石膏和砂岩试样损伤破裂及声发射时空演化规律研究
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摘要
通过对石膏和砂岩试样进行单轴压缩声发射试验,获取两种试样破裂全过程中的载荷-轴向变形曲线及声发射参数,观察试样破裂失稳情况,分析破裂过程中的声发射时空演化规律和波形的多重分形特征。研究结果表明:砂岩试样的单轴抗压强度是石膏试样的7倍多;由于岩性的变化,石膏和砂岩试样的破裂宏观形态由"X"型变化到倒"Y"型;两种试样声发射脉冲计数与应力变化规律比较一致,但是砂岩试样脉冲计数的最大值远远大于石膏试样;两种试样三维空间定位点分布与各自破裂宏观形态是一致的,但出现的时间以及分布位置是不同的;二者破裂过程中的波形都具有多重分形特征,破裂时的多重分形谱宽Δf(α)小于破裂前的Δf(α),破裂前的Δf(α)小于破裂后的Δf(α),砂岩试样各阶段的Δf(α)都小于石膏试样对应各阶段的Δf(α)。表明两种试样在破裂时的能量大于破裂前,破裂前的能量大于破裂后,而且石膏在各个阶段的能量小于砂岩对应各阶段的能量。通过对比分析,更加深入了解石膏冲击破裂的规律。石膏和砂岩一样会发生冲击破裂,只是冲击破裂形式不同,而且在同等条件下,石膏破裂产生的能量小于砂岩,为石膏矿冲击地压的防治打下了理论基础。
By means of acoustic emission(AE) method,the authors experimentally tested the gypsum and sandstone specimens under uniaxial compression,the deformation curve of load-axis and AE parameters in the process of fracture of two specimens were obtained,the rupture of the specimen was observed,and the temporal and spatial evolution of AE and the multifractal characteristics of the waveform were analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of sandstone specimen is more than 7 times of that of gypsum specimen. Due to the change of lithology,themacroscopic fracture morphology of gypsum and sandstone specimens changes from "X"to inverted "Y". The AE counts of the two specimens are consistent with the stress variation,but the maximum value of pulsing counts of sandstone specimen is much larger than that of gypsum specimen. The waveform of the two specimens during the fracture process has multifractal characteristics,during the fracture process,the multifractal spectrum width is smaller than that of before fracturing,the before fracturing is smaller than that of after fracturing,and the of sandstone specimen at each stage is smaller than that of at the corresponding stage of gypsum specimen.It is shown that the energy of the two specimens during fracture is greater than that before fracturing,and the energy before fracturing is greater than that after fracturing.Through the comparative analysis,the authors can understand the fracture process of gypsum more deeply.Gypsum samples have similar fracture like sandstone,but as the forms are different,under the same conditions,the energy produced by fracturing of gypsum is less than that of sandstone.The study lays a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of rockburst in gypsum mine.
By means of acoustic emission(AE) method,the authors experimentally tested the gypsum and sandstone specimens under uniaxial compression,the deformation curve of load-axis and AE parameters in the process of fracture of two specimens were obtained,the rupture of the specimen was observed,and the temporal and spatial evolution of AE and the multifractal characteristics of the waveform were analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of sandstone specimen is more than 7 times of that of gypsum specimen. Due to the change of lithology,themacroscopic fracture morphology of gypsum and sandstone specimens changes from "X"to inverted "Y". The AE counts of the two specimens are consistent with the stress variation,but the maximum value of pulsing counts of sandstone specimen is much larger than that of gypsum specimen. The waveform of the two specimens during the fracture process has multifractal characteristics,during the fracture process,the multifractal spectrum width is smaller than that of before fracturing,the before fracturing is smaller than that of after fracturing,and the of sandstone specimen at each stage is smaller than that of at the corresponding stage of gypsum specimen.It is shown that the energy of the two specimens during fracture is greater than that before fracturing,and the energy before fracturing is greater than that after fracturing.Through the comparative analysis,the authors can understand the fracture process of gypsum more deeply.Gypsum samples have similar fracture like sandstone,but as the forms are different,under the same conditions,the energy produced by fracturing of gypsum is less than that of sandstone.The study lays a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of rockburst in gypsum mine.
引文
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[6]夏开宗,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.基于突变理论的石膏矿矿柱-护顶层支撑体系的破坏分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(S2):3837-3845.XIA Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,LIU Xiumin,et al.Study of the failure of pillar-roof system in gypsum mines based on catastrophe theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(S2):3837-3845.
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[11]尹贤刚.受载岩石与混凝土声发射特性对比实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(2):82-87.YIN Xiangang.Contrast study on the acoustic emission characteristics of compressive rock and concrete through experiment[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(2):82-87.
[12]李浩然,杨春和,刘玉刚,等.花岗岩破裂过程中声波与声发射变化特征试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1915-1923.LI Haoran,YANG Chunhe,LIU Yugang,et al.Experimental research on ultrasonic velocity and acoustic emission properties of granite under failure process[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1915-1923.
[13]张艳博,梁鹏,刘祥鑫,等.基于声发射信号主频和熵值的岩石破裂前兆试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(S1):2959-2967.ZHANG Yanbo,LIANG Peng,LIU Xiangxin,et al.Experimental study on precursor of rock burst based on acoustic emission signal dominant-frequency and entropy[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(S1):2959-2967.
[14]黄炳香,程相振,陈必武,等.红砂岩单轴压缩破坏的声发射信号及时空演化特征[J].矿业研究与开发,2017,37(5):24-29.HUANG Bingxiang,CHENG Xiangzhen,CHEN Biwu,et al.Acoustic emission signals and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of uniaxial compressive failure of red sandstone[J].Mining Research and Development,2017,37(5):24-29.
[15]张朝鹏,张茹,张泽天,等.单轴受压煤岩声发射特征的层理效应试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(4):770-778.ZHANG Zhaopeng,ZHANG Ru,ZHANG Zetian,et al.Experimental study on the stratification effect of acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive coal rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(4):770-778.
[16]GRASSBERGER P.Generalized dimensions of strange attractors[J].Physics Letters A.,1983,18(2):241-244.
[17]李会方.多重分形理论及其在图像处理中应用的研究[D].西安:西北工业大学,2004.LI Huifang.The study on multifractal theory and application in image processing[D].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnical University,2004.
[18]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.岩石破坏声发射平静期及其分形特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S2):3383-3390.YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.Study on quiet period and its fractal characteristics of rock failure acoustic emission[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S2):3383-3390.
[19]吴贤振,刘祥鑫,梁正召,等.不同岩石破裂全过程的声发射序列分形特征试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(12):3561-3569.WU Xianzhen,LIU Xiangxin,LIANG Zhengzhao,et al.Experimental study of fractal dimension of AE serials of different rocks under uniaxial compression[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(12):3561-3569.
[20]许福乐,王恩元,宋大钊,等.煤岩破坏声发射强度长程相关性和多重分形分布研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(7):2111-2116,2122.XU Fule,WANG Enyuan,SONG Dazhao,et al.Long-range correlation and multifractal distribution of acoustic emission of coal-rock[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(7):2111-2116,2122.
[21]李回贵,高保彬,李化敏.单轴压缩下煤岩宏观破裂结构及声发射特性研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2015,11(3):612-618.LI Huigui,GAO Baobin,LI Huamin.Study on macroscopic fracture structure and acoustic emission character of coal rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2015,11(3):612-618.
[22]张艳博,于光远,田宝柱,等.花岗岩破裂过程声发射主频多元前兆信息识别[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2017,34(2):355-362.ZHANG Yanbo,YU Guangyuan,TIAN Baozhu,et al.Identification of multiple precursor information of acoustic emission dominant frequency in the process of granite failure[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2017,34(2):355-362.
[23]MEAKIN P.Fractals,scaling and growth far from equilibrium[M].Cambridge University Press,1998.
[24]FEDER J.Fractals[M].New York:Plenum Press,1988.
[25]EFTAXIAS K,FRANGOS P,KAPIRIS P,et al.Review and a model of pre-seismic electromagnetic emissions in terms of fractal electrodynamics[J].Fractals,2004,12(2):243-273.
[26]孙霞,吴自勤,黄韵,等.分形原理及其应用[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006.
[2]何学秋,窦林名,牟宗龙,等.煤岩冲击动力灾害连续监测预警理论与技术[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1485-1491.HE Xueqiu,DOU Linming,MOU Zonglong,et al.Continuous monitoring and warning theory and technology of rockburst dynamic disaster of coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1485-1491.
[3]姜耀东,潘一山,姜福兴,等.我国煤炭开采中的冲击地压机理和防治[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(2):205-213.JIANG Yaodong,PAN Yishan,JIANG Fuxing,et al.State of the art review on mechanism and prevention of coal bumps in China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(2):205-213.
[4]王官宝.石膏矿冒顶引发冲击地压机理及防治措施研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.WANG Guanbao.Study on rock burst induced by roof falling and its control methods in gypsum mine[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2006.
[5]贺桂成,丁德馨,刘永,等.衡山石膏矿老采空区地表沉陷的ANFIS预测[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(6):876-881.HE Guicheng,DING Dexin,LIU Yong,et al.ANFIS prediction of the surface subsidence of the old goaf of the gypsum mine in Hengshan[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(6):876-881.
[6]夏开宗,陈从新,刘秀敏,等.基于突变理论的石膏矿矿柱-护顶层支撑体系的破坏分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(S2):3837-3845.XIA Kaizong,CHEN Congxin,LIU Xiumin,et al.Study of the failure of pillar-roof system in gypsum mines based on catastrophe theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(S2):3837-3845.
[7]蒋玄苇,陈从新,夏开宗,等.石膏矿岩三轴压缩蠕变特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(S1):301-308.JIANG Xuanwei,CHEN Congxin,XIA Kaizong,et al.Experimental study of creep characteristics of gypsum mine rock in triaxial compression[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(S1):301-308.
[8]勝山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.
[9]王恩元,何学秋,刘贞堂.煤岩破裂声发射实验研究及RS统计分析[J].煤炭学报,1999,24(3):48-51.WANG Enyuan,HE Xueqiu,LIU Zhentang.Experimental study and RS statistical analysis of acoustic emission from coal and rock fracture[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1999,24(3):48-51.
[10]刘保县,赵宝云,姜永东.单轴压缩煤岩变形损伤及声发射特性研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(4):647-650.LIU Baoxian,ZHAO Baoyun,JIANG Yongdong.Study of deformation-damage and acoustic emission character of coalrock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2007,3(4):647-650.
[11]尹贤刚.受载岩石与混凝土声发射特性对比实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(2):82-87.YIN Xiangang.Contrast study on the acoustic emission characteristics of compressive rock and concrete through experiment[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(2):82-87.
[12]李浩然,杨春和,刘玉刚,等.花岗岩破裂过程中声波与声发射变化特征试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1915-1923.LI Haoran,YANG Chunhe,LIU Yugang,et al.Experimental research on ultrasonic velocity and acoustic emission properties of granite under failure process[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1915-1923.
[13]张艳博,梁鹏,刘祥鑫,等.基于声发射信号主频和熵值的岩石破裂前兆试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(S1):2959-2967.ZHANG Yanbo,LIANG Peng,LIU Xiangxin,et al.Experimental study on precursor of rock burst based on acoustic emission signal dominant-frequency and entropy[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(S1):2959-2967.
[14]黄炳香,程相振,陈必武,等.红砂岩单轴压缩破坏的声发射信号及时空演化特征[J].矿业研究与开发,2017,37(5):24-29.HUANG Bingxiang,CHENG Xiangzhen,CHEN Biwu,et al.Acoustic emission signals and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of uniaxial compressive failure of red sandstone[J].Mining Research and Development,2017,37(5):24-29.
[15]张朝鹏,张茹,张泽天,等.单轴受压煤岩声发射特征的层理效应试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(4):770-778.ZHANG Zhaopeng,ZHANG Ru,ZHANG Zetian,et al.Experimental study on the stratification effect of acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive coal rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(4):770-778.
[16]GRASSBERGER P.Generalized dimensions of strange attractors[J].Physics Letters A.,1983,18(2):241-244.
[17]李会方.多重分形理论及其在图像处理中应用的研究[D].西安:西北工业大学,2004.LI Huifang.The study on multifractal theory and application in image processing[D].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnical University,2004.
[18]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.岩石破坏声发射平静期及其分形特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S2):3383-3390.YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.Study on quiet period and its fractal characteristics of rock failure acoustic emission[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S2):3383-3390.
[19]吴贤振,刘祥鑫,梁正召,等.不同岩石破裂全过程的声发射序列分形特征试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(12):3561-3569.WU Xianzhen,LIU Xiangxin,LIANG Zhengzhao,et al.Experimental study of fractal dimension of AE serials of different rocks under uniaxial compression[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(12):3561-3569.
[20]许福乐,王恩元,宋大钊,等.煤岩破坏声发射强度长程相关性和多重分形分布研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(7):2111-2116,2122.XU Fule,WANG Enyuan,SONG Dazhao,et al.Long-range correlation and multifractal distribution of acoustic emission of coal-rock[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(7):2111-2116,2122.
[21]李回贵,高保彬,李化敏.单轴压缩下煤岩宏观破裂结构及声发射特性研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2015,11(3):612-618.LI Huigui,GAO Baobin,LI Huamin.Study on macroscopic fracture structure and acoustic emission character of coal rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2015,11(3):612-618.
[22]张艳博,于光远,田宝柱,等.花岗岩破裂过程声发射主频多元前兆信息识别[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2017,34(2):355-362.ZHANG Yanbo,YU Guangyuan,TIAN Baozhu,et al.Identification of multiple precursor information of acoustic emission dominant frequency in the process of granite failure[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2017,34(2):355-362.
[23]MEAKIN P.Fractals,scaling and growth far from equilibrium[M].Cambridge University Press,1998.
[24]FEDER J.Fractals[M].New York:Plenum Press,1988.
[25]EFTAXIAS K,FRANGOS P,KAPIRIS P,et al.Review and a model of pre-seismic electromagnetic emissions in terms of fractal electrodynamics[J].Fractals,2004,12(2):243-273.
[26]孙霞,吴自勤,黄韵,等.分形原理及其应用[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006.