高水平男子手球运动员下肢加压力量训练效果实证研究
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摘要
目的:探讨、分析8周下肢加压力量训练对手球运动员膝关节等速肌力、下肢爆发力、运动表现和能量代谢系统的影响,并对比加压力量训练与传统高强度训练效果的异同。方法:选取18名男子手球运动员,随机分成两组,实验组9人采用加压力量训练,对照组9人采用传统高强度训练,在开始训练前、4周和8周后进行前测、中测和后测。测试内容包括,等速肌力指标、纵跳高度等下肢爆发力指标、最大摄氧量等有氧代谢指标以及最大无氧功等无氧代谢指标。测试前、中、后的内容、测试人员与仪器均相等。结果:1) 8周训练后,加压组左、右膝屈曲峰力矩显著增大(P<0.05);2) 4周训练后,加压组半蹲跳和叉腰下蹲跳高度显著增加(P<0.05),对照组半蹲跳高度显著增加(P<0.05);3) 4周训练后,加压组最大无氧功显著增加(P<0.05),30 m加速跑用时显著缩短(P<0.05);4) 4周和8周训练后,加压组和对照组T灵敏性测试用时均显著缩短(P<0.05),且8周后加压组显著短于对照组(P<0.05);5) 8周训练后,加压组最大摄氧量绝对值显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:加压力量训练对手球运动员等速肌力,下肢爆发力,有氧、无氧代谢能力的部分指标影响效果与传统高强度抗阻训练相当,并在提升运动员的最大摄氧量和无氧功、股后肌群力量、纵跳能力、短时冲刺跑和灵敏素质等方面优于传统训练。
Objective: This paper explores the effect of 8 weeks KAATSU training on isokinetic and explosive force of lower limb, and the energy metabolism system of elite handle players, and the effect of KAATSU Training compared with that of traditional high-intensity training. Methods: Eighteen elite handball players were recruited and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. Nine players in experimental group were trained under KAATSU Training, while the players in the control group were trained with the traditional high intensity training method. Pre-test, mid-test and post-test was performed before, four and eight weeks after training. The contents of the tests were as follows: Isokinetic index, explosive force of lower limb such as vertical jump height etc, aerobic metabolism index such as VO_(2max), and anaerobic metabolism index such as maximum anaerobic work. The content of pre-test, mid-test and posttest, the tester and the test instrument were all the same. Results: 1) after 8 weeks, peak torque of the left and right leg isokinetic knee flexion of KAATSU group was significantly increased(P<0.05); 2) after 4 week, the height of SJ, NS-CMJ height without swing arm of KAATSU group were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the height of SJ of control group were significantly increased(P< 0.05); 3) after 4 weeks, the maximum anaerobic work was significantly increased, and the time of 30 m dash of KAATSU group was significantly shortened(P<0.05); 4) after 4 and 8 weeks, the time of T test of KAATSU and control group were significantly shortened, and KAATSU group was shorter than control group after 4 weeks(P<0.05); 5) after 4 week, VO_(2max) of KAATSU group was significantly increased(P<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of KAATSU Training on isokinetic, explosive force of lower limb, aerobic and anaerobic capacity of elite handball player were same as the traditional high-intensity resistance training. Furthermore, it is superior to traditional training in improving athletes' maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic work, strength of the posterior thigh muscles, vertical jump ability, short-term sprint and agility quality, etc.
Objective: This paper explores the effect of 8 weeks KAATSU training on isokinetic and explosive force of lower limb, and the energy metabolism system of elite handle players, and the effect of KAATSU Training compared with that of traditional high-intensity training. Methods: Eighteen elite handball players were recruited and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. Nine players in experimental group were trained under KAATSU Training, while the players in the control group were trained with the traditional high intensity training method. Pre-test, mid-test and post-test was performed before, four and eight weeks after training. The contents of the tests were as follows: Isokinetic index, explosive force of lower limb such as vertical jump height etc, aerobic metabolism index such as VO_(2max), and anaerobic metabolism index such as maximum anaerobic work. The content of pre-test, mid-test and posttest, the tester and the test instrument were all the same. Results: 1) after 8 weeks, peak torque of the left and right leg isokinetic knee flexion of KAATSU group was significantly increased(P<0.05); 2) after 4 week, the height of SJ, NS-CMJ height without swing arm of KAATSU group were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the height of SJ of control group were significantly increased(P< 0.05); 3) after 4 weeks, the maximum anaerobic work was significantly increased, and the time of 30 m dash of KAATSU group was significantly shortened(P<0.05); 4) after 4 and 8 weeks, the time of T test of KAATSU and control group were significantly shortened, and KAATSU group was shorter than control group after 4 weeks(P<0.05); 5) after 4 week, VO_(2max) of KAATSU group was significantly increased(P<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of KAATSU Training on isokinetic, explosive force of lower limb, aerobic and anaerobic capacity of elite handball player were same as the traditional high-intensity resistance training. Furthermore, it is superior to traditional training in improving athletes' maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic work, strength of the posterior thigh muscles, vertical jump ability, short-term sprint and agility quality, etc.
引文
李志远,赵之光,王明波,等,2019.4周加压力量训对男子手球运动员身体成分和最大力量的影响[J].中国体育科技,55(5):17-24.
王岸新,宋吉锐,常波,2007.限制肌血流量训练对速度滑冰运动员抗氧化能力影响的实验研究[J].广州体育学院学报,27(3):86-88.
魏佳,李博,杨威,等,2019a.血流限制训练的应用效果与作用机制[J].体育科学,39(4):71-80.
魏佳,李博,冯连世,等,2019b.血流限制训练的方法学因素及潜在安全性问题[J].中国体育科技,55(3):3-12.
吴旸,李倩,包大鹏,等,2019.加压力量训练对下肢骨骼肌影响的Meta分析[J].中国体育科技,55(3):20-26.
ABE T,BEEKLEY M D,HINATA S,et al.,2005a.Day-to-day change in muscle strength and MRI-measured skeletal muscle size during7days KAATSU resistance training:A case study[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(2):71-76.
ABE T,FUJITA S,NAKAJIMA T,et al.,2010.Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2MAX in young men[J].J Sport Sci Med,9(3):452-458.
ABE T,KAWAMOTO K,YASUDA T,et al.,2005b.Eight days KAATSU-resistance training improved sprint but not jump performance in collegiate male track and field athletes[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(1):19-23.
ABE T,KEARNS CF,SATO Y,et al.,2006.Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training[J].J Appl Physiol,100(5):1460-1466.
ABE T,YASUDA T,MIDORIKAWA T,et al.,2005c.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,1(1):6-12.
ALEMDAROG?LU U,2002.The relationship between muscle strength,anaerobic performance,agility,sprint ability and vertical jump performance in professional basketball players[J].J Hum Kinet,31(31):149-158.
ALLEN G M,GANDEVIA S C,MCKENZIE D K,1995.Reliability of measurements of muscle strength and voluntary activation using twitch interpolation[J].Muscle Nerve,18(6):593-600.
BEEKLEY M D,SATO Y,ABE T,2005.KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,2(2):77-81.
BURGOMASTER K A,MOORE D R,SCHOFIELD L M,et al.,2003.Resistance training with vascular occlusion:Metabolic adaptations in human muscle[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,35(7):1203-1208.
COOK C J,KILDUFF L P,BEAVEN C M,2014.Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training[J].Int J Sports Physiol Perform,9(1):166-172.
CRONIN J B,HANSEN K T,2005.Strength and power predictors of sports speed[J].J Strength Cond Res,19(2):349-357.
GOTO K,ISHII N,KIZUKA T,et al.,2005.The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,37(6):955-963.
ISHII N,MADARAME H,ODAGIRI K,et al.,2005.Circuit training without external load induces hypertrophy in lower-limb muscles when combined with moderate venous occlusion[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(1):24-28.
KACIN A,STRAZAR K,2011.Frequent low-load ischemic resistance exercise to failure enhances muscle oxygen delivery and endurance capacity[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,21(6):231-241.
KIM D,SINGH H,LOENNEKE J P,et al.,2016.Comparative effects of vigorous-intensity and low-intensity blood flow restricted cycle training and detraining on muscle mass,strength,and aerobic capacity[J].J Strength Cond Res,30(5):1453-1461.
LEXELL J,HENRIKSSON-LARSEN K,et al.,1983.Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles:Effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections[J].Muscle Nerve,6(5):588-95.
LOCKIE R G,MURPHY A J,KNIGHT T J,et al.,2011.Factors that differentiate acceleration ability in field sport athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res,25:2704-2714.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON G J,WILSON J M.A,2010.Mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion[J].Int J Sport Med,31(1):1-4.
LUEBBERS P E,FRY A C,KRILEY L M,et al.,2014.The effects of a 7-week practical blood flow restriction program on welltrained collegiate athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res,28(8):2270-2280.
MADARAME H,OCHI E,TOMIOKA Y,et al.,2011.Blood flow-restricted training does not improve jump performance in untrained young men[J].Acta Physiol Hung,98(4):465-471.
MANIMMANAKORN A,HAMLIN M J,ROSS J J,et al.,2013a.Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netball athletes[J].J Sci Med Sport,16(4):337-342.
MANIMMANAKORN A,MANIMMANAKORN N,TAYLOR R,et al.,2013b.Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,113(7):1767-74.
MEYER R A,2006.Does blood flow restriction enhance hypertrophic signaling in skeletal muscle?[J].J Appl Physiol,100(5):1443-1444.
MOORE D R,BURGOMASTER K A,SCHOFIELD L M,et al.,2004.Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,92(4):399-406.
MORITANI T,SHERMAN W M,SHIBATA M,et al.,1992.Oxygen availability and motor unit activity in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol,64(6):552-556.
OHTA H,KUROSAWA H,IKEDA H,et al.,2003.Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Acta Orthop,74(1):62-68.
OLIVERIRA D M,CAPUTO F,et al.,2016.Short-term low-intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,26(9):1017-1025.
PARK S,KIM J K,CHOI H M,et al.,2010.Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,109(4):591-600.
PATON C D,ADDIS S M,TAYLOR L A,2017.The effects of muscle blood flow restriction during running training on measures of aerobic capacity and run time to exhaustion[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,117(2):2579-2585.
SAKURABA K,ISHIKAWA T,2009.Effect of isokinetic resistance training under a condition of restricted blood flow with pressure[J].J Orthop Sci,14(5):631-639.
SATO Y,2005.The history and future of KAATSU training[J].Int JKAATSU Training Res,1(1):1-5.
SHINOHARA M,KOUZAKI M,YOSHIHISA T,et al.,1998.Efficacy of tourniquet ischemia for strength training with low resistance[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol,77(2):189-191.
SLYSZ J,STULTZ J,BURR J F,2015.The efficacy of blood flow restricted exercise:A systematic review&meta-analysis[J].J Sci Med Sport,19(8):669-675.
TAKARADA Y,SATO Y,ISHII N,2002.Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,86(4):308-314.
TAKARADA Y,TAKAZAWA H,ISHII N,2000a.Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,32(12):2035-2039.
TAKARADA Y,TSURUTA T,ISHII N,2004.Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion[J].Jpn JPhysiol,54(6):585-592.
TAKARADA Y,TAKAZAWA H,SATO Y,et al.,2000b.Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans[J].J Appl Physiol,88(6):2097-2106.
YAMANAKA T,FARLEY R S,CAPUTO J L,2012.Occlusion training increases muscular strength in division IA football players[J].JStrength Cond Res,26(9):2523-2529.
YASUDA T,ABE T,SATO Y,et al.,2005.Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU-resistance training[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,1(2):65-70.
YASUDA T,FUKUMURA K,UCHIDA Y,et al.,2015.Effects of low-load,elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on muscle size and arterial stiffness in older adults[J].JGerontology,70(8):950.
YOSHIDA T,WATARI H,1997.Effect of circulatory occlusion on human muscle metabolism during exercise and recovery[J].Eur JAppl Physiol Occup Physiol,75(3):200-205.
王岸新,宋吉锐,常波,2007.限制肌血流量训练对速度滑冰运动员抗氧化能力影响的实验研究[J].广州体育学院学报,27(3):86-88.
魏佳,李博,杨威,等,2019a.血流限制训练的应用效果与作用机制[J].体育科学,39(4):71-80.
魏佳,李博,冯连世,等,2019b.血流限制训练的方法学因素及潜在安全性问题[J].中国体育科技,55(3):3-12.
吴旸,李倩,包大鹏,等,2019.加压力量训练对下肢骨骼肌影响的Meta分析[J].中国体育科技,55(3):20-26.
ABE T,BEEKLEY M D,HINATA S,et al.,2005a.Day-to-day change in muscle strength and MRI-measured skeletal muscle size during7days KAATSU resistance training:A case study[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(2):71-76.
ABE T,FUJITA S,NAKAJIMA T,et al.,2010.Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2MAX in young men[J].J Sport Sci Med,9(3):452-458.
ABE T,KAWAMOTO K,YASUDA T,et al.,2005b.Eight days KAATSU-resistance training improved sprint but not jump performance in collegiate male track and field athletes[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(1):19-23.
ABE T,KEARNS CF,SATO Y,et al.,2006.Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training[J].J Appl Physiol,100(5):1460-1466.
ABE T,YASUDA T,MIDORIKAWA T,et al.,2005c.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,1(1):6-12.
ALEMDAROG?LU U,2002.The relationship between muscle strength,anaerobic performance,agility,sprint ability and vertical jump performance in professional basketball players[J].J Hum Kinet,31(31):149-158.
ALLEN G M,GANDEVIA S C,MCKENZIE D K,1995.Reliability of measurements of muscle strength and voluntary activation using twitch interpolation[J].Muscle Nerve,18(6):593-600.
BEEKLEY M D,SATO Y,ABE T,2005.KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,2(2):77-81.
BURGOMASTER K A,MOORE D R,SCHOFIELD L M,et al.,2003.Resistance training with vascular occlusion:Metabolic adaptations in human muscle[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,35(7):1203-1208.
COOK C J,KILDUFF L P,BEAVEN C M,2014.Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training[J].Int J Sports Physiol Perform,9(1):166-172.
CRONIN J B,HANSEN K T,2005.Strength and power predictors of sports speed[J].J Strength Cond Res,19(2):349-357.
GOTO K,ISHII N,KIZUKA T,et al.,2005.The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,37(6):955-963.
ISHII N,MADARAME H,ODAGIRI K,et al.,2005.Circuit training without external load induces hypertrophy in lower-limb muscles when combined with moderate venous occlusion[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,1(1):24-28.
KACIN A,STRAZAR K,2011.Frequent low-load ischemic resistance exercise to failure enhances muscle oxygen delivery and endurance capacity[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,21(6):231-241.
KIM D,SINGH H,LOENNEKE J P,et al.,2016.Comparative effects of vigorous-intensity and low-intensity blood flow restricted cycle training and detraining on muscle mass,strength,and aerobic capacity[J].J Strength Cond Res,30(5):1453-1461.
LEXELL J,HENRIKSSON-LARSEN K,et al.,1983.Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles:Effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections[J].Muscle Nerve,6(5):588-95.
LOCKIE R G,MURPHY A J,KNIGHT T J,et al.,2011.Factors that differentiate acceleration ability in field sport athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res,25:2704-2714.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON G J,WILSON J M.A,2010.Mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion[J].Int J Sport Med,31(1):1-4.
LUEBBERS P E,FRY A C,KRILEY L M,et al.,2014.The effects of a 7-week practical blood flow restriction program on welltrained collegiate athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res,28(8):2270-2280.
MADARAME H,OCHI E,TOMIOKA Y,et al.,2011.Blood flow-restricted training does not improve jump performance in untrained young men[J].Acta Physiol Hung,98(4):465-471.
MANIMMANAKORN A,HAMLIN M J,ROSS J J,et al.,2013a.Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netball athletes[J].J Sci Med Sport,16(4):337-342.
MANIMMANAKORN A,MANIMMANAKORN N,TAYLOR R,et al.,2013b.Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,113(7):1767-74.
MEYER R A,2006.Does blood flow restriction enhance hypertrophic signaling in skeletal muscle?[J].J Appl Physiol,100(5):1443-1444.
MOORE D R,BURGOMASTER K A,SCHOFIELD L M,et al.,2004.Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,92(4):399-406.
MORITANI T,SHERMAN W M,SHIBATA M,et al.,1992.Oxygen availability and motor unit activity in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol,64(6):552-556.
OHTA H,KUROSAWA H,IKEDA H,et al.,2003.Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Acta Orthop,74(1):62-68.
OLIVERIRA D M,CAPUTO F,et al.,2016.Short-term low-intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,26(9):1017-1025.
PARK S,KIM J K,CHOI H M,et al.,2010.Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,109(4):591-600.
PATON C D,ADDIS S M,TAYLOR L A,2017.The effects of muscle blood flow restriction during running training on measures of aerobic capacity and run time to exhaustion[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,117(2):2579-2585.
SAKURABA K,ISHIKAWA T,2009.Effect of isokinetic resistance training under a condition of restricted blood flow with pressure[J].J Orthop Sci,14(5):631-639.
SATO Y,2005.The history and future of KAATSU training[J].Int JKAATSU Training Res,1(1):1-5.
SHINOHARA M,KOUZAKI M,YOSHIHISA T,et al.,1998.Efficacy of tourniquet ischemia for strength training with low resistance[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol,77(2):189-191.
SLYSZ J,STULTZ J,BURR J F,2015.The efficacy of blood flow restricted exercise:A systematic review&meta-analysis[J].J Sci Med Sport,19(8):669-675.
TAKARADA Y,SATO Y,ISHII N,2002.Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,86(4):308-314.
TAKARADA Y,TAKAZAWA H,ISHII N,2000a.Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,32(12):2035-2039.
TAKARADA Y,TSURUTA T,ISHII N,2004.Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion[J].Jpn JPhysiol,54(6):585-592.
TAKARADA Y,TAKAZAWA H,SATO Y,et al.,2000b.Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans[J].J Appl Physiol,88(6):2097-2106.
YAMANAKA T,FARLEY R S,CAPUTO J L,2012.Occlusion training increases muscular strength in division IA football players[J].JStrength Cond Res,26(9):2523-2529.
YASUDA T,ABE T,SATO Y,et al.,2005.Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU-resistance training[J].Int J KAATSU Training Res,1(2):65-70.
YASUDA T,FUKUMURA K,UCHIDA Y,et al.,2015.Effects of low-load,elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on muscle size and arterial stiffness in older adults[J].JGerontology,70(8):950.
YOSHIDA T,WATARI H,1997.Effect of circulatory occlusion on human muscle metabolism during exercise and recovery[J].Eur JAppl Physiol Occup Physiol,75(3):200-205.