空气污染外暴露监测技术及暴露现状
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摘要
从直接和间接两种监测方式对空气污染外暴露的监测技术以及各自的优缺点进行阐述,对室内外主要空气污染物(颗粒物、甲醛、苯系物及多环芳烃等)的国内外污染现状及暴露水平进行比较,提出综合应用多种外暴露监测技术进行个体或人群暴露评价。
Both direct and indirect monitoring techniques for external exposure of air pollution were introduced and compared,along with the exposure status of various indoor and outdoor pollutants were presented. A comprehensive application of multi exposure monitoring methods for personal or population exposure assessment was proposed.
Both direct and indirect monitoring techniques for external exposure of air pollution were introduced and compared,along with the exposure status of various indoor and outdoor pollutants were presented. A comprehensive application of multi exposure monitoring methods for personal or population exposure assessment was proposed.
引文
[1]黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,等.空气污染暴露评价研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2005,27(2):118-122.(In English:Huang H,Li SC,Cao JJ,et al.Exposure assessment on air pollution[J].Environ Pollut Control,2005,27(2):118-122.)
[2]李思龙,王翠娟,邵华.管式被动式采样器测定空气中酯类化合物的研究[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2014,32(4):301-304.
[3]张小阳.徽章式气体被动式采样器测定空气中丙酮、正己烷、三氯乙烯的研究[D].济南:济南大学,2012.(In English:Zhang XY.The research of the badge-type gas passives sampler for the determination of N-hexane,acetone,trichloroethylene in the air[D].Ji’nan:University of Jinan,2012.)
[4]尹洪银,张春玲,邵华.空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯被动式采样器研制[J].中国公共卫生,2008,24(7):804-805.
[5]Gulliver J,Briggs DJ.Personal exposure to particulate air pollution in transport microenvironments[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(1):1-8.
[6]Chan AT.Commuter exposure and indoor-outdoor relationships of carbon oxides in buses in Hong Kong[J].Atmos Environ,2003,37(27):3809-3815.
[7]Jurvelin JA,Edwards RD,Vartiainen M,et al.Residential indoor,outdoor,and workplace concentrations of carbonyl compounds:relationships with personal exposure concentrations and correlation with sources[J].J Air Waste Manag Assoc,2003,53(5):560-573.
[8]吴鹏章,张晓山,牟玉静.室内外空气污染暴露评价[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(8):573-579.(In English:Wu PZ,Zhang XS,Mu YJ.Exposure assessment on indoor and outdoor air pollutants[J].Shanghai Environ Sci,2003,22(8):573-579.)
[9]白志鹏,贾纯荣,王宗爽,等.人体对室内外空气污染物的暴露量与潜在剂量的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6):425-428.(In English:Bai ZP,Jia CR,Wang ZS,et al.Relationship of exposure and potential dose of human exposed to indoor and outdoor air pollutants[J].J Environ Health,2002,19(6):425-428.)
[10]Monn C.Exposure assessment of air pollutants:a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter,nitrogen dioxide and ozone[J].Atmos Environ,2001,35(1):1-32.
[11]游燕,白志鹏.大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2012,7(2):123-132.(In English:You Y,Bai ZP.Research advances in exposure to ambient particulate matter and health effects[J].Asian J Ecotoxicol,2012,7(2):123-132.)
[12]许刚,焦利民,肖丰涛,等.土地利用回归模型模拟京津冀PM2.5浓度空间分布[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):116-120.(In English:Xu G,Jiao LM,Xiao FT,et al.Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial distribution of PM2.5concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J].J Arid Land Res Environ,2016,30(10):116-120.)
[13]吴健生,廖星,彭建,等.重庆市PM2.5浓度空间分异模拟及影响因子[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):759-767.(In English:Wu JS,Liao X,Peng J,et al.Simulation and influencing factors of spatial distribution of PM2.5concentrations in Chongqing[J].Environ Sci,2015,36(3):759-767.)
[14]Kashima S,Yorifuji T,Tsuda T,et al.Application of land use regression to regulatory air quality data in Japan[J].Sci Total Environ,2009,407(8):3055-3062.
[15]Tang R,Blangiardo M,Gulliver J.Using building heights and street configuration to enhance intraurban PM10,NOX,and NO2land use regression models[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(20):11643-11650.
[16]Gulliver J,de Hoogh K,Hansell A,et al.Development and back-extrapolation of NO2land use regression models for historic exposure assessment in great Britain[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(14):7804-7811.
[17]Mercer LD,Szpiro AA,Sheppard L,et al.Comparing universal kriging and land-use regression for predicting concentrations of gaseous oxides of nitrogen(NOx)for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution(MESA Air)[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45(26):4412-4420.
[18]Adamkiewicz G,Hsu HH,Vallarino J,et al.Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in neighborhoods adjacent to a commercial airport:a land use regression modeling study[J].Environ Health,2010,9(1):73.
[19]Abernethy RC,Allen RW,Mckendry IG,et al.A land use regression model for ultrafine particles in Vancouver,Canada[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(10):5217-5225.
[20]Maroko AR.Using air dispersion modeling and proximity analysis to assess chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and environmental justice in New York City[J].Appl Geogr,2012,34:533-547.
[21]Kousa A,Oglesby L,Koistinen K,et al.Exposure chain of urban air PM2.5—associations between ambient fixed site,residential outdoor,indoor,workplace and personal exposures in four European cities in the EXPOLIS-study[J].Atmos Environ,2002,36(18):3031-3039.
[22]印丽媛.华北地区不同类型站点大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)特征研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.(In English:Yin LY.Investigation on Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds of Different Types of Stations in North China[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2012.)
[23]Yip FY,Keeler GJ,Dvonch JT,et al.Personal exposures to particulate matter among children with asthma in Detroit,Michigan[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(31):5227-5236.
[24]Pekey B,Bozkurt Z B,Pekey H,et al.Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City,Turkey[J].Indoor Air,2010,20(2):112-125.
[25]黄育华.重庆市办公建筑室内外颗粒物浓度水平及暴露评价[D].重庆:重庆大学,2013.(In English:Huang YH.Concentration levels and exposure assessment of indoor and outdoor pm in office building of Chongqing[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2013.)
[26]Castro D,Slezakova K,Delerue-Matos C,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas and particulate phases of indoor environments influenced by tobacco smoke:levels,phase distributions,and health risks[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45(10):1799-1808.
[27]Oliveira M,Slezakova K,Delerue-Matos C,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:levels and phase distributions in preschool microenvironment[J].Indoor Air,2015,25(5):557-568.
[28]张凤.我国室内环境多环芳烃残留特征源解析及人体暴露评估[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2011.(In English:Zhang F.Residue characteristic,source apportionment and human exposure evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor environment in China[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011.)
[29]Johnson-Restrepo B,Kannan K.An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(4):542-548.
[30]常彪,魏志成,邱炜珣,等.北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价[J].环境科学,2008,29(3):557-561.(In English:Chang B,Wei ZC,Qiu WX,et al.Inhalation exposure assessment on gaseous PAHs in indoor air of folk houses in Beijing[J].Environ Sci,2008,29(3):557-561.)
[31]朱利中,刘勇建,松下秀鹤.室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(1):64-68.(In English:Zhu LZ,Liu YJ,Hidetsuru M.Pollution survey and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor air[J].Acta Sci Circumst,2001,21(1):64-68.
[32]熊艳红,路淑伶,樊颖果.宾馆厨房间PAHs污染现状特征及影响因素研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2002,15(3):43-46.(In English:Xiong YH,Lu SL,Fan YG.A study on the features PAHs air pollution in hotle kitchens and its causes[J].J Suzhou Inst Urban Construct Environ Prot,2002,15(3):43-46.)
[33]Hoang T,Castorina R,Gaspar F,et al.VOC exposures in California early childhood education environments[J].Indoor Air,2016,doi:10.1111/ina.12340.
[34]徐晓琴,刘文君.浅议室内环境空气污染现状及防治对策[J].甘肃科技,2014,30(7):48-49,52.
[35]杜新黎,李扬扬,白慧莉,等.西安市环境空气PM2.5污染现状及对策初探[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(6):44-48.(In English:Du XL,Li YY,Bai HL,et al.Preliminary study on current situation and countermeasure of PM2.5pollution in Xi'an[J].Environ Monit China,2013,29(6):44-48.)
[36]周裕敏,郝郑平,王海林.北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(12):3566-3570.(In English:Zhou YM,Hao ZP,Wang HL.Health risk assessment of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban-rural juncture belt area[J].Environ Sci,2011,32(12):3566-3570.)
[37]夏芬美,李红,李金娟,等.北京市东北城区夏季环境空气中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(6):1041-1052.(In English:Xia FM,Li H,Li JJ,et al.Characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric benzene homologues in summer in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China[J].Asian J Ecotoxicol,2014,9(6):1041-1052.)
[2]李思龙,王翠娟,邵华.管式被动式采样器测定空气中酯类化合物的研究[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2014,32(4):301-304.
[3]张小阳.徽章式气体被动式采样器测定空气中丙酮、正己烷、三氯乙烯的研究[D].济南:济南大学,2012.(In English:Zhang XY.The research of the badge-type gas passives sampler for the determination of N-hexane,acetone,trichloroethylene in the air[D].Ji’nan:University of Jinan,2012.)
[4]尹洪银,张春玲,邵华.空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯被动式采样器研制[J].中国公共卫生,2008,24(7):804-805.
[5]Gulliver J,Briggs DJ.Personal exposure to particulate air pollution in transport microenvironments[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(1):1-8.
[6]Chan AT.Commuter exposure and indoor-outdoor relationships of carbon oxides in buses in Hong Kong[J].Atmos Environ,2003,37(27):3809-3815.
[7]Jurvelin JA,Edwards RD,Vartiainen M,et al.Residential indoor,outdoor,and workplace concentrations of carbonyl compounds:relationships with personal exposure concentrations and correlation with sources[J].J Air Waste Manag Assoc,2003,53(5):560-573.
[8]吴鹏章,张晓山,牟玉静.室内外空气污染暴露评价[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(8):573-579.(In English:Wu PZ,Zhang XS,Mu YJ.Exposure assessment on indoor and outdoor air pollutants[J].Shanghai Environ Sci,2003,22(8):573-579.)
[9]白志鹏,贾纯荣,王宗爽,等.人体对室内外空气污染物的暴露量与潜在剂量的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6):425-428.(In English:Bai ZP,Jia CR,Wang ZS,et al.Relationship of exposure and potential dose of human exposed to indoor and outdoor air pollutants[J].J Environ Health,2002,19(6):425-428.)
[10]Monn C.Exposure assessment of air pollutants:a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter,nitrogen dioxide and ozone[J].Atmos Environ,2001,35(1):1-32.
[11]游燕,白志鹏.大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2012,7(2):123-132.(In English:You Y,Bai ZP.Research advances in exposure to ambient particulate matter and health effects[J].Asian J Ecotoxicol,2012,7(2):123-132.)
[12]许刚,焦利民,肖丰涛,等.土地利用回归模型模拟京津冀PM2.5浓度空间分布[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):116-120.(In English:Xu G,Jiao LM,Xiao FT,et al.Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial distribution of PM2.5concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J].J Arid Land Res Environ,2016,30(10):116-120.)
[13]吴健生,廖星,彭建,等.重庆市PM2.5浓度空间分异模拟及影响因子[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):759-767.(In English:Wu JS,Liao X,Peng J,et al.Simulation and influencing factors of spatial distribution of PM2.5concentrations in Chongqing[J].Environ Sci,2015,36(3):759-767.)
[14]Kashima S,Yorifuji T,Tsuda T,et al.Application of land use regression to regulatory air quality data in Japan[J].Sci Total Environ,2009,407(8):3055-3062.
[15]Tang R,Blangiardo M,Gulliver J.Using building heights and street configuration to enhance intraurban PM10,NOX,and NO2land use regression models[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(20):11643-11650.
[16]Gulliver J,de Hoogh K,Hansell A,et al.Development and back-extrapolation of NO2land use regression models for historic exposure assessment in great Britain[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(14):7804-7811.
[17]Mercer LD,Szpiro AA,Sheppard L,et al.Comparing universal kriging and land-use regression for predicting concentrations of gaseous oxides of nitrogen(NOx)for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution(MESA Air)[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45(26):4412-4420.
[18]Adamkiewicz G,Hsu HH,Vallarino J,et al.Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in neighborhoods adjacent to a commercial airport:a land use regression modeling study[J].Environ Health,2010,9(1):73.
[19]Abernethy RC,Allen RW,Mckendry IG,et al.A land use regression model for ultrafine particles in Vancouver,Canada[J].Environ Sci Technol,2013,47(10):5217-5225.
[20]Maroko AR.Using air dispersion modeling and proximity analysis to assess chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and environmental justice in New York City[J].Appl Geogr,2012,34:533-547.
[21]Kousa A,Oglesby L,Koistinen K,et al.Exposure chain of urban air PM2.5—associations between ambient fixed site,residential outdoor,indoor,workplace and personal exposures in four European cities in the EXPOLIS-study[J].Atmos Environ,2002,36(18):3031-3039.
[22]印丽媛.华北地区不同类型站点大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)特征研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.(In English:Yin LY.Investigation on Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds of Different Types of Stations in North China[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2012.)
[23]Yip FY,Keeler GJ,Dvonch JT,et al.Personal exposures to particulate matter among children with asthma in Detroit,Michigan[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(31):5227-5236.
[24]Pekey B,Bozkurt Z B,Pekey H,et al.Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City,Turkey[J].Indoor Air,2010,20(2):112-125.
[25]黄育华.重庆市办公建筑室内外颗粒物浓度水平及暴露评价[D].重庆:重庆大学,2013.(In English:Huang YH.Concentration levels and exposure assessment of indoor and outdoor pm in office building of Chongqing[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2013.)
[26]Castro D,Slezakova K,Delerue-Matos C,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas and particulate phases of indoor environments influenced by tobacco smoke:levels,phase distributions,and health risks[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45(10):1799-1808.
[27]Oliveira M,Slezakova K,Delerue-Matos C,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:levels and phase distributions in preschool microenvironment[J].Indoor Air,2015,25(5):557-568.
[28]张凤.我国室内环境多环芳烃残留特征源解析及人体暴露评估[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2011.(In English:Zhang F.Residue characteristic,source apportionment and human exposure evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor environment in China[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011.)
[29]Johnson-Restrepo B,Kannan K.An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(4):542-548.
[30]常彪,魏志成,邱炜珣,等.北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价[J].环境科学,2008,29(3):557-561.(In English:Chang B,Wei ZC,Qiu WX,et al.Inhalation exposure assessment on gaseous PAHs in indoor air of folk houses in Beijing[J].Environ Sci,2008,29(3):557-561.)
[31]朱利中,刘勇建,松下秀鹤.室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(1):64-68.(In English:Zhu LZ,Liu YJ,Hidetsuru M.Pollution survey and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor air[J].Acta Sci Circumst,2001,21(1):64-68.
[32]熊艳红,路淑伶,樊颖果.宾馆厨房间PAHs污染现状特征及影响因素研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2002,15(3):43-46.(In English:Xiong YH,Lu SL,Fan YG.A study on the features PAHs air pollution in hotle kitchens and its causes[J].J Suzhou Inst Urban Construct Environ Prot,2002,15(3):43-46.)
[33]Hoang T,Castorina R,Gaspar F,et al.VOC exposures in California early childhood education environments[J].Indoor Air,2016,doi:10.1111/ina.12340.
[34]徐晓琴,刘文君.浅议室内环境空气污染现状及防治对策[J].甘肃科技,2014,30(7):48-49,52.
[35]杜新黎,李扬扬,白慧莉,等.西安市环境空气PM2.5污染现状及对策初探[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(6):44-48.(In English:Du XL,Li YY,Bai HL,et al.Preliminary study on current situation and countermeasure of PM2.5pollution in Xi'an[J].Environ Monit China,2013,29(6):44-48.)
[36]周裕敏,郝郑平,王海林.北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(12):3566-3570.(In English:Zhou YM,Hao ZP,Wang HL.Health risk assessment of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban-rural juncture belt area[J].Environ Sci,2011,32(12):3566-3570.)
[37]夏芬美,李红,李金娟,等.北京市东北城区夏季环境空气中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(6):1041-1052.(In English:Xia FM,Li H,Li JJ,et al.Characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric benzene homologues in summer in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China[J].Asian J Ecotoxicol,2014,9(6):1041-1052.)