创新网络集成效应、研发产业化路径与创新型企业升级——理论逻辑与中国案例
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摘要
创新网络集成是在全球价值链不断细化的背景下,依托创新网络发展而来的一种复杂化、高级化、系统化的集成形式,其不仅在微观上表现为对单一网络内部的资源整合,而且在宏观上体现为对多重创新网络间的资源优化。通过分析可知,中国的现代产业要形成以研发为驱动力的价值链集合,以价值集成为目标推动研发产业化从而进行二次创新与集成创新。创新网络价值集成驱动下研发产业化路径可划分为需求推动型路径、正向典型路径、逆向非典型路径三种类型,其中,逆向非典型路径属于研发产业化的高级阶段。三种路径有效结合可促进中国企业产业位势的提升。
Under the background of knowledge economy and information,as a newly emerging industry,R&D industry has become the commanding heights for competition among different nations and regions,owing to its high scientific and technological content^ strong R&D service capabilities and closely relating to markets features.Theoretical study of R&D industry is still in the preliminary exploration stage,the first question is,According to China's actual situation,how do the internal R&D activities in the enterprises externalize and be separated into industry in the context of global knowledge labor division evolution? The second is,it lacks systemic analysis on R&D industrialization path due to the network division,how could China establish its R&D industry system to by virtue of the opening innovation environment and foreign innovative firms' experiences? This article studies the above problems by analyzing the innovation network integration effect at the start.The integration of innovation network is complex 、advanced and systematic integrating pattern with the continuous development of innovation network,under the background of global value chain refining.In microcosm,it refers the internal R&D resources integration in single network;on a macro level,it reflects different R&D resource optimization among multiple innovation networks.The innovative integration network is the corresponding network form to innovation network integration effect The article extends the Griliche's knowledge production function to analyze the influencing factors for innovation network integration,and concludes that:first,the knowledge and technological accumulation for R&D labors is decisive for innovation production.The more important R&D human capital gets,the more dependent enterprises rely on markets integration;second,the more capable of innovative firms absorb "integrated " knowledge from market,the greater cost effect it gets,the easier for R&D input path dependency to form;thirdly,under limited rational condition,for innovative enterprises with stronger ability to overcome the asset specificity,it's easier for integration effect to find its way in the integration network.Based on the demand for integration effect of innovation network,R&D industrialization could be divided into three paths.The first one is demand motivating path resulting from R&D outsourcing,which stimulates R&D organizations to cluster;the second path is forwardly typical path which follows evolution mechanism of producing service separating from the manufacturing;the last one is reversely atypia path,the manufacturing strip low value-added segments such as processing,and transfer to innovation centralized enterprises.Under the above background,China's modem industry is supposed to be the collection of value chain driven by R&D,with the aim of value integration to drive R&D industrialization for secondary innovation and integrated innovation.For those firms which take forwardly typical path,professional R&D market should be widely developed,they could improve themselves either by increasing the proportion of high value-added R&D business,or strengthen management of design process and R&D transformation,in order to expand the profit space.For those who take atypia path to upgrade,there are two routes to follow;the first is to upgrade from production processors to production designer,and finally to integrators of innovation network;the second is to upgrade from production processors to full service suppliers,and finally to integrators of innovation network.The R&D industrialization is a new research field which needs in-depth study,for instance,how to use econometric tools to analyze the stage of R&D industrialization in China,remains further exploration.
Under the background of knowledge economy and information,as a newly emerging industry,R&D industry has become the commanding heights for competition among different nations and regions,owing to its high scientific and technological content^ strong R&D service capabilities and closely relating to markets features.Theoretical study of R&D industry is still in the preliminary exploration stage,the first question is,According to China's actual situation,how do the internal R&D activities in the enterprises externalize and be separated into industry in the context of global knowledge labor division evolution? The second is,it lacks systemic analysis on R&D industrialization path due to the network division,how could China establish its R&D industry system to by virtue of the opening innovation environment and foreign innovative firms' experiences? This article studies the above problems by analyzing the innovation network integration effect at the start.The integration of innovation network is complex 、advanced and systematic integrating pattern with the continuous development of innovation network,under the background of global value chain refining.In microcosm,it refers the internal R&D resources integration in single network;on a macro level,it reflects different R&D resource optimization among multiple innovation networks.The innovative integration network is the corresponding network form to innovation network integration effect The article extends the Griliche's knowledge production function to analyze the influencing factors for innovation network integration,and concludes that:first,the knowledge and technological accumulation for R&D labors is decisive for innovation production.The more important R&D human capital gets,the more dependent enterprises rely on markets integration;second,the more capable of innovative firms absorb "integrated " knowledge from market,the greater cost effect it gets,the easier for R&D input path dependency to form;thirdly,under limited rational condition,for innovative enterprises with stronger ability to overcome the asset specificity,it's easier for integration effect to find its way in the integration network.Based on the demand for integration effect of innovation network,R&D industrialization could be divided into three paths.The first one is demand motivating path resulting from R&D outsourcing,which stimulates R&D organizations to cluster;the second path is forwardly typical path which follows evolution mechanism of producing service separating from the manufacturing;the last one is reversely atypia path,the manufacturing strip low value-added segments such as processing,and transfer to innovation centralized enterprises.Under the above background,China's modem industry is supposed to be the collection of value chain driven by R&D,with the aim of value integration to drive R&D industrialization for secondary innovation and integrated innovation.For those firms which take forwardly typical path,professional R&D market should be widely developed,they could improve themselves either by increasing the proportion of high value-added R&D business,or strengthen management of design process and R&D transformation,in order to expand the profit space.For those who take atypia path to upgrade,there are two routes to follow;the first is to upgrade from production processors to production designer,and finally to integrators of innovation network;the second is to upgrade from production processors to full service suppliers,and finally to integrators of innovation network.The R&D industrialization is a new research field which needs in-depth study,for instance,how to use econometric tools to analyze the stage of R&D industrialization in China,remains further exploration.
引文
[1]Chu-Ping Lo.Global Outsourcing or Foreign Direct Investment;Why Apple Chose Outsourcing for the iPod[J].Japan and the World Economy,2011,23,(3):163-169.
[2]Gregory Tassey.The Economics of R&D Policy[M].Quorum Books,1997.
[3]Leonardo Iacovone,Aaditya Mattoo,Andres Zahler.Trade and Innovation in Services;Evidence from a Developing Economy[J].Policy Research Working Paper,2013,(6):21-27.
[4]M Gibbons,C Limoges,H Nowotny.S Schwartzman.The New Production of Knowledge;The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies[M].SAGE Publications Ltd,2001.
[5]Michael Luger,Ivwin Feller,Catherine Renault Evaluation of Maine's Public Investment in Research&Development[M].Chapel Hill:Office of Economics Development University of North Carolina,2001.
[6]Peter J.Lane,Michael Lubatkin.Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning[J].Strategic Management Joumal,1998,19,(5):461-477.
[7]Rajneesh Narula.Grazia D.Santangelo.Location and Collocation Advantages in International innovation[J].Multinational Business Review,2012,20,(1):6-25.
[8]S.Manning,S.Massini,C.Peeters and A.Y.Lewin.Global Co-Evolution of Firm Boundaries:Process Commoditization,Capabilities Development,and Path Dependencies[J].Research Policy,2012,(2):452-466.
[9]Zvi Griliches.lusses in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productive Growth[J].The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10,(1):92-116.
[10]韩江波,李超.产业演化路径的要素配置效应:国际案例与中国选择[J].成都:经济学家,2012,(5).
[11]韩霞.北京和上海研发产业发展环境比较研究[J].长春:当代经济研究,2009,(6).
[12]黄鲁成,李晓英.研发产业的产业关联与波及特点分析以上海为例[J].天津:科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(1).
[13]简兆权,陈键宏,简欣欣.研发服务业成因、演化及影响因素分析[J].广州:科技管理研究,2012,(4).
[14]李海舰,郭树民.从经营企业到经营社会——从经营社会的视角经营企业[J].北京:中国工业经济,2008,(5).
[15]尚涛,郑良海.国际代工生产中的技术转移、技术积累与产业链升级研究[J].成都:经济学家,2013,(7).
[16]王一鸣.研发产业及其成熟标志的研究[J].北京:中国科技论坛,2013,(10).
[17]王发明,毛荐其.基于全球技术链的我国产业技术安全研究[J].北京:经济与管理研究,2009,(10).
[18]吴敏辉.R&D产业化研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文,2002.
[19]杨丹辉.价值链深度分解、外包网络与企业的核心能力——以医药业为例[J].北京:经济管理,2009,(12).
[20]张战仁,杜德斌.上海研发产业发展环境优化潜力及现实挑战研究[J].北京:中国科技论坛,2010,(6).
[21]赵红光.R&D产业形成与发展研究[D].北京交通大学博士学位论文,2007.
[22]宗文.全球价值网络与中国企业成长[J].北京:中国工业经济,2011,(12).
①数据来自OECD数据库中对欧盟第三轮和第六轮创新结果的调查。
②参照苏州市人民政府官方网站。
①数据来自UNCTAD数据库。
②“典型路径”与“非典型路径”概念由代明首先提出,本文在其原始概念上进行拓展分析。
③根据2013年世界财富500强盈亏情况计算所得。
①根据中国科技统计网数据计算所得,其中研发投入强度为R&D经费占国内生产总值之比。
[2]Gregory Tassey.The Economics of R&D Policy[M].Quorum Books,1997.
[3]Leonardo Iacovone,Aaditya Mattoo,Andres Zahler.Trade and Innovation in Services;Evidence from a Developing Economy[J].Policy Research Working Paper,2013,(6):21-27.
[4]M Gibbons,C Limoges,H Nowotny.S Schwartzman.The New Production of Knowledge;The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies[M].SAGE Publications Ltd,2001.
[5]Michael Luger,Ivwin Feller,Catherine Renault Evaluation of Maine's Public Investment in Research&Development[M].Chapel Hill:Office of Economics Development University of North Carolina,2001.
[6]Peter J.Lane,Michael Lubatkin.Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning[J].Strategic Management Joumal,1998,19,(5):461-477.
[7]Rajneesh Narula.Grazia D.Santangelo.Location and Collocation Advantages in International innovation[J].Multinational Business Review,2012,20,(1):6-25.
[8]S.Manning,S.Massini,C.Peeters and A.Y.Lewin.Global Co-Evolution of Firm Boundaries:Process Commoditization,Capabilities Development,and Path Dependencies[J].Research Policy,2012,(2):452-466.
[9]Zvi Griliches.lusses in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productive Growth[J].The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10,(1):92-116.
[10]韩江波,李超.产业演化路径的要素配置效应:国际案例与中国选择[J].成都:经济学家,2012,(5).
[11]韩霞.北京和上海研发产业发展环境比较研究[J].长春:当代经济研究,2009,(6).
[12]黄鲁成,李晓英.研发产业的产业关联与波及特点分析以上海为例[J].天津:科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(1).
[13]简兆权,陈键宏,简欣欣.研发服务业成因、演化及影响因素分析[J].广州:科技管理研究,2012,(4).
[14]李海舰,郭树民.从经营企业到经营社会——从经营社会的视角经营企业[J].北京:中国工业经济,2008,(5).
[15]尚涛,郑良海.国际代工生产中的技术转移、技术积累与产业链升级研究[J].成都:经济学家,2013,(7).
[16]王一鸣.研发产业及其成熟标志的研究[J].北京:中国科技论坛,2013,(10).
[17]王发明,毛荐其.基于全球技术链的我国产业技术安全研究[J].北京:经济与管理研究,2009,(10).
[18]吴敏辉.R&D产业化研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文,2002.
[19]杨丹辉.价值链深度分解、外包网络与企业的核心能力——以医药业为例[J].北京:经济管理,2009,(12).
[20]张战仁,杜德斌.上海研发产业发展环境优化潜力及现实挑战研究[J].北京:中国科技论坛,2010,(6).
[21]赵红光.R&D产业形成与发展研究[D].北京交通大学博士学位论文,2007.
[22]宗文.全球价值网络与中国企业成长[J].北京:中国工业经济,2011,(12).
①数据来自OECD数据库中对欧盟第三轮和第六轮创新结果的调查。
②参照苏州市人民政府官方网站。
①数据来自UNCTAD数据库。
②“典型路径”与“非典型路径”概念由代明首先提出,本文在其原始概念上进行拓展分析。
③根据2013年世界财富500强盈亏情况计算所得。
①根据中国科技统计网数据计算所得,其中研发投入强度为R&D经费占国内生产总值之比。