考虑分布式电源影响的分层分区精细化切负荷方法
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摘要
直流输电故障或失去大电源时,需要快速切除部分负荷以保持受端系统稳定。传统紧急切负荷策略比较粗放,同时受端系统可能存在大量分布式电源,不恰当的切负荷控制会引起配电网过电压导致分布式电源脱网,从而引起更大停电风险。提出了一种分层分区的紧急切负荷系统架构,将待切负荷配电网划分成若干个分区。针对每个分区,通过本地测量辨识外网等值的模型参数,并建立考虑外网等值的切负荷优化模型。利用二阶锥松弛技术将该模型转化为可被有效求解的二阶锥规划模型。
When a DC transmission line or a large generator is tripped, load shedding scheme should be conducted to maintain receiving system stable. Traditional load shedding strategy is not suitable for distribution networks with high penetration of distributed generations(DGs), possibly leading to unexpected DG tripping. This paper proposes a hierarchal load shedding architecture, where the receiving system is divided into several control areas. For each control area, its external equivalent network model is identified using local measurements and incorporated into optimization model for load shedding. Furthermore, the second-order cone relaxation technique is used to transform the original non-convex model into the second-order cone programming(SOCP). This SOCP model could be solved with CPLEX efficiently. Numerical tests on integrated transmission and distribution networks validate the proposed method.
When a DC transmission line or a large generator is tripped, load shedding scheme should be conducted to maintain receiving system stable. Traditional load shedding strategy is not suitable for distribution networks with high penetration of distributed generations(DGs), possibly leading to unexpected DG tripping. This paper proposes a hierarchal load shedding architecture, where the receiving system is divided into several control areas. For each control area, its external equivalent network model is identified using local measurements and incorporated into optimization model for load shedding. Furthermore, the second-order cone relaxation technique is used to transform the original non-convex model into the second-order cone programming(SOCP). This SOCP model could be solved with CPLEX efficiently. Numerical tests on integrated transmission and distribution networks validate the proposed method.
引文
[1]朱建全,段翩,刘明波.计及风险与源-网-荷双层协调的电力实时平衡调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(13):3239-3247.Zhu Jianquan,Duan Pian,Liu Mingbo.Electric real-time balance dispatch via bi-level coordination of source-grid-load of power system with risk[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(13):3239-3247(in Chinese).
[2]苏建军,郭跃进,刘萌,等.紧急切负荷措施的温控负荷控制策略及概率模型[J].电网技术,2018,42(3):911-918.Su Jianjun,Guo Yuejin,Liu Meng,et al.Strategy and probability model for thermostatically controlled loads in emergency load shedding system[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(3):911-918(in Chinese).
[3]陈庆,闪鑫,罗建裕,等.特高压直流故障下源网荷协调控制策略及应用[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(5):147-152.Chen Qing,Shan Xin,Luo Jianyu,et al.Source-grid-load coordinated control strategy and its application under UHVDC faults[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(5):147-152(in Chinese).
[4]蔡国伟,孙正龙,王雨薇,等.基于改进频率响应模型的低频减载方案优化[J].电网技术,2013,37(11):3131-3136.Cai Guowei,Sun Zhenglong,Wang Yuwei,et al.Optimization of under frequency load shedding scheme based on improved system frequency response model[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(11):3131-3136(in Chinese).
[5]李顺,廖清芬,唐飞,等.高风电渗透率下的自适应低频减载策略研究[J].电网技术,2017,41(4):1084-1090.Li Shun,Liao Qingfen,Tang Fei,et al.Adaptive underfrequency load shedding strategy considering high wind power penetration[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(4):1084-1090(in Chinese).
[6]刘晓明,刘玉田,邱夕兆.±660 kV银东直流闭锁后的紧急切负荷决策[J].电力自动化设备,2012,32(4):96-99.Liu Xiaoming,Liu Yutian,Qiu Xizhao.Emergency load shedding after Yindong 660 kV DC block fault[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2012,32(4):96-99(in Chinese).
[7]李生虎,贾树森,孙莎莎.交直流系统中低频减载与负荷恢复的静态优化算法[J].电网技术,2011,35(7):71-75.Li Shenghu,Jia Shusen,Sun Shasha.A static optimization algorithm of underfrequency load shedding and load recovery for ac/dc power systems[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(7):71-75(in Chinese).
[8]Mostafa M A,El-Hawary M E,Mbamalu G A N,et al.Acomputational comparison of steady state load shedding approaches in electric power systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(1):30-37.
[9]李凌波,李华强,林照航,等.基于分区及风险的分层优化低压减载选址[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2859-2865.Li Lingbo,Li Huaqiang,Lin Zhaohang,et al.Low voltage load shedding location selection based on partition and risk[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2859-2865(in Chinese).
[10]孙大雁,周海强,鞠平,等.协调经济性及电压稳定性的受端系统紧急负荷控制优化方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(17):106-112.Sun Dayan,Zhou Haiqiang,Ju Ping,et al.Optimization method for emergency load control of receiving-end system considering coordination of economy and voltage stability[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(17):106-112(in Chinese).
[11]谢海鹏,何剑,别朝红,等.基于二阶锥切负荷模型的大规模交直流混联电网可靠性评估[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3761-3767.Xie Haipeng,He Jian,Bie Zhaohong,et al.Reliability evaluation of large-scale hybrid AC/DC grids based on SOCP load shedding model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3761-3767(in Chinese).
[12]Das K,Nitsas A,Altin M,et al.Improved load-shedding scheme considering distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(1):515-524.
[13]Mahat P,Chen Z,Bak-Jensen B.Under frequency load shedding for an islanded distribution system with distributed generators[J].IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2010,25(2):911-918.
[14]Tian Z,Wu W,Zhang B,et al.Mixed-integer second-order cone programing model for VAR optimisation and network reconfiguration in active distribution networks[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2016,10(8):1938-1946.
[15]章锐,陈树勇,刘道伟,等.戴维南等值参数辨识方法综述[J].电网技术,2017,41(1):146-156.Zhang Rui,Chen Shuyong,Liu Daowei,et al.Review of the Thevenin equivalent parameters identification methods[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(1):146-156(in Chinese).
[16]中华人民共和国国务院.电力安全事故应急处置和调查处理条例[EB/OL].[2014-07-15].Http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-11/02/c_136723019.htm.
[17]陈庆,周海强,朱斌,等.协调经济性及事故评级的紧急减负荷控制优化方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(4):1044-1050.Chen Qing,Zhou Haiqiang,Zhu Bin,et al.Coordinated emergency load shedding control optimization algorithm for economic cost and accident assessment[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(4):1044-1050(in Chinese).
[18]Fernandes T S P,Lenzi J R,Mikilita M A.Load shedding strategies using optimal load flow with relaxation of restrictions[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2008,23(2):712-718.
[19]Reddy S S.Multi-objective based congestion management using generation rescheduling and load shedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,32(2):852-863.
[20]Farivar M,Low S H.Branch flow model:relaxations and convexification-Part I[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2554-2564.
[2]苏建军,郭跃进,刘萌,等.紧急切负荷措施的温控负荷控制策略及概率模型[J].电网技术,2018,42(3):911-918.Su Jianjun,Guo Yuejin,Liu Meng,et al.Strategy and probability model for thermostatically controlled loads in emergency load shedding system[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(3):911-918(in Chinese).
[3]陈庆,闪鑫,罗建裕,等.特高压直流故障下源网荷协调控制策略及应用[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(5):147-152.Chen Qing,Shan Xin,Luo Jianyu,et al.Source-grid-load coordinated control strategy and its application under UHVDC faults[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(5):147-152(in Chinese).
[4]蔡国伟,孙正龙,王雨薇,等.基于改进频率响应模型的低频减载方案优化[J].电网技术,2013,37(11):3131-3136.Cai Guowei,Sun Zhenglong,Wang Yuwei,et al.Optimization of under frequency load shedding scheme based on improved system frequency response model[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(11):3131-3136(in Chinese).
[5]李顺,廖清芬,唐飞,等.高风电渗透率下的自适应低频减载策略研究[J].电网技术,2017,41(4):1084-1090.Li Shun,Liao Qingfen,Tang Fei,et al.Adaptive underfrequency load shedding strategy considering high wind power penetration[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(4):1084-1090(in Chinese).
[6]刘晓明,刘玉田,邱夕兆.±660 kV银东直流闭锁后的紧急切负荷决策[J].电力自动化设备,2012,32(4):96-99.Liu Xiaoming,Liu Yutian,Qiu Xizhao.Emergency load shedding after Yindong 660 kV DC block fault[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2012,32(4):96-99(in Chinese).
[7]李生虎,贾树森,孙莎莎.交直流系统中低频减载与负荷恢复的静态优化算法[J].电网技术,2011,35(7):71-75.Li Shenghu,Jia Shusen,Sun Shasha.A static optimization algorithm of underfrequency load shedding and load recovery for ac/dc power systems[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(7):71-75(in Chinese).
[8]Mostafa M A,El-Hawary M E,Mbamalu G A N,et al.Acomputational comparison of steady state load shedding approaches in electric power systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(1):30-37.
[9]李凌波,李华强,林照航,等.基于分区及风险的分层优化低压减载选址[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2859-2865.Li Lingbo,Li Huaqiang,Lin Zhaohang,et al.Low voltage load shedding location selection based on partition and risk[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2859-2865(in Chinese).
[10]孙大雁,周海强,鞠平,等.协调经济性及电压稳定性的受端系统紧急负荷控制优化方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(17):106-112.Sun Dayan,Zhou Haiqiang,Ju Ping,et al.Optimization method for emergency load control of receiving-end system considering coordination of economy and voltage stability[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(17):106-112(in Chinese).
[11]谢海鹏,何剑,别朝红,等.基于二阶锥切负荷模型的大规模交直流混联电网可靠性评估[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3761-3767.Xie Haipeng,He Jian,Bie Zhaohong,et al.Reliability evaluation of large-scale hybrid AC/DC grids based on SOCP load shedding model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3761-3767(in Chinese).
[12]Das K,Nitsas A,Altin M,et al.Improved load-shedding scheme considering distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(1):515-524.
[13]Mahat P,Chen Z,Bak-Jensen B.Under frequency load shedding for an islanded distribution system with distributed generators[J].IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2010,25(2):911-918.
[14]Tian Z,Wu W,Zhang B,et al.Mixed-integer second-order cone programing model for VAR optimisation and network reconfiguration in active distribution networks[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2016,10(8):1938-1946.
[15]章锐,陈树勇,刘道伟,等.戴维南等值参数辨识方法综述[J].电网技术,2017,41(1):146-156.Zhang Rui,Chen Shuyong,Liu Daowei,et al.Review of the Thevenin equivalent parameters identification methods[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(1):146-156(in Chinese).
[16]中华人民共和国国务院.电力安全事故应急处置和调查处理条例[EB/OL].[2014-07-15].Http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-11/02/c_136723019.htm.
[17]陈庆,周海强,朱斌,等.协调经济性及事故评级的紧急减负荷控制优化方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(4):1044-1050.Chen Qing,Zhou Haiqiang,Zhu Bin,et al.Coordinated emergency load shedding control optimization algorithm for economic cost and accident assessment[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(4):1044-1050(in Chinese).
[18]Fernandes T S P,Lenzi J R,Mikilita M A.Load shedding strategies using optimal load flow with relaxation of restrictions[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2008,23(2):712-718.
[19]Reddy S S.Multi-objective based congestion management using generation rescheduling and load shedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,32(2):852-863.
[20]Farivar M,Low S H.Branch flow model:relaxations and convexification-Part I[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2554-2564.