15]Chang Jie,Bai Liang,Teng Botao,et al. Kinetic modeling of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K-Si O2catalyst in slurry phase reactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2007,62(18):4983-4991.
[16]Argyle M D,Bartholomew C H. Heterogeneous catalyst deact ivation and regeneration:a review[J]. Catalysts,2015,5:145-269.
[17]Jiang Feng,Liu Bing,Li Wenping,et al. Two-dimensional graphene-directed formation of cylindrical iron carbide nanocapsules for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2017,7:4609-4621.
[18]Dry M E,Shingles T,Boshoff L J,et al. Factors influencing the formation of carbon on iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:Ⅱ. The effect of temperature and of gases and vapors present during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Journal of Catalysis,1970,17(3):347-354.
[19]Pour A N,Housaindokht M R,Tayyari S F,et al. Deactivation studies of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on nano-structured iron catalyst[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2010,330:112-120.
[20]Gao Fangfang,Wang Hong,Qing Ming,et al. Controlling the phase transformations and performance of iron-based catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis,2013,34:1312-1325.
[21]Bukur D B,Okabe K,Rosynek M P,et al. Activation studies with a precipitated iron catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.Ⅰ. Characterization studies[J]. Journal of Catalysis,1995,155:353-365.
[22]Ding Mingyue,Yang Yong,Wu Baoshan,et al. Study on reduction and carburization behaviors of iron phases for ironbased Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Applied Energy,2015,160:982-989.
[23]Bukur D B,Koranne M,Lang Xiaohu,et al. Pretreatment effect studies with a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst[J]. Applied Catalysis A,1995,126:85-113.
[24]朱加清,程萌,常海,等.还原工艺对费托合成铁基催化剂反应性能的影响[J].洁净煤技术,2016,22(5):79-84.Zhu Jiaqing,Cheng Meng,Chang Hai,et al. Effect of reduction process on iron-based catalyst reaction performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Clean Coal Technology,2016,22(5):79-84.
[25]王建华,杨勇,常杰,等.还原参数对F-T合成Fe-Mn催化剂物相结构的影响[J].天然气化工,2006,31(4):32-37.Wang Jianhua,Yang Yong,Chang Jie,et al. Effect of reduction parameters on the structure of Fe-Mn catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Natural Gas Chemical Industry,2006,31(4):32-37.
[26]Ding Mingyue,Yang Yong,Li Yongwang,et al. Impact of H2/CO ratios on phase and performance of Mn-modified Fe-based Fischer Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Applied Energy,2013,112:1241-1246.
[27]Ma Wenping,Kugler E L,Dadyburjor D B. Potassium effects on activated-carbon-supported iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Energy&Fuels,2007,21(4):1832-1842.
[28]Bukur D B,Mukesh D,Patel S A. Promoter effects on precipitated iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,1990,29(2):194-204.
[29]Pendyala V R R,Graham U M,Jacobs G,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:deactivation as a function of potassium promoter loading for precipitated iron catalyst[J]. Catalysis Letters,2014,144:1704-1716.
[30]Jiang Feng,Zhang Min,Liu Bing,et al. Insights into the influence of support and potassium or sulfur promoter on iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:understanding the control of catalytic activity,selectivity to lower olefins,and catalyst deactivation[J]. Catalysis Science Technology,2017,7:1245-1265.
[31]Ngantsoue-Hoc W,Zhang Yongqing,O’Brien R J,et al.Fischer-Tropsch syntesis:activity and selectivity for Group I alkali promoted iron-based catalysts[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2002,236(1/2):77-89.
[32]Luo Mingsheng,Davis B H. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:groupⅡalkali-earth metal promoted catalysts[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2003,246(1):171-181.
[33]Li Jifan,Cheng Xiaofan,Zhang Chenghua,et al. Effect of alkalis on iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts:alkali-Fe Oxinteraction,reduction,and catalytic performance[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2016,528:131-141.
[34]Torres Galvis H M,Koeken A C J,Bitter J H,et al. Effects of sodium and sulfur on catalytic performance of supported iron catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of lower olefins[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2013,303:22-30
[35]Yang Ce,Zhao Huabo,Hou Yanglong,et al. Fe5C2Nanoparticles:a facile bromide-induced synthesis and as an active phase for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134:15814-15821.
[36]Shroff M D,Kalakkad D S,Coulter K E,et al. Activation of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts[J].Journal Catalysis,1995,156(2):185-207.
[37]Bian Guozhu,Oonuki A,Koizuni N,et al. Studies with a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst reduced by H2or CO[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2002,186(1):203-213.
[38]Eilason S A,Bartholomew C H. Catalyst Deactivation[M]//Bartholomew C H,Fuentes G A. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1997.
[39]de Smit E,Cinquini F,Beale A M,et al. Stability and reactivity ofε-χ-θiron carbide catalyst phases in FischerTropsch synthesis:controllingμc[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2010,132(42):14928-14941.
[40]Sarkar A,Seth D,Dozier A K,et al. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:morphology,phase transformation and particle size growth of nano-scale particles[J]. Catalysis Letters,2007,117(1/2):1-17.
[41]Ning Wensheng,Koizumi N,Chang Hai,et al. Phase transformation of unpromoted and promoted Fe catalysts and the formation of carbonaceous compounds during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2006,312:35-44.
[42]Torres Galvis H M,Bitter J H,Khare C B,et al. Supported iron nanoparticles as catalysts for sustainable production of lower olefins[J]. Science,2012,335:835-838.
[43]Park J Y,Lee Y J,Khanna P K,et al. Alumina-supported iron oxide nanoparticles as Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:effect of particle size of iron oxide[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2010,323(1):84-90.
[44]Suo Haiyun,Wang Shengguang,Zhang Chenghua,et al.Chemical and structural effects of silica in iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2012,286:111-123.
[45]Mogorosi R P,Fischer N,Claeys M,et al. Strong-metalsupport interaction by molecular design:Fe-silicate interactions in Fischer-Tropsch catalysts[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2012,289:140-150.
[46]Torres Galvis H M,Bitter J H,Davidian T,et al. Iron particle size effects for direct production of lower olefins from synthesis gas[J]. Journal of American Chemical Society,2012,134:16207-16215.
[47]Cheng K,Ordomsky V V,Virginie M,et al. Support effects in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on iron catalysts[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2014,488:66-77.
[48]Xiong Haifeng,Moyo M,Motchelaho M A,et al. FischerTropsch synthesis:iron catalysts supported on N-doped carbon spheres prepared by chemical vapor deposition and hydrothermal approaches[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2014,311:80-87.
[49]An Bing,Cheng Kang,Wang Cheng,et al. Pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks to Fe3O4@Fe5C2core-shell nanoparticles for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. ACS Catalysis,2016,6:3610-3618.
[50]de Smit E,Weckhuysen B M. The renaissance of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:on the multifaceted catalyst deactivation behaviour[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2008,37(12):2758-2781.
[51]Xu Ke,Sun Bo,Wen Wen,et al.ε-Iron carbide as a lowtemperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst[J]. Nature Communications,2014,5:5783.
[52]de Smit E,Beale A W,Nikitenko S,et al. Local and long range order in promoted iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts:a combined in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy/wide angle X-ray scattering study[J]. Journal of Catalysis,2009,262(2):244-256.
[53]Duvenhage D J,Coville N J. Deactivation of a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst-A pilot plant study[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2006,298:211-216.
[54]Mansker L D,Jin Y M,Bukur D B,et al. Characterization of slurry phase iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis[J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,1999,186:277-296.