中国汽车露营地发展模式与创新路径研究
|
摘要
为促进中国汽车露营地的科学可持续发展,借鉴发达国家汽车露营地的实践经验和理论成果,系统研究中国汽车露营地空间发展模式、运营模式及产业模式。对比分析了中外汽车露营地的发展历程、发展规模、营地类型、行业规范、环境保护和营地教育等方面差异和特色,提出了中国汽车露营地未来创新路径。研究结果表明:中国汽车露营地空间发展模式以景区依托型为主,运营模式以单体运营为主,产业模式以"营地+"和"+营地"2种模式为特色;应借鉴国外汽车露营地成功经验,加大驿站补给型营地、休闲度假型营地的建设力度,坚持政企分工和轻资产运营,提供主题化项目和服务,积极推进营地教育产品和互联网应用。
A systematic study of the space development model was conducted,with the aim to promote future scientific and sustainable development of self-driving and recreational vehicle(RV)camping in China,based on the practical experience and theoretical achievements in developed countries. The development scale and history,camp types,industry norms,environmental protection,and camp education both in China and internationally was compared,and future camping innovation paths were proposed.The results show that the space development model in self-driving and RV camping in China is mainly based on scenic locations,with a singlemode operation as the principal operation mode.The industrial model is characterized by the combination of "camp +"and "+ camp".In the future,successful international experience should be learned and the construction of "station supply camps"and "leisure resort camps"should be increased.Moreover,division the work of government and enterprise,and asset-light operations should be conducted,providing themed projects and services,all while activelypromoting camp education products and relevant internet applications.
A systematic study of the space development model was conducted,with the aim to promote future scientific and sustainable development of self-driving and recreational vehicle(RV)camping in China,based on the practical experience and theoretical achievements in developed countries. The development scale and history,camp types,industry norms,environmental protection,and camp education both in China and internationally was compared,and future camping innovation paths were proposed.The results show that the space development model in self-driving and RV camping in China is mainly based on scenic locations,with a singlemode operation as the principal operation mode.The industrial model is characterized by the combination of "camp +"and "+ camp".In the future,successful international experience should be learned and the construction of "station supply camps"and "leisure resort camps"should be increased.Moreover,division the work of government and enterprise,and asset-light operations should be conducted,providing themed projects and services,all while activelypromoting camp education products and relevant internet applications.
引文
[1] MURPHY P E.Tourism in British Columbia metropolitan and camping visitors[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6(3):294-306.
[2]李西香.山东省汽车营地建设研究[D].济南:山东大学,2010.LI Xi-xiang.Study on the construction of auto campgronnd in Shandong Province[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2010.
[3]高林安,李蓓,刘继生,等.欧美国家露营旅游发展及其对中国的启示[J].人文地理,2011,26(5):24-28.GAO Lin-an,LI Bei,LIU Ji-sheng,et al.The development of camping tourism in European and Americancountries and its inspiration to China[J].Human Geography,2011,26(5):24-28.
[4]郝娜,李东成,丁彤彤,等.中外汽车营地对比研究[J].旅游纵览,2017(1):46-48.HAO Na,LI Dong-cheng,DING Tong-tong,et al.Comparative study of Chinese and foreign automobile camps[J].Tourism Overview,2017(1):46-48.
[5]刘汉奇,吴金梅,马聪玲.中国自驾游发展报告(2016~2017)[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2018.LIU Han-qi,WU Jin-mei,MA Cong-ling.China selfdriving tour development report(2016~2017)[M].Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press,2018.
[6]国务院办公厅.关于进一步促进旅游投资和消费的若干意见[EB/OL].(2015-08-11)[2018-03-14].http//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/11/content-10075.htm.General Office of the State Council.Opinions of the general office of the state council on further promoting tourism investment and consumption[EB/OL].(2015-08-11)[2018-03-14].http//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/11/content-10075.htm.
[7]国家旅游局.关于促进自驾车旅居车旅游发展的若干意见[EB/OL].(2016-11-03)[2018-03-14].https://baike.baidu.com/item.China National Tourism Administration.Some opinions on promoting the development of self-driving rover tourism[EB/OL].(2016-11-03)[2018-03-14].https://baike.baidu.com/item.
[8] GB/T 31710—2015,休闲露营地建设与服务规范[S].GB/T 31710—2015,Standard of construction and service for recreational campground[S].
[9] LB/T 061—2017,自驾游目的地基础设施与公共服务指南[S].LB/T 061—2017,Guideline for infrastructure and public service of self-driving travel destination[S].
[10]国家旅游局.2016中国旅游投资报告[EB/OL].(2017-05-28)[2018-07-01].http://www.sohu.com/a/124188096180038.China National Tourism Administration.National tourism investment report(2016)[EB/OL].(2017-05-28)[2018-07-01].http://www.sohu.com/a/124188096180038.
[11]布莱克·伍德.野外旅行完全实用手册[M].陈喜辉,译.北京:中国戏剧出版社,1999.BLACK W.Practical handbook for field travel[M].Translated by CHEN Xi-hui.Beijing:China Drama Publishing House,1999.
[12] LOOMIS C W,WILKINS B T.A study of camp ground businesses in New York State[D].Ithaca:Cornell University,1971.
[13] WASHBURNE R F,COLE D N.Problems and practices in wilderness management:A survey of ma-nagers[J].Ogden:US Department of Agriculture Forest Service,lntermountain Experiment Station,1983.
[14] JANISKEE R L.Resort camping in America[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1990,17(3):385-407.
[15] STEPHENS K T,LEONARD M J,SMOLDER D L.Camping tourism in the Smoky Mountains[J].Tourism Management,1989,10(1):66-69.
[16] WALTON E A,MAIO R F,HILL E M.Camp health services in the state of Michigan[J].Wilderness&Environmental Medicine,2004,15(4):274-283.
[17] KIERNAN G,GORMLEY M,MACLACHLAN M.Outcomes associated with participation in a thera-peutic recreation camping programme for children from15European countries:Data from the‘BarretstownStudies’[J].Social Science&Medicine,2004,59(5):903-913.
[18] NEIL N.Economic impact of campgrounds,spruce woods and grand valley[J].Journal of Travel Research,1972,10(3):27-32.
[19] MONZ C A,TWARDOCK P.A classification of backcountry campsites in Prince William Sound,Alaska,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(7):1566-1572.
[20] BROOKER E,JOPPE M.Trends in camping and outdoor hospitality-An international review[J].Journal of Outdoor Recreation&Tourism,2013(3/4):1-6.
[21] BROOKER E,JOPPE M.A critical review of camping research and direction for future studies[J].Journal of Vacation Marketing,2014,20(4):335-351.
[22] MIKULIIC J,PREBEZAC D,SERIC M,et al.Campsite choice and the camping tourism experience:Investigating decisive campsite attributes using relevancedeterminant analysis[J].Tourism Management,2017,59:226-233.
[23]吴楚材.论中国野营区的开发建设[J].旅游学刊,1997,2(5):36-39.WU Chu-cai.On the development and construction of camping area in China[J].Tourism Tribune,1997,2(5):36-39.
[24]鲍蕾.中美汽车露营地发展的比较研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2014.BAO Lei.Comparative study on the development of car campground between China and the United States[D].Beijing:Beijing Sport University,2014.
[25]方琰,吴必虎.中国露营地:现状与未来[J].旅游研究,2016,8(4):11-13.FANG Yan,WU Bi-hu.Campground in China:Current situation and future[J].Tourism Research,2016,8(4):11-13.
[26]曲婧璇.自驾车旅游营地建设研究——基于自驾车旅游者行为特征[D].宁波:浙江海洋学院,2014.QU Jin-xuan.Self-drive travel camp construction research-based on self-drive tourists behavior characteristics[D].Ningbo:Zhejiang Ocean University,2014.
[27]吴小青.露营地规划设计理论及方法研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.WU Xiao-qing.Study on the planning and design method of campground[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2010.
[28]李景.房车营地规划设计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.LI Jing.Study on planning and design of RV campground[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[29]贾云倩.基于旅游发展的房车营地规划设计研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.JIA Yun-qian.Study on planning and design of RV campground based on tourism development[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2016.
[30]陈海涛.功能复合型汽车营地规划设计研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.CHEN Hai-tao.Study on the planning and design of the composite-function auto campground[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2015.
[31]李凤,汪德根,刘昌雪,等.中国自驾车房车营地空间分布特征及其驱动机制[J].资源科学,2017,39(2):288-302.LI Feng,WANG De-gen,LIU Chang-xue,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics and mechanistic drivers of self-driving and RV camping in China[J].Resources Science,2017,39(2):288-302.
[32]李敏,杨效忠.省域视角下中国汽车营地的空间格局及成因[J].云南地理环境研究,2018,30(1):1-9.LI Min,YANG Xiao-zhong.The spatial distribution and causes of Chinese car campgrounds based on provincial point[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2018,30(1):1-9.
[33]陆军.广西自驾车旅游营地发展研究[J].旅游学刊,2007,22(3):35-39.LU Jun.A study on the development of camps for self-driving travel in Guangxi[J].Tourism Tribune,2007,22(3):35-39.
[34]邓敏.我国汽车旅游现状及发展趋势研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2011.DENG Min.Researeh of the status and trends about China's auto travel[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2011.
[35]品橙旅游.我国汽车露营地现状及星级评定标准[EB/OL].(2015-11-11)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/55524.Pinchain Travel、China's automobile campsite status and star rating standards[EB/OL].(2015-11-11)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/55524.
[36]倪欣欣,马仁锋,吴杨,等.西方露营旅游研究动向、方法及对中国森林旅游启示[J].北京林业大学学报:社会科学版,2015,14(4):23-32.NI Xin-xin,MA Ren-feng,WU Yang,et al.Trends and methods of Western camping tourism research and its enlightenment to Chinese forest tourism[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University:Social Science Edition,2015,14(4):23-32.
[37]薛保红,南燕.发达国家营地教育发展及其启示[J].重庆交通大学学报:社会科学版,2014,14(6):126-128.XUE Bao-hong,NAN Yan.The development of camp education in developed countries and its enlightenment[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University:Social Science Edition,2014,14(6):126-128.
[38]品橙旅游.中国房车露营地旅游产业发展趋势[EB/OL].(2015-9-9)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/48550.Pinchain Travel.China's RV camping tourism industry development trend[EB/OL].(2015-9-9)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/48550.
[39]谭玉梅.基于中美比较基础上的中国汽车露营SWOT分析及其发展构想[J].中国市场,2015(11):98-100.TAN Yu-mei.SWOT analysis and development conception of Chinese automobile camping based on comparison between China and America[J].Chinese Market,2015(11):98-100.
[40] Caravan Parks and Camping Grounds:Caravan parksand camping grounds amendment regulations(No.2)2014[EB/OL].http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper.
[41]李凌.青少年户外体育营地的教育理念与课程设置[J].西安体育学院学报,2009,26(5):618-621.LI Ling.Education idea and curriculum on young people outdoors sports battalion[J].Journal of Xi'an Institute of Physical Education,2009,26(5):618-621.
[42]李凌.青少年户外体验活动的理论与实践研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2006.LI Ling.The theory and practical research of teenagers'outdoor experiencing activity[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2006.
[43]吕宁,吴新芳.我国露营地发展模式研究[J].重庆交通大学学报:社会科学版,2017,17(6):93-100.LU Ning,WU Xin-fang.On China's campsites development modes[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University:Social Science Edition,2017,17(6):93-100.
[44] SMART,露营天下.2016中国露营行业报告[R/OL].(2017-01-13)[2018-07-01].http://mtl.sohu.com/20170113/n478583769.shtml.SMART,Camping world.2016China camping industry report[R/OL].(2017-01-13)[2018-07-01].http://mtl.sohu.com/20170113/n478583769.shtml.
[2]李西香.山东省汽车营地建设研究[D].济南:山东大学,2010.LI Xi-xiang.Study on the construction of auto campgronnd in Shandong Province[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2010.
[3]高林安,李蓓,刘继生,等.欧美国家露营旅游发展及其对中国的启示[J].人文地理,2011,26(5):24-28.GAO Lin-an,LI Bei,LIU Ji-sheng,et al.The development of camping tourism in European and Americancountries and its inspiration to China[J].Human Geography,2011,26(5):24-28.
[4]郝娜,李东成,丁彤彤,等.中外汽车营地对比研究[J].旅游纵览,2017(1):46-48.HAO Na,LI Dong-cheng,DING Tong-tong,et al.Comparative study of Chinese and foreign automobile camps[J].Tourism Overview,2017(1):46-48.
[5]刘汉奇,吴金梅,马聪玲.中国自驾游发展报告(2016~2017)[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2018.LIU Han-qi,WU Jin-mei,MA Cong-ling.China selfdriving tour development report(2016~2017)[M].Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press,2018.
[6]国务院办公厅.关于进一步促进旅游投资和消费的若干意见[EB/OL].(2015-08-11)[2018-03-14].http//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/11/content-10075.htm.General Office of the State Council.Opinions of the general office of the state council on further promoting tourism investment and consumption[EB/OL].(2015-08-11)[2018-03-14].http//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/11/content-10075.htm.
[7]国家旅游局.关于促进自驾车旅居车旅游发展的若干意见[EB/OL].(2016-11-03)[2018-03-14].https://baike.baidu.com/item.China National Tourism Administration.Some opinions on promoting the development of self-driving rover tourism[EB/OL].(2016-11-03)[2018-03-14].https://baike.baidu.com/item.
[8] GB/T 31710—2015,休闲露营地建设与服务规范[S].GB/T 31710—2015,Standard of construction and service for recreational campground[S].
[9] LB/T 061—2017,自驾游目的地基础设施与公共服务指南[S].LB/T 061—2017,Guideline for infrastructure and public service of self-driving travel destination[S].
[10]国家旅游局.2016中国旅游投资报告[EB/OL].(2017-05-28)[2018-07-01].http://www.sohu.com/a/124188096180038.China National Tourism Administration.National tourism investment report(2016)[EB/OL].(2017-05-28)[2018-07-01].http://www.sohu.com/a/124188096180038.
[11]布莱克·伍德.野外旅行完全实用手册[M].陈喜辉,译.北京:中国戏剧出版社,1999.BLACK W.Practical handbook for field travel[M].Translated by CHEN Xi-hui.Beijing:China Drama Publishing House,1999.
[12] LOOMIS C W,WILKINS B T.A study of camp ground businesses in New York State[D].Ithaca:Cornell University,1971.
[13] WASHBURNE R F,COLE D N.Problems and practices in wilderness management:A survey of ma-nagers[J].Ogden:US Department of Agriculture Forest Service,lntermountain Experiment Station,1983.
[14] JANISKEE R L.Resort camping in America[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1990,17(3):385-407.
[15] STEPHENS K T,LEONARD M J,SMOLDER D L.Camping tourism in the Smoky Mountains[J].Tourism Management,1989,10(1):66-69.
[16] WALTON E A,MAIO R F,HILL E M.Camp health services in the state of Michigan[J].Wilderness&Environmental Medicine,2004,15(4):274-283.
[17] KIERNAN G,GORMLEY M,MACLACHLAN M.Outcomes associated with participation in a thera-peutic recreation camping programme for children from15European countries:Data from the‘BarretstownStudies’[J].Social Science&Medicine,2004,59(5):903-913.
[18] NEIL N.Economic impact of campgrounds,spruce woods and grand valley[J].Journal of Travel Research,1972,10(3):27-32.
[19] MONZ C A,TWARDOCK P.A classification of backcountry campsites in Prince William Sound,Alaska,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(7):1566-1572.
[20] BROOKER E,JOPPE M.Trends in camping and outdoor hospitality-An international review[J].Journal of Outdoor Recreation&Tourism,2013(3/4):1-6.
[21] BROOKER E,JOPPE M.A critical review of camping research and direction for future studies[J].Journal of Vacation Marketing,2014,20(4):335-351.
[22] MIKULIIC J,PREBEZAC D,SERIC M,et al.Campsite choice and the camping tourism experience:Investigating decisive campsite attributes using relevancedeterminant analysis[J].Tourism Management,2017,59:226-233.
[23]吴楚材.论中国野营区的开发建设[J].旅游学刊,1997,2(5):36-39.WU Chu-cai.On the development and construction of camping area in China[J].Tourism Tribune,1997,2(5):36-39.
[24]鲍蕾.中美汽车露营地发展的比较研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2014.BAO Lei.Comparative study on the development of car campground between China and the United States[D].Beijing:Beijing Sport University,2014.
[25]方琰,吴必虎.中国露营地:现状与未来[J].旅游研究,2016,8(4):11-13.FANG Yan,WU Bi-hu.Campground in China:Current situation and future[J].Tourism Research,2016,8(4):11-13.
[26]曲婧璇.自驾车旅游营地建设研究——基于自驾车旅游者行为特征[D].宁波:浙江海洋学院,2014.QU Jin-xuan.Self-drive travel camp construction research-based on self-drive tourists behavior characteristics[D].Ningbo:Zhejiang Ocean University,2014.
[27]吴小青.露营地规划设计理论及方法研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.WU Xiao-qing.Study on the planning and design method of campground[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2010.
[28]李景.房车营地规划设计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.LI Jing.Study on planning and design of RV campground[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[29]贾云倩.基于旅游发展的房车营地规划设计研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.JIA Yun-qian.Study on planning and design of RV campground based on tourism development[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2016.
[30]陈海涛.功能复合型汽车营地规划设计研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.CHEN Hai-tao.Study on the planning and design of the composite-function auto campground[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2015.
[31]李凤,汪德根,刘昌雪,等.中国自驾车房车营地空间分布特征及其驱动机制[J].资源科学,2017,39(2):288-302.LI Feng,WANG De-gen,LIU Chang-xue,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics and mechanistic drivers of self-driving and RV camping in China[J].Resources Science,2017,39(2):288-302.
[32]李敏,杨效忠.省域视角下中国汽车营地的空间格局及成因[J].云南地理环境研究,2018,30(1):1-9.LI Min,YANG Xiao-zhong.The spatial distribution and causes of Chinese car campgrounds based on provincial point[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2018,30(1):1-9.
[33]陆军.广西自驾车旅游营地发展研究[J].旅游学刊,2007,22(3):35-39.LU Jun.A study on the development of camps for self-driving travel in Guangxi[J].Tourism Tribune,2007,22(3):35-39.
[34]邓敏.我国汽车旅游现状及发展趋势研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2011.DENG Min.Researeh of the status and trends about China's auto travel[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2011.
[35]品橙旅游.我国汽车露营地现状及星级评定标准[EB/OL].(2015-11-11)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/55524.Pinchain Travel、China's automobile campsite status and star rating standards[EB/OL].(2015-11-11)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/55524.
[36]倪欣欣,马仁锋,吴杨,等.西方露营旅游研究动向、方法及对中国森林旅游启示[J].北京林业大学学报:社会科学版,2015,14(4):23-32.NI Xin-xin,MA Ren-feng,WU Yang,et al.Trends and methods of Western camping tourism research and its enlightenment to Chinese forest tourism[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University:Social Science Edition,2015,14(4):23-32.
[37]薛保红,南燕.发达国家营地教育发展及其启示[J].重庆交通大学学报:社会科学版,2014,14(6):126-128.XUE Bao-hong,NAN Yan.The development of camp education in developed countries and its enlightenment[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University:Social Science Edition,2014,14(6):126-128.
[38]品橙旅游.中国房车露营地旅游产业发展趋势[EB/OL].(2015-9-9)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/48550.Pinchain Travel.China's RV camping tourism industry development trend[EB/OL].(2015-9-9)[2018-03-14].http://www.pinchain.com/article/48550.
[39]谭玉梅.基于中美比较基础上的中国汽车露营SWOT分析及其发展构想[J].中国市场,2015(11):98-100.TAN Yu-mei.SWOT analysis and development conception of Chinese automobile camping based on comparison between China and America[J].Chinese Market,2015(11):98-100.
[40] Caravan Parks and Camping Grounds:Caravan parksand camping grounds amendment regulations(No.2)2014[EB/OL].http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper.
[41]李凌.青少年户外体育营地的教育理念与课程设置[J].西安体育学院学报,2009,26(5):618-621.LI Ling.Education idea and curriculum on young people outdoors sports battalion[J].Journal of Xi'an Institute of Physical Education,2009,26(5):618-621.
[42]李凌.青少年户外体验活动的理论与实践研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2006.LI Ling.The theory and practical research of teenagers'outdoor experiencing activity[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2006.
[43]吕宁,吴新芳.我国露营地发展模式研究[J].重庆交通大学学报:社会科学版,2017,17(6):93-100.LU Ning,WU Xin-fang.On China's campsites development modes[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University:Social Science Edition,2017,17(6):93-100.
[44] SMART,露营天下.2016中国露营行业报告[R/OL].(2017-01-13)[2018-07-01].http://mtl.sohu.com/20170113/n478583769.shtml.SMART,Camping world.2016China camping industry report[R/OL].(2017-01-13)[2018-07-01].http://mtl.sohu.com/20170113/n478583769.shtml.